EFFECT OF VERTICAL DRAINAGE MATERIAL VARIATIONS IN CLAY SOIL AGAINST SETTLEMENT DUE TO DISTRIBUTED LOAD
Final Project
Submitted as a partial fulfillment of
The Requirements of getting Bachelor degree of Civil Engineering
Prepared by: Erwin Aditya Saputra
NIM : D 100 134 001
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT ENGINEERING FACULTY
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA 2017
PREFACE
Assalaamu’alaikum Wr Wb.
Alhamdulillah, all praise of gratitude is praised to the presence of Allah S.W.T over the abundance of grace, taufik and hidayah allah so that the preparation of the Final Project can be completed. This Final Project is prepared to complete th e requirements to complete the S1 degree program at the Engineering Faculty Civil Engineering Department University Muhammadiyah of Surakarta. With this the authors would like to thank all those who have provided support so that the authors can complete this Final Project.
With the completion of this Final Project the authors say many thanks to : 1) Ir. Sri Sunarjono, M.T., PhD. As Dean of the Engineering Faculty, Universitas
Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
2) Dr. Mochamad Solikin as Head of the Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
3) Agus Susanto S.T,MT., as Final Project Advisor who has given support and taught.
4) Anto Budi Listyawan, ST.,M.Sc. as First Examiner who has given taught, support, and suggested.
5) Ir. Renaningsih MT. as Second Examiner who has given taught, support, and suggested.
6) Dr. Mochamad Solikhin, ST.,MT., as Academic Advisor.
7) Lectures of Civil Engineering, Universtas Muhammdiyah Surakarta.
8) Beloved father and mother who have provide both material, moral, support, and pray.
9) Friends laboratory Assistant, thanks for prayer, support and motivation 10) Friends CESA, ISO thanks for your pray, support and motivation.
10) Friends Civil Engineering Generation 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 thanks for pray, support and motivation.
11) Friends of Pesma KH. Mas Mansur who has support in completing the final project.
12) All parties who cannot be mentioned one by one that has helped to completion of Final Project.
Author realized that there is no perfect thing, therefore critics and constructive suggestions for the perfection extremely authors expect at this final and hopefully, this final can be useful for us. Amin.
Wassalamu’alaikum Wr Wb.
Surakarta, September 2017
Author
Motto
Orang yang melanggar aturan adalah sampah, tetapi orang yang meninggalkan temannya lebih buruk dari sampah.
(Obito) “I never go back on my own words
(Naruto)
“Humans are best beneficial to humans”.
(HR.Ahmad, ath-thabrani) “Whoever eases the difficulties of a mu'min from the difficulties of the world,
Allah will ease his difficulties on the end day. And who makes it easy for the man who is in necessary trouble Allah will make it easy for him in this world and the hereafter”.
(HR. Muslim)
“Allah does not burden a person but according to the level of his ability.”
(Q.S. Al-Baqarah : 286)
“Sufficient is Allah to me, there is none other than Allah, Only to Allah I put my trust”. (Q.S. At-Taubah : 129)
DEDICATION
Allah SWT who has given guidance and always protect, give me health, so that I can finish this final project smoothly.
My Beloved Father (Susila Widodo) and Mother (Daeri), thank you for your prayers and support. May Allah reward you better than what you have given me.
My Beloved sister (Erwi Putri) and Brother (Erwin Syaban), thank you for support and Motivation.
Beloved grandmother (Almh Hj Sulastri), thanks for the advice and prayers that have been given to your grandson.
My Endless Love (Sashi Madya Febtiana) Thanks for Everything.
Azam,C.III.10 Members, Syakir, Mas Danar, Mas Mei, Mas Isvan, Simbah, Bashar, Hanani, Saud ,Thank you for the help
And friends of Civil Engineering International 2013 generation that can not be mentioned one by one, thanks for the help and pray.
viii TABLE OF CONTENT TITTLE ... i APPROVAL SHEET ... ii STATEMENT ... iii PREFACE ... iv MOTTO... vi DEDICATION ... vii
TABLE OF CONTENT ... viii
LIST OF FIGURE ... xi
LIST OF TABLE ... xii
GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS ... xiii
ABSTRACT ... xiv
CHAPTER I.INRRODUCTION A. Background ... 1
B. Problem State ... 2
C. Research Purpose ... 2
D. Objective and Benefit Research... 2
E. Limitation Problem ... 3
F. Research Authenticity ... 4
CHAPTER II . LITERATURE REVIEW A. Clay ... 5
B. Soil Stabilization ... 5
C. Vertical Drainage ... 6
D. Limestone ... 6
ix
CHAPTER III. BASIC THEORY
A. Soil Properties ... 8
1. Specific Gravity ... 8
2. Water Content ... 9
3. Analysis of Grain Size ... 9
4. Soil Classification ... 11
B. Settlement ... 16
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH METHODS A. General Research ... 18
B. Research Location ... 18
C. Material Used ... 18
D. Equipment Used ... 19
E. Stage of Research ... 22
CHAPTER V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION A. Test of Physical Propertis ... 25
1. Grain Size Analysis Test ... 25
2. Atteberg Limits Test ... 26
3. Specific Gravity Test ... 26
B. Mechanical Soil Properties Test ... 27
1. Soil Settlement Test ... 27
CHAPTER VI. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion ... 33
B. Suggestion ... 35 REFFERENCE
x
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure IV.1 Steel Plate Box 100 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm ... 18
Figure IV.2 Dial Gauge ... 18
Figure IV.3 Distributed Load ... 19
Figure IV.4 Plywood ... 19
Figure IV.5 Case of Vertical Drainage ... 20
Figure IV.6 Loading Test ... 20
Figure IV.8 Flow Chart of Research ... 23
Figure V.1 Chart of Result Grain Size Distribution ... 24
Figure V.2 Graph of Soil Settlement without Reinforcement of Vertical Drainage ... 27
Figure V.3 Graph of Soil Settlement uses Sand Reinforcement as vertical Drainage Filler Material ... 27
Figure V.4 Graph of Soil Settlement uses Lime Reinforcement as vertical Drainage Filler Material ... 28
Figure V.5 Graph of Soil Settlement uses Mixture of Sand and Lime Reinforcement as vertical Drainage Filler Material ... 29
Figure V.6 Graph of Soil Settlement uses Lime above Sand Reinforcement as vertical Drainage Filler Material ... 29
Figure V.7 Graph of Soil Settlement uses Sand Above Lime Reinforcement as vertical Drainage Filler Material ... 30
Figure V.8 Comparison Graph of Soil Settlement Using vertical Drainage reinforcement and without reinforcement ... 31
xi
LIST OF TABLE
Table III.1 Specific Gravity on the kind of Soil (Hardiyatmo,2010) ... 8
Table III.2 The Size of the US Standart Sieve (Hardiyatmo,2010) ... 10
Table III.3 Classification System USCS (Hardiyatmo,2010) ... 12
Table III.4 Classification System AASHTO ... 15
Table V.1 Result of Grain Size Distribution ... 25
Table V.2 Result of Atteberg Limit Test ... 26
Table V.3 Result of Specific Gravity ... 26
xiii
SYMBOL AND NOTATIONS
Gs = Specific Gravity P I = Plasticity Index
ɤs = Weight of the Solid Grain Volume (gram/cm3)
ɤw = Weight of Volume Water (gram/cm3)
w = Water Content (%) Ww = Water Weight (gr)
Ws = Water Dry Weight (gr)
GI = Group Index
F = Passing Finer in Percent No.200 LL = Liquid Limit
USCS = Unified Soil Classification System
AASHTO = American Association of State Highway and Transportation Office
St = Total Settlement
Si = Immediate Settlement
Sp = Primary Consolidation Settlement
xiv
EFFECT OF VERTICAL DRAINAGE MATERIAL VARIATONS IN CLAY SOIL AGAINST SETTLEMENT DUE TO DISTRIBUTED LOAD
Abstract
In the building construction, soil has a very important role, which it can acts as the support for building foundation or construction on it. In Indonesia itself, especially in the Klaten Pedan Troketon area has clay soil with a value of PI (Plasticity Index) of 50.20%, and low bearing capacity. To make clay soil have good bearing capacity, this research uses vertical drainage reinforcement with some variation of its material which are sand column, lime, mixture of sand and lime, sand above lime, and lime above sand. Objectives of this study to determine the value of the soil settlement with and without vertical drainage reinforcement. This test uses a box size of 100x40x40 cm which is given reinforcement of vertical drainage and without reinforcement then given a distributed load above the test box and installed with 3 dial to find out the settlement occurred From the test results obtained the largest settlement value occurs in variations that use sand column reinforcement with a settlement value of 5.15 mm, while the least settlement value occurs in variations that use columns containing lime with a value of 2.46 mm. While the variation of sand and lime combination the value obtained is not better than the soil without reinforcement. From these results it can be seen that reinforcement using lime material as a vertical drainage filler has the best reinforcement, because on variations using lime column strength can reduce the soil settlement.
Keywords:material variations, settlement, vertical drainage. Abstrak
Dalam pembangunan suatu bangunan, tanah memiliki peran yang sangat penting, yaitu tanah berperan sebagai penopang pondasi bangunan atau kontruksi di atasnya. Di indonesia sendiri khususnya pada daerah Troketon Pedan Klaten memiliki tanah lempung dengan nilai PI ( Plastisiti Index) sebesar 50,20%, dan daya dukung yang rendah. Untuk membuat tanah lempung mempunyai daya dukung yang baik, dalam penelitian ini menggunakan perkuatan drainase vertikal dengan beberapa variasi materialnya yaitu kolom pasir, kapur, campuran pasir dan kapur, pasir di atas kapur, dan kapur di atas pasir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai penurunan tanah dengan dan tanpa perkuatan drainase vertikal. Pengujian ini menggunakan box berukuran 100x40x40 cm yang diberikan perkuatan drainase vertikal dan tanpa perkuatan selanjutnya diberikan beban merata di atas box pengujian serta dipasang dengan 3 dial untuk mengetahui seberapa besar penurunan yang terjadi. Dari hasil pengujian di peroleh nilai penurunan terbesar terjadi pada variasi yang menggunakan perkuatan kolom pasir dengan nilai penurunan 5,15 mm, sedangkan nilai penurunan paling sedikit terjadi pada variasi yang menggunakan kolom yang berisi kapur dengan nilai penurunanya 2,46 mm. Sedangkan variasi penggabungan pasir dan kapur nilai yang didapat tidak lebih baik dibandingkan tanah tanpa perkuatan. Dari hasil tersebut dapat diketahui bahwa perkuatan dengan menggunakan material kapur sebagai pengisi drainase vertikal memiliki perkuatan yang paling bagus, karena pada variasi yang menggunakan perkuatan kolom kapur dapat mereduksi penurunan tanah yang terjadi.
