FOREIGNIZATION AND DOMESTICATION IN THE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH TECHNICAL TERMS -“ARCHITECTURE; FORM, SPACE AND ORDER”.

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FOREIGNIZATION AND DOMESTICATION IN THE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH TECHNICAL TERMS -“ARCHITECTURE; FORM, SPACE

AND ORDER”

A Research Paper

Submitted to the English Education Department of Faculty of Language and Arts

Education as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Pendidikan

Degree

Novia Aprilianti 0706041

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

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Foreignization and Domestication in The

Translation of English Architectural

Term

–

Architecture: Form, Space and

Order

Oleh

Novia Aprilianti

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

©Novia Aprilianti 2014 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Juli 2014

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

FOREIGNIZATION AND DOMESTICATION IN THE TRANSLATION

OF ENGLISH ARCHITECTURAL TERMS – ARCHITECTURE: FORM,

SPACE AND ORDER

By: Novia Aprilianti

0706041

Bandung, June 2014 Approved by:

Main Supervisor

Prof. Dr. H. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed. NIP. 196211011987121001

Co-Supervisor

Pupung Purnawarman, M.S.Ed, Ph.D. NIP. 196810131998031001

The Head of English Department

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v Novia Aprilianti, 2014

Foreignization and domestication in the translation of english technical terms -“architecture; form, space and order”

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRACT

FOREIGNIZATION AND DOMESTICATION IN THE TRANSLATION

OF ENGLISH ARCHITECTURAL TERMS – ARCHITECTURE: FORM,

SPACE AND ORDER

Novia Aprilianti (0706041)

Didi Suherdi, Pupung Purnawarman

This research attempts to investigate the foreignization and domestication process in Indonesian version of the Architecture: Form, Space and Order book in terms of its strategies. This research aims to explore the categories of English architectural terms in the book and to find whether the English architectural terms are domesticated or foreignized in the Indonesian version of the book. This research uses descriptive design. A printed original version of the book and a PDF document Indonesian version of the book are the subjects of the research. The collected data is analyzed using Pedersen’s (2005) continuum of foreignization – domestication and Baker’s (1992) translation strategies. The result of the research indicates that there were 147 (76.17%) architectural terms of word level and 46 (23.29%) architectural terms of above word level.There were 38.33% of architectural terms translated by using domesticating strategies and 61.67% by using foreignizing strategies. This indicates that the English architectural terms in the Indonesian version is foreignized.

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vi Novia Aprilianti, 2014

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini mencoba mengkaji tentang proses strategi foreinnisasi dan domestikasi pada buku Architecture: Form, Space and Order versi Bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kategori istilah arsitektural berbahasa Inggris pada buku tersebut dan untuk mengetahui apakah istilah-istilah arsitektural berbahasa Inggris pada buku versi Bahasa Indonesia diforeinnisasi atau didomestikasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain deskriptif. Buku asli dalam bentuk cetak dan buku versi Bahasa Indonesia dalam bentuk dokumen PDF menjadi subject dalam penelitian ini. Data yang tekumpul dianalisis menggunakan rangkaian kesatuan foreinnisasi – domestikasi Pedersen (2005) dan strategi penerjemahan Baker (1992). Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada 38.33% istilah-istilah arsitektural yang diterjemahkan menggunakan strategi-strategi domestikasi dan 61.67% yang menggunakan strategi-strategi-strategi-strategi foreinnisasi. Ini menunjukkan bahwa istilah-istilah arsitektural berbahasa Inggris pada buku versi Bahasa Indonesia diforeinnisasi.

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Novia Aprilianti, 2014

Foreignization and domestication in the translation of english technical terms -“architecture; form, space and order”

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ... i

PREFACE ... ii

1.1 Background ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.2 Statement of Problems ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.3 Aims of the Research ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.4 Scope of the Research ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.5 Significance of the Research ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.6 Clarification of Terms ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.7 Organization of the Paper ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ...Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.1 Translation Theories ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.1.1 The Definition of TranslationError! Bookmark not defined.

2.1.2 Translation Process ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.1.3 Translation Methods ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.1.4 Translation Strategies ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2 Foreignization and Domestication in TranslationError! Bookmark not defined.

2.3 Architectural Translation ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.4 Foreignization and Domestication in Architectural TranslationError! Bookmark not defined.

2.4.1 Preservation ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.4.2 Addition ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

2.4.4 Literal Translation ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.4.5 Cultural Equivalent ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.4.6 Omission ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.4.7 Globalization ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.4.8 Translation by more specific wordsError! Bookmark not defined.

2.4.9 Creation ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.4.10 Equivalent Translation... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.5 Relevant Previous Studies ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.1 Method of the Research ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.1.1 Research Questions ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.1.2 Aims of the Research... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.1.3 Scope of the Research ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.2 Subjects of the Research ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.3 Book Review ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.4 Data Collection and Technique ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5 Data Analysis ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ...Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1 Architectural Terms Found in the Book Architecture: Form, Space and Order ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1.1 Primary Elements ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1.2 Forms ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1.3 Form and Space ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1.4 Organization ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1.5 Circulation ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1.6 Proportion and Scale... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1.7 Principles ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.2 Specific Translation Strategies Used in the Process of Foreignization and Domestication ... 34

4.3 The Translation Strategies in the Domestication-Foreignization Continuum based

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4.3.2 Addition ... 45

4.3.3 Naturalization ... 47

4.3.4 Literal Translation ... 48

4.3.5 Cultural Equivalent ... 49

4.3.6 Omission ... 51

4.3.7 Globalization ... 52

4.3.8 Translation by More Specific Words ... 53

4.3.9 Creation ... 53

4.3.10 Equivalent Translation... 54

4.4 The Translation Strategies based on Mona Baker’s Framework ... 56

4.4.1 Translation by Equivalence ... 56

4.4.2 Translation by a More General Word ... 58

4.4.3 Translation by Cultural Subtitution ... 59

4.4.4 Translation using a Loan Word ... 61

4.4.5 Translation using a Loan Word Plus Explanation ... 62

4.4.6 Translation by Paraphrase using a Related Word... 63

4.4.7 Translation by Omission... 65

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...67

5.1 Conclusions ... 67

5.2 Suggestions ... 69

REFERENCES ...70

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1 Total Number and Distribution of Pedersen’s Translation Strategies in Architecture:

Form, Space and Order Word Level Classification ...32

Table 4.2 The Percentages of Foreignizing-Domesticating Translation Strategies in the Indonesian Version of Architecture: Form, Space and Order ...34

Table 4.3 The Total Applied Baker’s Translation Strategies of Foreignization and Domestication 39 Table 4.4 The Percentage of Foreignizing and Domesticating Translation Strategies in the Continuum ...42

Table 4.5 The Example of Preservation Translation Strategy ...44

Table 4.6 The Example of Addition Translation Strategy ...46

Table 4.7 The Example of Naturalization Translation Strategy ...47

Table 4.8 The Example of Literal Translation Strategy ...48

Table 4.9 The Example of Cultural Equivalent Translation Strategy ...50

Table 4.10 The Example of Omission Translation Strategy ...51

Table 4.11 The Example of Globalization Translation Strategy ...52

Table 4.12 The Example of Translation by More Specific Word Strategy ...53

Table 4.13 The Example of Creation Translation Strategy ...54

Table 4.14 The Example of Equivalent Translation Strategy ...54

Table 4.15 Total Number and Distribution of Applied Baker’s Translation Strategies of Architecture: Form, Space and Order Architectural Terms ...56

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Table 4.17 The Example of Translation by A More General Word Strategy ...58

Table 4.18 The Example of Translation by Cultural Subtitution Strategy ...60

Table 4.19 The Example of Translation Using A Loan Word Strategy ...61

Table 4.20 The Example of Translation Using A Loan Word Plus Explanation Strategy ....63

Table 4.21 The Example of Translation Using A Related Word Strategy ...64

Table 4.22 The Example of Translation by Omission Strategy ...65

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Larson’s model of translation process ...9

Figure 2 Type of Translation Method ...10

Figure 3 The continuum of foreignizating-domesticating translation strategies ...17

Figure 4 The Total Continuum of Foreignizing-Domesticating Translation Strategies ...35

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu LIST OF CHARTS

Chart 4.1 The Percentage of Architectural Terms Type in Architecture: Form, Space and Order 31

Chart 4.2The Percentages of Foreignization and Domestication in Indonesian Version of Architecture: Form, Space and Order...35

Chart 4.3 The Total Continuum of Foreignizing-Domesticating Translation Strategies ...37

Chart 4.4 The Percentages of Foreignization and Domestication in Indonesian Version of Architecture: Form, Space and Order...38

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1 Novia Aprilianti, 2014

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents a general point of the research including background,

statement of problems, aims of the research, scope of the research, significance of

the research, clarification of terms and organization of the paper.

1.1Background

Therefore, the translator’s understanding about the approach of domestication and

foreignization is very important.

Translation has been variously defined by so many experts, its definition

depends on the point of view. One may give a definition on the basis of

transforming forms of a language into another language. Others may give a

definition by emphasizing translation as transferring meaning and messages from

a source language (SL) into a target language (TL).

Larson (1984) mentions that “translation as a change of form from the

Source Language (SL) into the Target Language (TL) that refers to the actual

words, phrases, clauses, sentences and paragraphs. Whether it is spoken or

written.” Translation is a changing of actual form from source language into the target language, and it can be in spoken or written form.

It is also stated that translation is an instrument of education as well as of

truth precisely because it has to reach the reader whose cultural and educational

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Nowadays, translation strategies such as domestication and foreignization

are the most interesting issues of translation theories, whether the translation

should domesticate or foreignize the source language. The notions of

foreignization and domestication were first introduced by Lawrence Venuti in his

book The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation published in 1995. He

describes a brief history of foreignization and domestication in contemporary

Anglo-American culture and criticizes the translations into English for being too

domesticated.

As Shuttleworth & Cowie (1997) state, domestication designates the type

of translation in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted to minimize the

strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers.

Judickaite (2009) mentions that “Venuti sees domesticated translations as

the devaluated reproductions the original and claims that foreignization should be

the technique used by the translator, despite the fact that the TL readers may find

a foreignized product strange”. Domestication in the translation field generally has a negative aura as it is suspected to be responsible for covering up the cultural

traces of the original text.

As an opposition to domesticating, Venuti (1995) states a foreignizing

method as an ethnodeviant pressure on those values to register the linguistic and

cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad. Foreignizing

translation signifies the difference of the foreign text, yet only by disrupting the

cultural codes that occur in the target language. Foreignizing translation in

English can be a form of resistance against ethnocentrism and racism, cultural

narcissism and imperialism, in the interest of democratic geopolitical relations.

In technical textbook, people often found some foreign terms which are

hardly defined and sometimes it is hard to find the proper definition in the target

language. In the classes, most of the textbooks being used are written in English,

it would take more efforts to read such technical book in order to obtain a full

understanding. It is because, basically, the English technical terms are relatively

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The involvement of translation in many technical textbooks gives a big

role in improving readers’ comprehension in understanding technical terms. There

are some English technical terms, which are rarely used in daily conversation,

have a different meaning when translated into Bahasa Indonesia, because some

words do not exist in Bahasa Indonesia. This has been one of the interesting issues

in translation.

Taking into consideration the fact that architectural field can also represent

foreign realia, Venuti’s theories on foreignization and domestication can be easily

applied to all forms of architectural book translation. Architectural book may

contain various kind of theories related to form, space, order and the like, all of

which can function as terms that are not always a part of the target language

system, and can be either domesticated or foreignized by a translator.

Technical translation covers the translation of many kinds of specialized

texts in science and technology, and also in other disciplines such as economics

and medicine. The translation of these texts needs a high level of subject

knowledge, and a mastery of the relevant terminology (Williams & Chesterman,

2002).

In the present research, the researcher focuses on architectural terms

translation. Architecture translation involves translation of information related to

the field of architecture. It may involve translation of the architectural texts or

translation of various blueprints and designs. In modern times, when the

corporation in the construction businesses like all other businesses have been

crossing various nation, the need of architecture translation is getting evolved to

play an important role in the construction business globally.

Based on the background explained above, the title of the research is

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 1.2Statement of Problems

Based on the explanation above, two research questions are proposed as follows:

1. How many categories of architectural terms are found in the book

Architecture: Form, Space and Order?

2. What specific translation strategies are used in the process of foreignzation

and domestication in the Indonesian version of the Architecture: Form,

Space and Order book?

1.3Aims of the Research

Based on the research question that have been formulated, the research aim:

1. To explore the translation of English architectural terms in Architecture:

Form, Space and Order book written by Francis D.K Ching.

2. To investigate the process of domestication and foreignization in terms of

its strategies.

1.4Scope of the Research

The research is limited to the case of technical terms translation and the

process of domestication and foreignization in Architecture: Form, Space and

Order. The analysis was conducted to find out the domesticated and foreignized

architectural terms and to analyze the foreignization and domestication process in

the Indonesian version used by the translator, Hanggan Situmorang, in translating

Architecture: Form, Space and Order book written by Francis D.K Ching.

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The writer hopes that the research will:

1. Practically, give information on improving the skill of translating,

especially translating types of architectural terms.

2. Theoretically, provide a deep understanding of foreignization and

domestication concept in Architecture: Form, Space and Order book, in

which the writer hopes, will be useful for similar studies in this field.

1.6Clarification of Terms

The following terms are provided in order to avoid misunderstanding in

this research.

1.6.1 Foreignization

Foreignizing translation should signify “the difference of the foreign text,

yet only by disrupting the cultural codes that prevail in the target

language” (Venuti, 1995) 1.6.2 Domestication

An ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural

values, bring the author back home (Venuti, 1995)

1.6.3 Translation

Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the

way that the author intended the text (Newmark, 1988)

1.6.4 Architectural

Connected with architecture (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 6th

edition: 2000).

1.6.5 Terms

Defined as a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a

concept, especially in a particular kind of language or branch of study.

http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/term?q=terms

1.7Organization of the Paper

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Chapter I Introduction

This chapter presents a general point of the research including background,

statement of problems, aims of the research, scope of the research,

significance of the research, clarification of terms and organization of the

paper.

Chapter II Theoretical Foundation

This chapter presents the reviews of the theories and literatures related to

the research. This chapter consists of the translation theories, foreignization

and domestication in translation, architectural terms, foreignization and

domestication in architectural translation and relevant previous studies.

Chapter III Research Methodology

This chapter focuses on the methodology used in the research to analyze

the issue stated in the research questions. It consists of the method of the

research, research question, aims of the research, scope of the research, book

review, subject of the research, data collection and data analysis.

Chapter IV Findings and Discussions

This chapter presents the findings and discussions related to the research

question of the research. It covers the elaboration of the findings related to the

theories of this research and the analysis in order to achieve the aims of this

research.

Chapter V Conclusion and Suggestion

This chapter presents the conclusion of the research based on the

researcher’s interpretation of findings and discussions. It also elaborates some

suggestions for further research relating to foreignizing and domesticating

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter focuses on the methodology used in the research to analyze

the issue stated in the research questions. It consists of the method of the research,

research question, aims of the research, scope of the research, subject of the

research, data collection and data analysis.

3.1 Method of the Research

In conducting the research, the researcher employed a descriptive method.

This method was used in presenting data since it involved the collection of data

for the purpose of describing phenomena. According to Frankel and Wallen

(2006),

“Research studies that investigate the quality of relationships, activities,

situations, or materials are frequently referred to as qualitative research.

There is a greater emphasis on holistic description-that is, on describing in

detail all of what goes on in a particular activity or situation rather than on

comparing the effects of a particular treatment or on describing the

attitudes or behaviors of people.”

Maxwell (1996) mentions that “qualitative approach focuses on a specific situation or people and emphasizes on words rather than numbers”. The approach

is appropriate for this research since it elaborates the findings better than the

numbers (from quantitative method) does.

In this research, the researcher identified the English architectural terms

are found in Architecture: Form, Space and Order book and focused on the

translation strategies used in translating the architectural terms, whether they are

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 3.1.1 Research Questions

This research attempts to address the following research questions:

1. How many categories of architectural terms are found in the book

2. What specific translation strategies are used in the process of

foreignization and domestication in Indonesian version of the

3.1.2 Aims of the Research

Based on the research questions that have been formulated, the research aims:

1. To explore the categories of English architectural terms in the book

Architecture: Form, Space and Order written by Francis D.K Ching.

2. To find whether the English architectural terms are domesticated or

foreignized in the Indonesian version of the Architecture: Form, Space

and Order?

3.1.3 Scope of the Research

In this research, the researcher focused on to the translation strategies

which are used in Indonesian version Architecture: Form, Space and Order book.

This includes whether the Indonesian version is domesticated or foreignized,

which specific translation strategy used by the translator, Hanggan Situmorang, in

translating Architecture: Form, Space and Order book written by Francis D.K

Ching.

3.2 Subjects of the Research

The subject of the research was the architectural terms found in

Architecture: Form, Space and Order book, both were English and Indonesian.

The researcher analyzed the architectural terms in order to find the strategies used

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domestication continuum. The strategies are: Preservation, Addition,

Naturalization, Literal Translation, Cultural Equivalent, Omission, Globalization,

Traslation by a More Specific Word, Creation and Equivalent.

To support the data, researcher also used strategies proposed by Mona

Baker (1992), which are translation by a more general world, translation by loan

words plus explanation, translation by omission, translation by paraphrasing using

a related word and translation using a loan word.

3.3 Book Review

Architecture: Form, Space and Order was written by Francis D.K Ching

and the Indonesian version was translated by Hanggan Situmorang. The book

consists of seven chapters, include primary elements, form, form and space,

organization, circulation, proportion and scale, and principles. The original

version of this book was published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New

Jersey on 2007. Meanwhile, the Indonesian version of this book was published by

Penerbit Erlangga on 2008.

The contents of the book was interesting since there are various picture

contents such as sketches and layouts in order to explain the theories so it can help

the reader understands the book. Substantially, this book was very detail in

elaborating the basic theories and principles of building design. As a contrary, the

reader of the Indonesian version of this book has a difficulty to understand the

architectural terms that have been translated into Bahasa Indonesia since the

translation of familiar architectural terms were not well translated.

3.4 Data Collection and Technique

The main data of the research were the Architecture: Form, Space and

Order book written by Francis D.K Ching in printed book and PDF document.

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and the Indonesian version was in form of a printed book. In examining the data,

some steps will be taken as follows:

1. Taking the Architecture: Form, Space and Order original (English)

version and finding the Bahasa Indonesia version of the book in order to

make comparison.

2. Collecting all the architectural terms found in the book, including nouns,

phrases and abbreviations.

3. Calculating all the architectural terms were found in the book.

4. Classifying all architectural terms which were found in the book into

seven groups based on its contents, which are: 1) primary elements, 2)

form, 3) form and space, 4) organization, 5) circulation, 6) proportion and

scale, and 7) principles.

5. Analyzing the foreignization and domestication process, the data were

classified into ten groups according to Pedersen’s (2005) model of

domestication and foreignization continuum, which are: Preservation,

Addition, Naturalization, Literal Translation, Cultural Equivalent,

Omission, Globalization, Translation by more specific words, Creatioan

and Equivalent. In the second classification, the data were classified into

seven groups based on strategies proposed by Mona Baker (1992) which

are: translation by equivalence, translation by a more general word,

translation by cultural subtitution, translation using a loan word,

translation by loan word plus explanation, translation by paraphrasing

using related word and translation by omission.

3.5 Data Analysis

After all the data have been collected, the next step was analyzing the data.

The researcher employed descriptive qualitative method in analyzing the data. In

order to analyze the data, there were several steps taken by the researcher. The

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1. Comparing the original version of the book (English) and the Indonesian

elements form a colonnade.

Serangkaian kolom atau

elemen-elemen vertikal yang mirip satu

sama lain dengan jarak yang teratur

akan membentuk suatu kolonade (rangkaian kolom).

2. Classifying the terms into ten different categories based on the strategy

used by the translator. The classification of the strategies based on the

continuum of domesticating-foreignizating translation strategies suggested

by Pedersen (2005), which are; Preservation, Addition, Naturalization,

Literal Translation, Cultural Equivalent, Omission, Globalization,

Translation by more specific words, Creation and Equivalent. The second

classification of the strategies was taken from Baker’s classification of

translation strategies (1992), which are; translation by equivalence,

translation by a more general word, translation by cultural subtitution,

translation using a loan word, translation by loan word plus explanation,

translation by paraphrasing using related word and translation by

omission.

3. Calculating the architectural terms found in the book. The data were

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter presents the conclusion of the research based on the

researcher’s interpretation of findings and discussions. It also elaborates some

suggestions for further research relating to foreignizing and domesticating

translation strategies.

1.1Conclusions

As it is stated in the beginning of this paper, the researcher aims to find

kind of architectural terms contained in Architecture: Form, Space and Order

book. Then, after all the data have been collected, the researcher tried to

investigate the process of foreignization and domestication in the Indonesia

version of the book in terms of its strategies. Finally, the reseacher found that

there were 193 architectural terms in Architecture: Form, Space and Order book.

The architectural terms varied from words, phrases and abbreviations. The 193

architectural terms were classified into seven categories based on the number of

chapter in the book. Most of architectural terms were found in chapter one and

three, Primary Elements and Form and Space themes. There were 45 architectural

terms found in both chapter or 23.32%. The rest five categories were the second

chapter, forms, contained 24 architectural terms or 12.43%; organization, 6

architectural terms or 3.11% found in this chapter; circulation, contained 25

architectural terms or 12.95%; proportion and scale, contained 38 architectural

terms or 19.69%; and the last, principles, contained 10 architectural terms or

5.18%. The architectural terms were also categories based on the word level, there

were 147 (76.17%) architectural terms of word level and 46 (23.29%)

architectural terms of above word level.

Furthermore, the researcher used two classifications of translation

strategies in analyzing the foreignization and domestication process in the

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Pedersen’s (2005) foreignization and domestication continuum. The strategies

were arranged from the most foreignizing to the most domesticating. Those

strategies were preservation, addition, naturalization, literal translation, cultural

equivalent, omission, globalization, translation by more specific word, creation

and equivalent translation.

Regarding the strategies above, it is revealed that in translating the

architectural term in Architecture: Form, Space and Order book, there were 37

terms or 19.17% of equivalent strategy, 16 terms or 8.29% of translation by more

specific word strategy, 1 term or 0.51% of globalization strategy, 3 terms or

1.55% of omission strategy and 17 terms or 8.81% of cultural equivalent strategy.

The total of architectural terms that translated by using domesticating strategies

were 38.33% and 61.67% architectural terms were translated by using

foreignizing strategies.

In the second classification, the researcher also classified the architectural

terms based on Baker’s (1992) translation strategies. It is found that the total of

architectural terms translated by using domesticating strategies based on Baker’s

categories was 46.63% and there were 53.37% architectural terms translated by

foreignizing strategies. Although the percentage was quite even (38.33% and

61.67%; 46.63% and 53.37%), which is nearly half of architectural terms found in

this book were translated by using domesticating strategies, still the foreignizing

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The researcher found that the domestication process could not be applied

successfully at the whole architectural terms translation in this book, it is because

the culture of the source language was far different from the target language.

Furthermore, the technology in architectural field in Indonesia was left from

American that makes some of the architectural terms in the SL sound unfamiliar

in the TL. From the conclusion above, it can be claimed foreignization is the best

strategy in translating the architectural terms in the book besides the

domesticating strategies itself.

1.2Suggestions

After conducting the study, the researcher has several suggestions for

further research or for similar research in this field. First, a translator in every

field whether it is technical or not, must have a comprehensive knowledge of the

source and target language. It is includes the grammatical structure and the culture

of both languages. Those things are important in order to produce a good

translation.

Secondly, in translating an architectural book, a translator should update

the latest issues or technology of this field in the source and target language. It is

very important since the technology has always developed, especially in

architectural field where the architects invented a new technology on design, form

and space. So, in the future, there will be more architectural books produced that

can be read easily by the public.

Finally, the researcher hopes that this research could give some

contributions in the development of translation theories and the study of technical

translation. Hopefully, this research could inspire other researcher to conduct the

similar studies related to technical translation in architectural field and for further

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REFERENCES

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