ABSTRAK
TANGGUNG JAWAB AMERIKA SERIKAT DAN REPUBLIK MAKEDONIA ATAS PENYIKSAAN TERHADAP KHALED EL-MASRI DALAM PROGRAM
RENDISI LUAR BIASA DAN PENAHANAN RAHASIA CIA BERDASARKAN HUKUM INTERNASIONAL
Pada awal tahun 2004, program rendisi luar biasa (“extraordinary rendition”) dan penahanan rahasia (“secret detention”) yang dialami Khaled El-Masri di tangan aparat Republik Makedonia (“Makedonia”) dan terutama di tangan agen-agen Central Intelligence Agency (“CIA”) Amerika Serikat (“AS”) terjadi di wilayah Makedonia dan Afghanistan. Dalam program tersebut, El-Masri menjadi korban penyiksaan yang dilakukan oleh agen-agen CIA setelah diserahkan oleh aparat Makedonia kepada agen-agen tersebut. Terkait peristiwa El-Masri, pada tanggal 13 Desember 2012, Grand Chamber European Court of Human Rights mengeluarkan putusannya di dalam kasus El-Masri v. The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, namun tidak membahas tanggung jawab AS atas keseluruhan kejadian tersebut ataupun tanggung jawab Makedonia atas penyiksaan yang terjadi di Afghanistan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan ruang lingkup aplikasi ekstrateritorial International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (“ICCPR”) dan Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (“CAT”) sehingga AS bertanggung jawab atas penyiksaan El-Masri, serta untuk membuktikan bahwa Makedonia bertanggung jawab atas bantuan atau pertolongan kepada AS terkait penyiksaan El-Masri yang dilakukan oleh agen-agen CIA di Afghanistan dengan menyerahkan El-Masri kepada agen-agen tersebut.
Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode yuridis normatif terhadap data sekunder berkenaan dengan program rendisi luar biasa dan penahanan rahasia CIA, larangan penyiksaan, tanggung jawab negara, dan peraturan mengenai penafsiran traktat dalam hukum internasional.
ABSTRACT
RESPONSIBILITY OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA FOR THE TORTURE OF KHALED EL-MASRI WITHIN THE CIA EXTRAORDINARY RENDITION AND SECRET DETENTION PROGRAM BASED ON INTERNATIONAL
LAW
In early 2004, the United States Central Intelligence Agency’s (“CIA”) extraordinary rendition and secret detention operation that subjected Khaled El-Masri under the captivity of Macedonian authorities and, primarily, CIA agents occurred within the territories of Macedonia and Afghanistan. During the operation, El-Masri was tortured in the hands of CIA agents subsequent to his transfer from Macedonian authorities. Regarding this phenomenon, on the 13th of December, 2012, the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights delivered its judgment in the case of El-Masri v. The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, however it did not address the matter concerning the overall responsibility of the US nor the responsibillity of Macedonia for the torture conducted in Afghanistan. This research aims to establish that, firstly, the scope of application of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (“ICCPR”) and the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (“CAT”) is indeed extraterritorial and therefore the US must be held responsible for the torture done towards El-Masri, and secondly, that Macedonia is responsible for the the aid or assistance given to the US in the commission of the torture carried out in Afghanistan by means of transferring El-Masri to the CIA.
This research utilizes the normative legal method to analyze the issues at hand, based on secondary data in relation to the CIA extraordinary rendition and secret detention program, the prohibition against torture, state responsibility, and the general rule of treaty interpretation in international law.
