INTERACTIONS OF IDEATIONAL AND TEXTUAL FUNGCTIONS ON THE FIELD OF THE SPEECH TEXTS OF INDONESAIN PRESIDENTS.

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INTERACTIONS OF IDEATIONAL AND

TEXTUAL FUNCTIONS ON THE FlEW OF THE

SPEECH TEXTS OF INDONESIAN PRESIDENTS

By:

IMMANUEL PRASETYA QllfiiNGS

REG. NUMBER : 055010159

(S&S. State University of Medan)

Submitted

kJ

tkt

Englis!t Applied Linguistics

Study

l'rognlm In Partial

folftlm1nt of tk Requlremt!lfll

fo~' the J),Z'W

of

Magister Bumanio1a

(2)

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Advisers' Statements

I certify that I have read this thesis and that; in my opinion it is fully

adequate in scope and quality as a Thesis for the Degree of Magister

Humaniora.

Prof.

Amrin

Saragih,

First

Adviser

I certify that I have read this thesis and that; in my opinion

it is

fully

adequate in scope and quality as a Thesis for the Degree

of

Magister

Humaniora.

\

(3)

•'

Approval

This Thesis was examined on 15th Augusts 2007 by the Board of

Examiners.

Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph. D.

Dr. Busmin Gurning. M.Pd.

Prof. Tina Mariany Arifin, M.A., Ph.D.

Prof. D.P. Tampubolon, Ph.D.

Dr. Lince Sihombing. M.Pd.

Prof. DR. Belferik Manullang

Approved

by

The Hea of English Applied

Linguisti s St dy

Program

LSS

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_.,

-.

I ·

I

ACKNOWLEDGEM ENT

First of

1111, the

writer would l.ike to express his thanlcfulness to

God

the

Almighty for the entire blessing poured upon him in giving him heal1b and

safety because without His guidance and blessing,

it

was impossible for him to do all his activities related to the writing of this thesis.

In the process of futishing this thesis. some people have given their

endless support 10 the writer, so the writer would like to take tlils chance to thank them all.

The writer would like to express his special thanks and deep

appreciation to Prof. Dr. Arnrin Saragih, M .A, PhD. and Dr.

Dusmin

Gllllling, M.Pd., his consultants, for their gratitude valuable guidance,

advise, comments and countless hours

in

correcting tbe draft of this thesis.

1-Jis thankfulness is

also directed to

the

Head of

Applied

Linguistics Department, Prof. Tina Mariany, PhD. and her secretary

Drs.

WilJcm Saragih, M.Pd., who have generously enc<>uragcd him in completing his study.

He a I so would like to express his gratitude and thank to Dr. Unce

Sihombing, M.Pd., Prof. D.P. Tarnpuholon, Ph.D., his examiner

commission for their suggestion, critique, and opinion while depended th.is

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(M.Hum.), and all the lecturers and tutors for the valuable insttuction, tuition

and

kllOwledge they

have

imparted to him during his

study.

A special devotion is directed to Iris beloved parents,

Drs.

Elia Masa Ginting.s, M.Hum. and

Marsiria

Sebayang,

S.Pd.

for their

full

support, endless love and prayer, his beloved sisters, Julia Marlina Gintings and R\rth Maya Gintings.

The

writer

also would

like

to dedicate his special thanks to

all

h is classmates in

LTBJ,

his

partners

in

PT.

Deli Media Televisi (Deli

TV),

his family in Jakarta and Surabaya, Henny and Anton, Iris friends in GKI

Sumut

Medan, Marshall, Susamyo, Simon, and Pioma

Hmapea,

for their prayers and supports, and also his students

in Sl\.fK

Tclkom

Sandhy Putra.

'Ibanks

to Wati Paisa] for all the love she gave.

Thanks

to Mr. Zulkamanen,

the officer

of

the L

TBI

for his supports

in

completing this thesis and

also

for others, which carmot be mentioned in

i~ .

thank

you very much and

may

.god bless us

in

aJJ the way we

go.

ii

Medan, June JO!h 2007

The writer.

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ABSTRACT

Gintings, Immanuel Prasctya: Interactions of Ideational and TC<x:tual Fwx:tions on the Field of the Speech Texts of Indonesian

Presi~,

Medao: Post-Graduated School, Statt University ofMedan, lOO].

The purposes of this of this study were to find out the Ideational and Textual functions which used in the lndooesian President ~pcech, and elaborate the dominant Ideational and Textual configurations in

terms

of the fields. of Indonesian President's speeches. This research is con<lucted by

descriptive quantitative design. The population of this study is Jndonesia President Speeches. K.H. AbdWTahman Wabid, Megawati Soekamoputri

and Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, as the politics figures used so many

speeches in their politics

appeanmces.

From the fmdings, it is concluded tbat every president has a different characteristics in delivering his! her

~-peeches. There are no signifK:ant similarities which become a standard of Indonesian president in delivering speeches. In some field of speeches, they

seem adjusting their style according to the Field, Mode, and the Tenor of the audience, but in some cases, they have a slight atlention in this

information. Findings of this study are expected to be useful for the linguistics learners to find tbe meaning of governmental speeches text efficiently and effectively. In addition, the findings are expected to elaborate the infonnation about the style of speeches that used by

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RELATED LITERA lURE...

5

2.1 Systemic Functional Unguistics ... ... 5

2.2 ldeationaJ J."unctions ...

6

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2.3.1

Ch3racterization of

Theme... ... 32

2 .3. U Other

Characteristics

of Theme .. ... ... ... 35

2 .3.2 Marked and Unmarked Theme... ... ... .. ... 37

2.3.3 Multiple Theme... ... 38

2.3.4 Thematic Development within a Text... ... 41

2.4 Context... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 45

2.4.1 Context of Situation... 47

2.5 Speech and

Writing ...

53

2.6 Previous Studies... 55

2. 7

Conceptual Framework...

56

CHAPTER HJ. RESEARCH METHOD ... ... .. 58

3 .I Research

Design...

58

3.2 The Data of tile Study ... 58

3.3 Technique

of

Collecting Data... 58

3.4 Technique of

Analyzing Data...

S~ CHAPTER

N.

DATA AND DATA ANAL YSIS... 60

4.1 Data ... 60

4.1.1 Field... 61

4.1.2 Ideational Functions ... 61

4.1 .3 Textual

Futldions...

67

4.2 Data Analysis... 72

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•.

4.2.2

Jdeation•J

Fl:ar.·timls ... ... ... ... ... ... 72

4.2.3

Textual

Functi<m.•... ... .. ... ... ... ... 75

4.3 Findings... ...

62

4.3.1 Field ... ... .... .. .. .. ... ... .. ... ..

76

4.3.2

Ideational Functions ... .

78

4.3.3 Textual Functions ... ... ... .. ... 79

4.4

Discussion ... ...

80

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS...

87

5.1

Conclusions...

87

5.2 Suggestions...

!19

REFERENCES...

91

AP'PENDICES ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

93

MLIK

P E~PUS T AI( .'H\ r-1'

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LlST

OF TABLES

Table Page

2.1

Metafunctions aod Their Reflexes in

the

Grammar ... ..

6

. ~

2.2

Process

and Participants . . .. . . ... .. .. . ... .... ... ... . ... . . .. . . . .. . .... .. . .. ..

_J

1

2.3

Circumstance ... ... ... . .. . ... ... ...

14

2.4

Dominant

aod Dcpend<..'llt

Clauses...

I 6

2.5

Taxis

and

Logicosemantic Relations...

17

2.6

Principal Mar.kers of Extension...

22

2.7

Princ-ipal Markers

and

Meaning ofJ>aratactic Enhancement...

25

2.8

Principal Markers ofHypotactic Enhancemenl...

27

2.9

Four Types of Projection ... "'...

30

2.10

Characteristic

of Theme and Rhemc...

33

2.11 Conjunctive Adjuncts... ...

35

2.12 Modal

Adjunct ... :... 36

4.1

The Occurrences ofExperiential ProceSses... ...

62

4.2

The Occurrences of Logical Proc<..-sscs .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ... ... ...

65

4.3

The Occurrences of Theme .. . .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .... .... .. ...

68

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page Page

2.1 T c mtic Development of Theme I as the signpost to the next 93

42

95

2.2 atic IDevelopment

of

Rhemc l

as

signpost to the Theme 2

I 100

th

n

The e 2 as the signpost to the next Theme. ... .. .... .... 43

atic Development of Rhcmc I

as

the signpost ro the next 108

e...

44

I !6

63

118

1.2 ces ofl.ogicoscmantic Relali<ms ... ... ..

66

121

138

I, 149

1.3

i.4

I

ccrnces of

Theme ... ... .... ... .. .... ... .... .. ... ... .

'

c c tnces

ofThematic Development

within

the Text ...

69

71

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

I.

List of the Data ...

93

•

2.

The Analysis of Field ...

95

3.

Examples of Thematic Development ...

100

4.

Profile of

the

President:

KH Abdurrahmao W ah.id ...

108

5.

Profile of the President: Megawati Soekarnoputri ...

116

6.

Profile of the President: Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono ...

118

7.

Sample of the Speeches by

KH Abdurrahman Wahid ...

121

8.

Sample of the Speeches by Megawati SoeJ.."llmmputri ...

138

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•

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study

MII..IK PERPUSTAK.ar··

U

1'\i

I M E:li

In hwnan life, language plays a great part. In fact. it is said that language denotes

a

~'j)CCillc

difference

between hllman

and the other

creatures.

As

social

being.<J

human

beings need language to communicate

with each other.

Language is a social phenomenon in which the relationship of language

to societies is very significant This is to say that the appropriateness or

acceptability of utterance is defined by the social factors. One of the Janguage·s ftmctions is used in a spc:ecb. The language used in speech must

be arranged systematically because i1

will

be

listened by the

audi~e

and t11e audience

must IIIKierstand tire pwpose of

the

speech. This will be very

important when the President of a country wants to present hisi her speech to tile society.

Since tile fteedom, Indonesia bad already had 6 presidents. Each president has carried a new era and the last three presidents are interested in

delivering speeches during their administrations. This study is aimed at

describing the fom1al speeches in tenns of systemic functional linguistics

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obtain a practical way of understanding and evaluating a spoken discourses

especially for formal speech texts of tbe politicians.

The president is the head of a govemment and the country. As the head

of a country tbe president should face person of di!Tercnt levels of

education, social and culture background,. economic background, etc. The

question is bow tbe president addressed tbe different people. In other words,

bow did tbe president use language and address all subjects from various

backgrounds specifically if the president llllk about specific fields, how

does be present his ideas in Ideational funetions and in what ways docs he/ she str\JCtured the texts.

Since he was in ihe under graduate program, the writer interested at

Systemic

Functional Linguistics.

In Sl

program,

tbe ·writer wrote about tbe Textual Functions of AC()cptance Speech Texts of )'resident Mcgawati

Soekamoputri as a Vice President and as a !"resident oflndonesia. And in

his Thesis of Post.C.mKiuated School, he develop his

subject

of study into

two

functions out

of the

three functions of Systemic l' unctional Linguistics, there are Ideational and Textual Functions of the speech texts of three

Jndonesian President (Abdumthman Wahid, Megawati Soekarnoputri, and

Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono). From this research, the writer hopes his

knowledge of the Systemic Functional Linguistics

will

be broader and

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The writer interested to sllldy this topic because h.e believes that tile cultlu-e of Indonesian politics are changed it caused the speech which is

delivered by these presidents ... ~n be changed too. ll seems that the speeches also have a power and this pbenomenon will be analyzed based on the

Systemic Functional Linguistics theory .

1.2 The Problems of the Study

The problems are fonnulated as the following questions.

1) How are Indonesian Presidents speeches patterned with reference to Ideational and Textual functions?

2) What types of Ideational and Text\131 functiOJ>s are dominantly used in the Indonesian Presidents speeches?

3) In what fields do such dominant ldeatitmal and Textual configurations occur?

1.3 The Objutin.s of the Study

In line to the problems, lhe objc.."'ivcs of this study are:

1) To describe the ideational and textuaJ functions which used in the

lndonesian president speeches,

2) To derive dominant ideational and textual functions in the Indonesian

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3) To elaborate the dominant ideational and textual configurdtions in tenns

of the fields of Indonesian prosKlent' s speeches.

1.4 The Scope of the Study

As theoretical assumption, language is a social semiotic, a shared

system

of

encoded

meanings, motivated by choice

and

used, to look

for

similarities and differen~ between scientific speeches. ·nre "'Titer emphasizes his analysis of textual functions by referenced to Halliday's

theory such as theme and rheme and thematic development within the text.

In this case, the writer chooses only speech texts of K.H. Abdurrahm:m

Wahid, Megawati Soekamoputri, and Susilo Bambang Yudltoyono. The

writer wants to analyze the political administrdtive speeches in Indonesia

that is why the scope of this study is limited to ideational and textual

functions.

J .5 The Significance of the Study

·The

findings of this study are expected to be useful for the linguistics learners in finding the meaning of govcrnrocntal speeches text efticiently and effectively. In addition, the fmdings are expected to elaborate the

information about the style of speeches thaa used by Indonesian presidems

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•

CHAPTf.P.. V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1

Conclusions

After analyzjng tiH: data of this research, conclusions are drawn as the

following.

I) Indonesian president not always speak

in

the discussion or seminars

which typically attended by specialists, so in their semantic domain,

there arc balanced use between the continuum (+) specialized and (·)

specialized.

2) From the experiential processes, Gus Dur uses more material in politic

field (43%) and economic faeld (47%), but in social, he uses more

mental process in his speech texts (32%). Megawati uses more mental

process in every field of speech. In potitic field, she uses (39%), social

(41%), and economic (43%). SBY seems not uses cognition and

affection very often in his speech because from the entire field in his

speech texts, he frequently uses material process rather than the other

processes. In politic (54%), social (47%), and economic (52%).

3) From

the

logical functions, Gus Dur uses paratactic enhancement (1 X2)

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:

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hypotactic locution projection (a "!}) in social field (27%). Megawati

uses hypo tactic

idea

projection (a '~) :more often in politic

(29"/o)

and social field (32%) of speech, b\11 in economic,

she

bas a balance in using

paratactic enhancement (I X2) (21%). hypotactic verbal projection (a

"P)

(21%), and hypotactic

idea

projecti«>o (o:

'P)

(21%). SBY is the only

presi~t who uses more hypotactic enhancement (o: xp) more in

economic field (27%) and politic field (21%). Meanwhile in social he

uses more bypotactic locution projection (o: "~) (27%).

4) lo the textual function, from the uses of theme, Gus Dur and SBY are

uses more simple theme in every field of their speech texts. Megawati

uses more mulliple experiential topical themes in all of her field of

speech.

5) F

mm

the

occurrences

of thematic development within the text,

there

are

very various type occur where Gus Our uses dominantly type-2 for

politic lield (42%),

type-

I for social field (35%), and type-3 for economic field (41)%). Megawali

uses

type-2 dominantly for politic fteld

(35%), type-3 for social field (36%) and economic field (50%). SBY

uses

dominantly

type-2

in politic ( 41 %)

in

the social Field. he uses dominantly type-1 (40%), and for the economic field, he uses more

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89

6) From the dominant occun-eoces of the ideational Md textual functions in

the speeches text, the interaction of every functioJIS used by the each

president can be concluded that every president have a different

characteristics in delivering their speeches. Tb<..'TC

arc

no significant similarities which become a standard of 1ndonesian president in

delivering speeches. In some field of speeches, they seems adjusting

their style according to the field, mode, and the tenor of the audience,

but in some case, they have a slight attention in this infonnati<m.

5.2 Suggestions

In relation to the conclusions, suggestions

arc

presented

as

the following.

I) The findings of this research are adv)sed to he used to fulfil a better

understanding for the listeners of the political speech.

2) It is suggested for other researchers to make a detailed analysis of the

Systemic Func-tional Language in the other types of ~-peech.

3) Language in political speech is greatly influenced by the mission or the

voice of the oiator himselt7 herself and generally his/ her political aim,

so, it is suggested fOf' the orator to propose a balance argumentation to a

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90

4) The political speeches should be,appropriate with

the

Field, Mode, and the Tenor of the audience. This is because the audience are from the

different background,

and

always changed. It is important

to deliver the political speeches based on the social context of

the

audience in order to

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:

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The Functional Analysis of English.

London:

Edward Arnold.

Clark, H.H & E.V. Clark. 1977.

Psychology and Language: An Introduction

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Stamford : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich

Crystal, David. 1995. The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of The English

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Eggins,

S.

1994.

An Introduction

to

Systemic Functional Linguistics.

l.ondon : Pinter.

Gintings, Elia Masa.

2000.

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Medan: Sta.te University of Medan. Halliday, M.A.K. 1978.

Language as a Social Semiotics.

London: Eduard

Arnold.

- 1994.

An Introduction to Functional Grammar, Second Edition.

New

York: Chapmanand

Hall,

Inc.

Halliday, MA.K. & Ruqaiya Hasan. 1976.

Cohesion in English.

New York:

Longman.

- 1985.

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Victoria Deakin University Press.

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Context and Text: aspects of language In social semiotic

perspectives.

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Leckie· Tarry, H. 1995.

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Martin, j.R 1992.

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Amsterdam :

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- , C.M.I.M. Matthiessen &

C.

Painter. 1995.

Deploying Fu11ctional

Grammar: A Workbook for Halliday's Introduction to Functional

Grammar.

Sydney University (Unpublished)

McCarthy, Michael M. 1991.

Discourse Analysis for Language Teachers .

New York: Cambridge University Press

Pane, lsJi lriani Jndiah. 2005.

Textual functions in Islamic Dakwah.

Postgraduate Thesis.

Medan: State University of Medan.

Saragib, Amrin,

1995.

Discourse Ana!,ysls of Indonesian Newspaper Texts:

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reolity,

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