Submissiveness to customs and dependency on supernatural beings in Langenheim`s Putri Naga Komodo, the dragon princess of komodo and other folktales.

i

Manggala, Simon Arsa. 2015. Submissiveness to Customs and Dependency on Supernatural Beings in Langenheim’s Putri Naga Komodo, The Dragon Princess of Komodo and Other Foktales. Yogyakarta: The Graduate Program in English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.

Some folktales as literary works tend to keep transparent ideologies. However, they might hide the ideologies about submissiveness to customs in a society and about dependency on supernatural beings. The target or intended readers of the folktales are children. They do not have the power to choose what they should read. Thus, parents choose the readings that they think suitable and appropriate for their children. Being transparent, ideologies might be transferred by parents to the children without any awareness. To raise the critical awareness of the readers, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) will help developing the awareness of the readers.

Two research questions are answered in this thesis. The first research question is What are the ideologies delivered through the folktales? the second research question is How are the main ideologies represented in the folktales through the semantic macrostructure and microstructure of the folktales by the employment of the linguistic aspects on transitivity, modality, and the system of appraisal?

In solving the research questions, CDA becomes the main guideline and the theories on the macrostructure and microstructure analyses were employed. For the macrostructure analyses, this thesis employed plot analysis and topic analysis. For the microstructure analyses, this thesis employed the theory of Systemic Functional Linguistic including in it transitivity analysis, modality analysis, and attitudinal analysis.

The nature of the data are entailed to the nature of the analysis. For the plot analysis, the data are the folktales which are analyzed in terms of the causal relationships of the narrative events. The data for the topic analysis are the macropropositions which are derived from the texts. The transitivity analysis categorizes and describes the clauses which represents the ideologies. The analysis explains and describes the frequent processes depicting the ideologies. The modality analysis takes all the clauses containing modals. The interpretation is made based on the meanings of the modals and the frequency of the modals. The attitudinal analysis observes the clauses containing the feelings as the realization of attitudes. The analysis is also conducted by relating the discourse in the folktales with the discourses outside the folktales.

most frequent modality. The attitudinal analysis shows affect as the most prominent type in terms of positive and negative happiness, security, and satisfaction. Judgement supports the two topics about human powerlessness and dependency of supernatural beings in terms of capacity and tenacity. Appreciation appears in positive and negative reaction, composition, and valuation. The discussion on the discourse of the ideologies presents the contexts and intertextuality of the ideologies.

Manggala, Simon Arsa. 2015. Submissiveness to Customs and Dependency on Supernatural Beings in Langenheim’s Putri Naga Komodo; The Dragon Princess of Komodo and Other Foktales. Yogyakarta: The Graduate Program in English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.

Cerita-cerita rakyat sebagai karya sastra berpotensi untuk menyembunyikan ideologi – ideologi yang transparan. Cerita – cerita tersebut menyembunyikan ideologi tentang kepatuhan kepada adat budaya dalam sebuah masyarakat dan tentang ketergantungan terhadap makhluk-makhluk supernatural. Sasaran pembaca cerita – cerita rakyat tersebut adalah anak-anak. Mereka tidak bisa memilih bacaan yang harus mereka baca. Oleh sebab itu, orang tua mereka memilihkan bacaan yang mereka pikir cocok dan sesuai untuk anak-anak mereka. Karena bersifat transparan, ideologi – ideologi dimungkinkan untuk diturunkan oleh para orang tua kepada anak-anak mereka secara tidak sadar. Untuk meningkatkan kesadaran para pembaca cerita rakyat, Analisa Wacana Kritis (AWK) akan membantu kesadaran para pembaca akan ketimpangan kekuasaan.

Tesis ini menjawab dua permasalahan. Permasalahan pertama adalah Apa ideologi – ideologi yang disampaikan melalui cerita – cerita rakyat tersebut? Permasalahan kedua adalah bagaimana ideologi – ideologi utama disampaikan melalui cerita –cerita rakyat dengan menggunakan struktur makro semantik dan struktur mikro semantik dari cerita –cerita rakyat tersebut dengan penggunaan aspek – aspek kebahasaan berupa transitivitas, modalitas, dan sistem sanjungan? Dalam menjawab permasalahan – permasalahan penelitian tersebut penulis menggunakan teori AWK sebagai acuan utama dan menggunakan teori – teori tentang analisa struktur makro semantik dan struktur mikro semantik. Dalam analisa struktur makro semantic, tesis ini menggunakan analisa plot dan analisa topik. Dalam analisa struktur mikro semantik, tesis ini menggunakan teori –teori dari Linguistik Fungsional Sistematis, termasuk di dalamnya analisa transitivitas, analisa modalitas, dan analisa sikap.

Karakteristik data dalam tesis ini selaras dengan karakteristik analisanya. Untuk analisa plot, data yang digunakan adalah cerita –cerita rakyat yang dianalisa berdasarkan pada hubungan sebab akibat antara peristiwa – peristiwa naratif di dalamnya. Data dari analisa topic adalah proposisi – proposisi makro yang disimpulkan dari teks. Analisa transitivitas mengkategorikan dan menjelaskan klausa – klausa yang paling banyak muncul dalam penyampaian ideologi –ideologi tersebut. Analisa modalitas mengambil klausa – klausa yang menggunakan verba modalitas. Interpretasi didassarkan pada arti verba – verba modalitas dan frekuensi kemunculan verba –verba modalitas tersebut. Analisa sikap menganalisa klausa –

klausa yang mengandung perasan – perasaan sebagai perwujudan sikap. Analisa sikap juga dilakukan dengan menghubungka analisa wacana tentang cerita – cerita rakyat dengan wacana – wacana dari luar cerita –cerita rakyat tersebut.

yang paling sering muncul di semua topik adalah proses material, proses mental kognitif, proses verbal penutur-isi tuturan, dan proses relasional atributif. Analisa tentang modalitas menunjukan probabilitas sebagai jenis yang paling sering muncul di topik tentang ketidakberdayaan manusia and ketergantungan terhadap makhluk-makhluk supernatural. Dalam topik tentang kepatuhan kepada adat kebudayaan dalam masyarakat, kebiasaan adalah modalitas yang paling sering muncul. Analisa sikap menunjukan afeksi sebagai jenis yang paling sering muncul dalam bentuk positif dan negatif kegembiraan, keamanan, dan kenyamanan. Analisa tentang pendapat mendukung ideologi – ideologi tentang ketidakberdayaan manusia dan ketergantungan terhadap makhluk – makhluk supernatural dalam bentuk kapasitas dan kegigihan. Apresiasi muncul dalam bentuk positif dan negatif reaksi, komposisi, dan penilaian.

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ON SUPERNATURAL BEINGS IN LANGENHEIM’S PUTRI NAGA KOMODO,

THE DRAGON PRINCESS OF KOMODO AND OTHER FOLKTALES

A Thesis

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M. Hum.) Degree

in English Language Studies

by

Simon Arsa Manggala Student Number : 126332056

THE GRADUATE PROGRAMME IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

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The writer would like to express his gratitude to the people who always support him in the process of the completion of this thesis. Their support and assistance invaluably contribute much to the thesis writing process.

First of all, the writer would like to thank his thesis advisor, Dr. B.B. Dwijatmoko, M.A., for the guidance, patience, and understanding during the thesis consultation process. The discussions on the theories and methodology enlighten the path when the writer seemed to encounter dead ends in the thesis writing process. He always provided sources in solving both theoretical and practical problems. He also always made the writer encouraged to work on the thesis by setting the timelines and deadlines.

The writer would also like to thank the lectures and staffs in the Graduate Program of English Language Studies. Having discussions on both academic and casual topics with them, was really motivating for his desire to learn more. Bapak Fx. Mukarto, Ph.D always showed his understanding whenever the writer came with academic problems. Dr. Novita Dewi, M.S., M.A. (Hons) always reminded the writer of being detailed and organized. She became the writer’s motivation to

read more for this thesis and for academic writings. Bapak Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. always reminded the writer to keep writing this thesis by his warm and pleasant caring reminders. The writer thanks Barli Bram, M. Ed. Ph. D for the comments and suggestions for this thesis. Mbak Lely, Mbak Desi, and Mbak Dita

always brightened and cheered up the writer’s days every time the writer visited the

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Dharma staffs. They are such good companions in his days. Ibu Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.S. always encouraged the writer by kindly discussing about his future plans after completing the thesis. Ibu Dr. Retno Muljani, M.Pd. always showed her patience in reminding about the thesis writing progress. Indonesian Language and Culture Intensive Course (ILCIC) friends had become loyal and supportive friends during the thesis writing process. Rio and Ratri had become partners in doing late night works. Esti, Vena, and Aning presented poor jokes when the writer got stuck. Ira and Nay were always ready to discuss theories in easy and comfortable manners. Paskalis and Wisnu accompanied the writer to refresh the mind and body by doing sports either jogging or swimming. Kitin was always sound with linguistic theories and she supported the writer by lending him books for the supporting data. Tiara always reminded the writer about punctuality in the timelines. Ami, Endo, Wulan, Thomas, Friska, Patrick motivated the writer by their high spirit. Also the writer thanks Koh Nano from Chinese Language and Culture Course (CLCC) who always

consistently checked the writer’s progress. The writer also thanks Mbak Yohana,

Pak Kuntoyo, Mas Sandi, and Daniel Laksono for their support.

The writer would also like to thank Center of English for International Communication (CEIC) friends for being supportive in the thesis writing progress. Maryska and Mbak Martina always accommodated the writer’s time by kindly setting up my teaching schedules. Siwi, Rieta, and Christo always presented

sharing smiles and laughters whenever the writer’s academic thinking fails. Mbak

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always critically reminded the writer to the details in using English.

The writer would also like to thank fun and funny friends; Daniel, Endru, Adit, Fendi and Wenilex who always supported the writer from anywhere and in anytime. They always came to the writer and induced him with their fresh ideas and

energy. Spending time with them refreshed the writer’s nerves while writing this

thesis. The writer would also like to express thankfulness to his choir group, Sanctifico Kantabile Choir.

The writer deeply wants to express his gratitude to his family. They supported the writer with their full heart. His parents, Yohanes Bambang Sutejo, S.Pd., and Lidwina Ririn Tri Antari, S.Pd.SD, persistently checked my work.

Their patience moved his heart to eventually work on his thesis. The writer’s

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TITLE PAGE ... i

APPROVALPAGE ... ii

DEFENSE APPROVAL PAGE ... iii

STATEMENT OF WORK ORIGINALITY ... iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN ... v

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ... v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... xii

LIST OF TABLES ... xiii

LIST OF FIGURES ... xvi

LIST OF APPENDICES ... xvii

ABSTRACT ... xx

ABSTRAK ... xxii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1. Background of the Study ... 1

1.2. Problem Formulation ... 8

1.3. Objectives of the Study ... 8

1.4. Benefits of the Study ... 9

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURES ... 12

2.1. Review of Related Theories ... 12

2.1.1. Ideology, Power, and Language ... 13

2.1.2. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) ... 26

2.1.3. Systemic Functional Linguistics ... 35

2.1.3.1. Transitivity ... 36

2.1.3.2. Modality ... 47

2.1.3.3. Thematic Structure ... 53

2.1.4. Attitude in Language ... 55

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2.3. Theoretical Framework ... 88

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ... 93

3.1. Type of the Study ... 93

3.2. Object of the Study... 95

3.3. The Analysis Procedures ... 96

3.3.1. Microstructure Analysis ... 97

3.3.1.1. Transitivity ... 98

3.3.1.2. Modality ... 99

3.3.1.3. Attitudinal Analysis ... 100

3.3.2. Macrostructure Analysis ... 102

3.3.2.1. Topic Analysis ... 103

3.3.2.2. Plot Analysis ... 103

3.3.3. Discourse and Social Practice ... 104

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ... 106

4.1. Macrostructure Analysis ... 107

4.1.1. Plot Analysis ... 108

4.1.1.1 The Tears of Empu Mburing ... 111

4.1.1.2. Siti Fari and Empu Rencak ... 115

4.1.1.3. The Mesa Itch ... 120

4.1.1.4. The Pirates of Gili Montong ... 123

4.1.1.5. The Dragon Princess of Komodo ... 126

4.1.1.6. The Sad Tale of Ina Materia... 130

4.1.1.7. Ideological Plotting ... 134

4.1.2. Topic Analysis ... 139

4.1.2.1. Submissiveness to Customs ... 142

4.1.2.2. Dependency on Supernatural Beings ... 152

4.2. Microstructure Analysis ... 162

4.2.1. Transitivity Analysis ... 163

4.2.1.1 Material Processes ... 165

4.2.1.2 Mental Processes ... 172

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4.2.2. Modality Analysis ... 180

4.2.2.1 Human Powerlessness ... 182

4.2.2.2 Dependency on Supernatural Beings ... 186

4.2.2.3 Submissiveness to Customs ... 190

4.2.3. Attitudinal Analysis ... 194

4.2.3.1 Human Powerlessness ... 195

4.2.3.2 Dependency on Supernatural Beings ... 204

4.2.3.3 Submissiveness to Customs ... 209

4.3. The Ideologies in Practice ... 213

4.3.1. Internal Intertextuality and Socio-Background ... 214

4.3.2. Intertextuality with Other Tales ... 217

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... 220

5.1. Conclusions ... 220

5.2. Recommendations ... 229

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 231

xii The items are sorted in alphabetical order.

1. (-) : negative attitude 2. (+) : positive attitude 3. cap : capacity

4. CDA : Critical Discourse Analysis 5. comp : composition

6. des : desire 7. hap : un/happiness 8. norm : normality 9. prop : propriety 10.reac : reaction 11.sat : dis/satisfaction 12.sec : in/security

13.SFaER : Siti Fari and Empu Rencak 14.SFL : Systemic Functional Linguistics 15.TDPoK : The Dragon Princess of Komodo 16.ten : tenacity

17.TMI : The Mesa Itch

18.TPoGM : The Pirates of Gili Montong 19.TSToIM : The Sad Tale of Ina Materia 20.TToM : The Tears of Empu Mburing 21.val : valuation

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Table 2.1. Transitivity processes and their participants ... 46

Table 2.2. Types of Modality ... 48

Table 2.3. The Examples of Words Resembling Types of Un/Happiness ... 59

Table 2.4. The Examples of Words Resembling Types of In/Security ... 59

Table 2.5. The Examples of Words Resembling Types of Dis/Satisfaction ... 60

Table 2.6. The Examples of Words Resembling Types of Social Esteem ... 61

Table 2.7. The Examples of Words Resembling Types of Social Sanction ... 61

Table 2.8. The Examples of Words Resembling Types of Judgment... 63

Table 3.1. Data Elicitation Example by Transitivity Analysis ... 99

Table 3.2. Data Analysis Example Based on The Processes ... 99

Table 3.3. Excerpt of the Analysis on Modality ... 101

Table 3.4. Data Elicitation by Language of Evaluation ... 102

Table 3.5. Excerpt of the Analysis on Attitude ... 103

Table 3.6. Excerpt of Macropropositions and Topics Retrieval ... 104

Table 4.1. The Folktales and their Plots ... 110

Table 4.2. The Plot Development in The Tears of Empu Mburing ... 113

Table 4.3. The Plot Development in The Siti Fari and Empu Rencak ... 118

Table 4.4. The Plot Development in The Mesa Itch ... 122

Table 4.5. The Plot Development in The Pirates of Gili Montong ... 125

Table 4.6. The Plot Development in The Dragon Princess of Komodo ... 129

Table 4.7. The Plot Development in The Sad Tale of Ina Materia ... 132

Table 4.8. The Folktales and Their Numbers of Macropropositions ... 142

Table 4.9. Lexical Choice in Fishery Discourse in Folktale 1 ... 145

Table 4.10. Lexical Choice in Sailing Discourse in Folktale 4 ... 146

Table 4.11 Summary of Transitivity Processes in all Folktales ... 165

Table 4.12 the Distribution of Transitivity Processes for each Topic ... 166

Table 4.13. The Distribution of Material Process in each Folktale for each Topic ... 168

Table 4.14 Examples of Powerlessness by Material Processes ... 169

Table 4.15 Examples of Human Characters Habitual Duties ... 170

Table 4.16 Examples of Submissiveness to Customs by Material Processes ... 170

Table 4.17 Dependency on Supernatural Being by Material Processes ... 171

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Table 4.20 The Frequency of the Mental Process Types ... 175

Table 4.21 The Participants Configuration in Verbal Processes for each Topic ... 178

Table 4.22 The Participant Configurations in Relational Processes for each Topic ... 180

Table 4.23 The Distribution of Modality in all Folktales ... 183

Table 4.24 The Distribution of Modality for Depicting Human Powerlessness ... 180

Table 4.25 The Modality Types Depicting Dependency on Supernatural Beings ... 188

Table 4.26 Modality for Depicting Submissiveness to Customs ... 192

Table 4.27 The Summary of the Frequency of Attitude in each Folktale ... 197

Table 4.28 The Distribution of Attitude in Human Powerlessness ... 198

Table 4.29 The Kinds of Affects in the Topic about Human Powerlessness ... 199

Table 4.30 The Examples of Negative Happiness ... 199

Table 4.31 The Examples of Negative Security ... 200

Table 4.32 The Examples of Negative Satisfaction ... 200

Table 4.33 Judgment in the Topic about Human Powerlessness ... 201

Table 4.34 The Example of Negative Capability ... 202

Table 4.35 The Example of Positive Capability ... 202

Table 4.36 The Example of Negative Tenacity ... 203

Table 4.37 Appreciation in the Topic about Human Powerlessness ... 204

Table 4.38 The Examples of Negative Reaction ... 205

Table 4.39 The Examples of Positive Reaction ... 205

Table 4.40 The Examples of Negative Composition ... 206

Table 4.41 Attitude in Dependency on Supernatural Beings ... 207

Table 4.42 Judgment in the Topic about Dependency on Supernatural Beings ... 207

Table 4.43 The Examples of Positive Capacity ... 208

Table 4.44 Affect in the Topic about Dependency on Supernatural Beings ... 208

Table 4.45 The Examples of Negative Happiness ... 209

Table 4.46 The Example of Negative Security ... 210

Table 4.47 Appreciation in the Dependency on Supernatural Beings ... 210

Table 4.48 The Examples of Positive Reaction ... 211

Table 4.49 The Example of Positive Composition ... 211

Table 4.50 The Distribution of Attitude in Submissiveness to Customs ... 212

Table 4.51 Appreciation in the Topic about Submissiveness to Customs ... 213

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xvi

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APPENDICES ... 239 Appendix 1: The Macroproposition Generalizations and Constructions ... 239 1. The Tears of Empu Mburing ... 239 2. Siti Fari & Empu Rencak ... 241 3. The Mesa Itch ... 243 4. The Pirates of Gili Motong ... 246 5. The Dragon Princess of Komodo ... 248 6. The Sad Tale of Ina Materia... 252 Appendix 2: The Macropropositions Mapping ... 255

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xix

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Manggala, Simon Arsa. 2015. Submissiveness to Customs and Dependency on Supernatural Beings in Langenheim’s Putri Naga Komodo, The Dragon Princess of Komodo and Other Foktales. Yogyakarta: The Graduate Program in English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.

Some folktales as literary works tend to keep transparent ideologies. However, they might hide the ideologies about submissiveness to customs in a society and about dependency on supernatural beings. The target or intended readers of the folktales are children. They do not have the power to choose what they should read. Thus, parents choose the readings that they think suitable and appropriate for their children. Being transparent, ideologies might be transferred by parents to the children without any awareness. To raise the critical awareness of the readers, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) will help developing the awareness of the readers.

Two research questions are answered in this thesis. The first research question is What are the ideologies delivered through the folktales? the second research question is How are the main ideologies represented in the folktales through the semantic macrostructure and microstructure of the folktales by the employment of the linguistic aspects on transitivity, modality, and the system of appraisal?

In solving the research questions, CDA becomes the main guideline and the theories on the macrostructure and microstructure analyses were employed. For the macrostructure analyses, this thesis employed plot analysis and topic analysis. For the microstructure analyses, this thesis employed the theory of Systemic Functional Linguistic including in it transitivity analysis, modality analysis, and attitudinal analysis.

The nature of the data are entailed to the nature of the analysis. For the plot analysis, the data are the folktales which are analyzed in terms of the causal relationships of the narrative events. The data for the topic analysis are the macropropositions which are derived from the texts. The transitivity analysis categorizes and describes the clauses which represents the ideologies. The analysis explains and describes the frequent processes depicting the ideologies. The modality analysis takes all the clauses containing modals. The interpretation is made based on the meanings of the modals and the frequency of the modals. The attitudinal analysis observes the clauses containing the feelings as the realization of attitudes. The analysis is also conducted by relating the discourse in the folktales with the discourses outside the folktales.

xxi

supernatural beings. In the topic about submissiveness to customs, usuality is the most frequent modality. The attitudinal analysis shows affect as the most prominent type in terms of positive and negative happiness, security, and satisfaction. Judgement supports the two topics about human powerlessness and dependency of supernatural beings in terms of capacity and tenacity. Appreciation appears in positive and negative reaction, composition, and valuation. The discussion on the discourse of the ideologies presents the contexts and intertextuality of the ideologies.

xxii

Manggala, Simon Arsa. 2015. Submissiveness to Customs and Dependency on Supernatural Beings in Langenheim’s Putri Naga Komodo; The Dragon Princess of Komodo and Other Foktales. Yogyakarta: The Graduate Program in English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.

Cerita-cerita rakyat sebagai karya sastra berpotensi untuk menyembunyikan ideologi – ideologi yang transparan. Cerita – cerita tersebut menyembunyikan ideologi tentang kepatuhan kepada adat budaya dalam sebuah masyarakat dan tentang ketergantungan terhadap makhluk-makhluk supernatural. Sasaran pembaca cerita – cerita rakyat tersebut adalah anak-anak. Mereka tidak bisa memilih bacaan yang harus mereka baca. Oleh sebab itu, orang tua mereka memilihkan bacaan yang mereka pikir cocok dan sesuai untuk anak-anak mereka. Karena bersifat transparan, ideologi – ideologi dimungkinkan untuk diturunkan oleh para orang tua kepada anak-anak mereka secara tidak sadar. Untuk meningkatkan kesadaran para pembaca cerita rakyat, Analisa Wacana Kritis (AWK) akan membantu kesadaran para pembaca akan ketimpangan kekuasaan.

Tesis ini menjawab dua permasalahan. Permasalahan pertama adalah Apa ideologi – ideologi yang disampaikan melalui cerita – cerita rakyat tersebut? Permasalahan kedua adalah bagaimana ideologi – ideologi utama disampaikan melalui cerita –cerita rakyat dengan menggunakan struktur makro semantik dan struktur mikro semantik dari cerita –cerita rakyat tersebut dengan penggunaan aspek – aspek kebahasaan berupa transitivitas, modalitas, dan sistem sanjungan? Dalam menjawab permasalahan – permasalahan penelitian tersebut penulis menggunakan teori AWK sebagai acuan utama dan menggunakan teori – teori tentang analisa struktur makro semantik dan struktur mikro semantik. Dalam analisa struktur makro semantic, tesis ini menggunakan analisa plot dan analisa topik. Dalam analisa struktur mikro semantik, tesis ini menggunakan teori –teori dari Linguistik Fungsional Sistematis, termasuk di dalamnya analisa transitivitas, analisa modalitas, dan analisa sikap.

Karakteristik data dalam tesis ini selaras dengan karakteristik analisanya. Untuk analisa plot, data yang digunakan adalah cerita –cerita rakyat yang dianalisa berdasarkan pada hubungan sebab akibat antara peristiwa – peristiwa naratif di dalamnya. Data dari analisa topic adalah proposisi – proposisi makro yang disimpulkan dari teks. Analisa transitivitas mengkategorikan dan menjelaskan klausa – klausa yang paling banyak muncul dalam penyampaian ideologi –ideologi tersebut. Analisa modalitas mengambil klausa – klausa yang menggunakan verba modalitas. Interpretasi didassarkan pada arti verba – verba modalitas dan frekuensi kemunculan verba –verba modalitas tersebut. Analisa sikap menganalisa klausa –

klausa yang mengandung perasan – perasaan sebagai perwujudan sikap. Analisa sikap juga dilakukan dengan menghubungka analisa wacana tentang cerita – cerita rakyat dengan wacana – wacana dari luar cerita –cerita rakyat tersebut.

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dengan menyediakan bukti – bukti kebahasaan dalam tiap topik. Proses transitivitas yang paling sering muncul di semua topik adalah proses material, proses mental kognitif, proses verbal penutur-isi tuturan, dan proses relasional atributif. Analisa tentang modalitas menunjukan probabilitas sebagai jenis yang paling sering muncul di topik tentang ketidakberdayaan manusia and ketergantungan terhadap makhluk-makhluk supernatural. Dalam topik tentang kepatuhan kepada adat kebudayaan dalam masyarakat, kebiasaan adalah modalitas yang paling sering muncul. Analisa sikap menunjukan afeksi sebagai jenis yang paling sering muncul dalam bentuk positif dan negatif kegembiraan, keamanan, dan kenyamanan. Analisa tentang pendapat mendukung ideologi – ideologi tentang ketidakberdayaan manusia dan ketergantungan terhadap makhluk – makhluk supernatural dalam bentuk kapasitas dan kegigihan. Apresiasi muncul dalam bentuk positif dan negatif reaksi, komposisi, dan penilaian.

1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter includes the background of the study, problem formulation, objectives of the study, and the benefits of the study. In the Background of the Study, the reasons in conducting the study are presented. The reasons are both theoretical and practical. Based on the reasons, the writer formulizes the research questions in Problem Formulation. Hopefully, the results and the answers of the research problems meet the objectives of the study and the benefits of the study. Both the objectives and the benefits of the study are related to the object of the study and to the wider contexts of the theoretical discourse.

1.1. Background of the Study

Language analysis is one of the ways to observe literary works to appreciate the works. That is because literary works are the actual language in use. Spitzer has promoted the use of language analysis to observe literary works that the smallest details of language can unlock the meanings of the works (Leech and Short, 1981: 2). However, language is only a tool to examine what is beyond the words. To appreciate the works, then, a comprehensive study on other aspects is required.

dialectically interconnected with other elements of social life” (2003:2). The

interrelated aspects above are observable under a discourse study. In a discourse study, the literary works observed are regarded as the texts and the interrelated aspects are as the contexts. A discourse study is conducted in order, again, to give appreciation to literary works by understanding and interpreting the meanings of the works.

In relation to the study of Critical Discourse Analysis, folktales, especially those intended to children are appropriate examples in the study. Literary works for children are intended to introduce ideologies to the children (Zipes, 2006a: 8). Children are considered as innocent, therefore, they need to receive knowledge from adults. This concept is also what Nodelman says:

Understood as innocent and inexperienced, children know less about the world they live in than they might, less about how to think about themselves and others than they might, less about how to behave than they might. Adults

thus have a duty to teach children what they don’t yet know, so, from this point of view, children’s literature is primarily a didactic literature (2008: 157).

The drawback from that concept is that children are unable to choose their reading but the adults choose what they should read. In this case the children become powerless and the adults are very powerful. The use of power is not only in terms of choosing the reading but also in the message or the contents that the children have to digest. Hence, this belongs to CDA since there is inequality in the use of power as Fairclough mentions that the objective of CDA is to reveal ideologies and the practice of power imbalance.

practice the manipulators takes control over other people. Further, he mentions that the ideology against other people will or interests. In the case of literary works, the production of literary works might also be a form of manipulation that is intended to change or influence the readers of the works. In some cases, the readers might have power to select the ideology but in other cases, readers are not capable in selecting the ideology. In other words, they take the ideology right away. The latter case is exemplified in literary works for children or folktales. The readers are supposed to believe and agree with the values and ideology found in the texts.

This study focuses on Komodo islands literature that belongs to Southeast Asian Literature to promote Indonesian culture and literature. This study is a response to the emerge of regional based Literary studies and Study Centers, for example American literature studies, Asian-American Studies, South-Asian literature studies, and so on. To narrow down the literary genre in regional based Studies, folktale can be utilized to observe the condition of the society where and in which particular folktales belong. That is explainable that every society has their own folktales and they might differ one from another. The differences among the folktales are similar to the differences among the other genres of literary works, i.e. the differences in the contexts.

relation is rare. This reason is assured by Anderson that “Indonesia’s classical

literatures, unlike those of China and India contain no full-fledged expositions of

any indigenous ‘political theory’” (2007: 1). The second reason is the addition to

the first. The stories are written in English. The study is conducted under the faculty of English Language Studies so the objects of studies must be related to English. Among the limited number of literary works presenting Komodo Islands’ culture,

those that written in English are more limited. Third, the stories are retold by native people of the island and adapted and edited by an English native speaker. This may be beneficial to the study since the ones who retell the stories are the natives of the island that the stories are authentic. In addition, the editor is a native user of English so the ideologies, concepts, and principles seem to be well presented through the language. Another benefit is that the book is intended to sustain the local culture and communities living in the islands.

first story, the supernatural character is a woman coming out from a ndekar fruit. Once, the woman gives obligation to the main character, Empu Mburing, to not eat teri fish. The followings are the quotation showing the power of the woman toward

Empu Mburing :

(1). “Go,” she said, “but remember your promise this time Empu Mburing!” (Langenheim, 2010: 16, A12/1/33)

(2). This time, his wife was very, very angry, but Empu Mburing begged her to forgive him, vowing never again to let a teri fish pass his lips. (2010: 18, A12/1/58)

From the excerpts above, the choice of words show the authoritative power of the supernatural being. Such words are, for instance, the imperative Go to show the powerful and authoritative speaker and begged to show submissiveness of the actor. The plot also shows that the one who receive the obligation is the main character that might represent the people of Komodo Islands. Further, whenever, the main character fails to fulfill the obligations, he might receive punishment in the form of curse. In the first stories, the curse is that the main character is being left by the woman and in other words is being left by enjoyment and pleasure.

The eagerness to analyze the objects of the study is driven by the intuition after reading the objects of the study. The intuition on power imbalance becomes the trigger in doing the analysis regarding also the reasons discussed above, i.e. the potentiality of power imbalance in the choice of literary works, the use of political language to manipulate the consumers, and the linguistic awareness of the writer. Intuition is common in literary study and in linguistic study such as stylistics. Carter

and Simpson mentions “stylistic analysis aims to link intuitions about meaning

hunches (Simpson, 2004: 75). However, since intuition is not neutral, i.e. it is subjective to the readers (Carter and Simpson, 1989: 64), the justification to the

intuition is needed. Thus, what Carter means by “to link” between the language and

the meaning is to provide justification towards the intuition. Further, the link is by conducting rigorous linguistic analysis towards the object of the study.

The rigorous linguistic analysis and literary analysis are the explication of the major or general structure of the texts and the detailed or the micro structure of the texts or van Dijk mentions them as macrostructure and microstructure (van Dijk, 1976 and 1980). The major or the general structure of the texts is called the macrostructure. The analysis of the macrostructure of the text might reveal the global meaning of the text as a whole. The observation might be beneficial since the texts would be considered as a unity. The bias or the tendency to mislook or to misinterpret the meanings might be avoided. The rigorous microstructure analysis would support the general meanings by providing the detailed evidences. By having the microstructure analysis, the tendency of overgeneralization in grasping the meaning might be avoided. While the macrostructure analysis discusses the texts as a unity, the microstructure analysis observes the detailed chunks from the texts.

rules and structures of the drama. The use of microstructure and macro structure is also employed in defining the structure of scientific texts. A study by Hutchins (1977) investigates the structural features of scientific texts. In his study, he analytically analyse the use of anaphora, reference and subtitution, ellipsis, conjuctions, sentence adverbs, and lexical cohesions in the observed texts. For the microstructure analysis deals with thematic and semantic progression of the clauses and sentences in the texts. For the macrostructure, he employs the episodes and functions by Greimas (1966) that in a texts, there are particular functional sequence of orientation, complication, evaluation, resolution, and coda. In the conclusion, he mentions that communicational function on textual structure is more direct and transparent in scientific texts than in other types of texts. This thesis employs the analysis on the microstructures and macrostructures of texts critically that it does not only seek for the structures of the texts, but highlight the hidden ideologies and agenda beyond the structures.

This thesis answers the following questions:

1. What are the ideologies conveyed through the folktales?

2. How are the main ideologies represented in the folktales through the semantic macrostructure and microstructure of the folktales by the employment of the linguistic aspects on transitivity, modality, and the system of appraisal?

1.3. Objectives of the Study

In conducting the study, the writer has three objectives related to the field of linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis, and Literature. One of my objectives is also related to the awareness of Asian Language, Literature, and Culture.

Firstly, this study wants to observe the use of language to deliver the power

and ideologies exist in Komodo Islands’ society. This objective means to know

what and how Komodo Islands’ concepts of power and ideologies may be delivered

through language. This objective is achievable by employing deep and rigorous study on the objects of study using linguistic analysis.

language in use. Another linguistic theory which is also a derivation of Systemic Functional Linguistic on the system of appraisal, would support the study that the language in use in folktales might deliver particular meanings through the demonstration of feelings. Appreciation to literary works by the linguistic analysis is a way to avoid bias in interpretation.

Thirdly, this study wants to promote the study on Asian language and

literature. This objective is a cultural goal to introduce Komodo Islands’ cultures as

a part of Indonesian culture and, in wider context, Asian culture. This objective is not directly related to the research questions however, the result of this study might be used as the example of a study on Asian Literature. This becomes an objective since there are limited studies on the literary works of the particular regions.

1.4. Benefits of the Study

folktales therefore it might be an example on how to activate the language features of the genre to interpret the meaning behind the translated literary works. This study presents alternative methodology in reading folktales by shifting the perspective into more political point of view. Moral messages of the folktales are seen as the hidden message from the producers, i.e. the author, the story teller, or even, the publisher, to be delivered to the consumers. This critical perspective of reading hopefully might raise awareness of the hidden agenda of folktales.

Third, this study is a promotion of local culture, especially the culture of Komodo islands. This study presents the analysis on Komodo Islands’ culture. There are not many studies conducted to observe Komodo Islands’ culture although

they are famous place in the world. Hence, this study may be one of the initial studies on Komodo Islands, Indonesia, and Asian literature. In a wider perspective, this study promotes Cross Cultural Understanding. This is in line with the spirit of post-modern era that it celebrates locality rather than standardization. Since the writer is a native Indonesian, then, the study is also a response to the question about the authorship of South East Asian Studies arose by Sears (2007: 45) that she

mentions “the question of who is writing or who should be writing South East Asian

histories, ethnographies, and literary critiques has become subject to debate over

past ten years”. Though by conducting this study the answer of the question cannot

be clearly answered, the writer tries to raise the awareness of the Indonesian about

the ‘self-belonging’ attitudes toward the Indonesian culture. This study also brings

12

REVIEW OF LITERATURES

This section is divided into two major subtitles; the Review of Related Theories and the Review of Related Studies. Review of Related Theories presents reviews and elaboration of several theories that is needed to answer the research problems introduced in Chapter I. The theories are those on the concepts of Power and Ideology, some concepts on Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Systemic Functional Linguistics, Attitude, and Plot. The discussion will cover relevant notions to the study. The Review on Related Studies presents the previous studies conducted by some researches on similar topics. The objective of presenting the previous related studies is to show the position of this study in the recent studies.

2.1. Review of Related Theories

2.1.1. Ideology, Power, and Language

Ideology is a set of beliefs and values considered to be true by a person or a group of people. This is in line with Jones that he notes, “Nowadays ‘ideology’

tends to be used more widely, to refer to any set of beliefs which, to the people who

hold them, appear to be logical and ‘natural’” (1999: 30). An ideology drives the

people who believe in it to do or not to do anything in their life. Because it is considered to be true, the ideology also shapes the attitudes of the holder to the reality. For instance, for some people in particular culture addressing the elders by their names is considered as impolite and consequently, whenever there is a child addressing their parents by their names the child will receive negative attitude from the people. Locke also notes that he “defines an ideology is an elaborate story told

about the ideal conduct of some aspect of human affairs” (2004: 33).

By referring to the definition that an ideology is considered as logical and natural to the holders an ideology may not fit to all. The possibility that in a society many ideologies exist is widely open. However, it is common that peoples sharing same ideology will gather in a group and set their objectives and actions based on the ideologies. In the practice, this phenomenon can be observed in the existence of political parties. The members of a party must share the same ideologies each other. They also, then, decide their political turns based on their ideologies. This is in accordance with what Simpson defines, that an ideology is “assumptions, beliefs,

fantasy. It is called fantasy since the ideology is like an illusion. In every practice or conduct, people act based on what they know or even what they do not know.

Zizek adds that ideological fantasy is a double illusion since “they (people) know

very well how things are but still they are doing it as if they did not know” (2008:

30). The implication is that the existence of ideology can be traced in the practice or conduct. The tendency is, again, however, that people consider what they are doing is reasonable and true or natural.

The possibilities of the existence of different ideologies and the nature of ideology that the holders consider it as true, natural and logical bring a consequence and the consequence brings further implications in practice. The consequence is that the holders of particular ideologies have a tendency to promote and the ideologies to the other groups holding different ideologies. In other words, the groups want to dominate each other. The implications of that consequence are the domination of one ideology to the others and the struggles of the less dominate groups toward the dominant groups. Those implications appear when there is inequality of power.

Power enables the member of particular groups of a particular ideology to control the other groups of ideologies. On that notion, Tollefson (2006: 46) notes

that power is the ability to “control events in order to achieve one’s aims”.

Similarly, Myers-Scotton mentions that power is “the control someone has over the

outcomes of others” (2006: 199). The controlling group can be said as the powerful

cognition: that is, a powerful group may limit the freedom of action of others, but

also influence their minds” (1993: 254). The exercise of power by the dominant

group is possible to create and shape identities of the others (Thielle, 2002: 99). The use of power to limit the freedom of action of others is defined as power abuse and

the influence of others’ minds can be through hegemony.

The practice of hegemony is less visible than the practice of power abuse. Power abuse is indicated by the breaking of law, democracy, or norms in society while hegemony is by accepted consensus. Later on Van Dijk also mentions that

“the concept of hegemony … does not always imply a clear picture of villains and

victims” (Van Dijk, 1993: 255). The difficulty to recognize the practice of

hegemony is also implied by Wodak as quoted by Locke:

Certainly, 'ideology' is a concept that currently resists erasure. 'Even with differing concepts', Wodak (2001), writes, 'critical theory intends to create awareness in agents of how they are deceived about their own needs and interests' (p. 10) (2004: 33).

Because of the practice of hegemony is not clearly visible peoples are sometimes deceived by their needs and interests. They do not realize that particular groups and ideologies are controlling their actions. In this case the controlled peoples are being hegemonized and the dominant group is successful in delivering the ideologies as Fairclough notes, “Ideology is most effective when its workings are least visible”

(1989: 85).

exercised (as cited in O’Farrel, 2005: 99). In other words, power cannot be static in

a group or in a person. To observe the existence of power, a researcher should observe in the relation of individuals. In line with the previous discussion that power might control other groups, Foucault shares the same idea on it that power

becomes a way to change people’s conduct. The term ‘conduct’ is associated to the

action of leading others (O’Farrel, 2005: 99, Foucault in Faubion, 2000: 341). The

conduct of power relation should have characteristics.

Power relation possesses six characteristics. Those characteristics are useful to notice in observing power relation (Foucault in Faubion, 2000: 329-331). First, power relation is a transversal struggle. Power relation exists not only in one

country but also almost in everywhere. This idea is similar to Thiele’s that “the

exercise of power in collective live is unavoidable” (2002: 115). One implication

of this idea is that there is no condition of power vacuum. Second, the target or objective of power struggles is the power effect. The struggles on power are always due to the effects of the power relation practice. In other words, the struggles are ignited by the impact caused by the power relation practice. Third, the analysis of power relation is immediate to the critics. The critics or people who conduct analysis on power relation always find the closest instances of power to them. Fourth, power relation is a struggle that questions the status of the individual. The struggles can be for two purposes. They struggle for the right of individuals to be

truly individuals, and for “attacking” everything that separate individuals into

knowledge, competence, and qualification. The analysis should, therefore, find the location of knowledge, competence, and qualification in the relationship. One group of society must possess more knowledge or privilege of knowledge in the relationship with the other group. This might also lead to imbalances in power relationship. Sixth, the last characteristic is that “they are a refusal of these abstractions, of economic and ideological state influence, which ignore who we are individually, and also a refusal of scientific or administrative inquisition that

determines who one is” (Foucault in Faubion, 2000: 331).

Further, the analysis of power relation requires the establishment of five points. Those points are required to draw detailed and systematic picture of the relationship (Foucault in Faubion, 2000: 344). First, the analysis needs the system of differentiations. The differentiation is meant to define the relationship since in a relation, there must be more than a group. However, the differentiation is into two groups through the dividing process (p. 326). The dividing process divides the subject inside himself or divides the subject from others. Foucault exemplifies by the differentiation of the mad versus the sane, the sick versus the healthy, or the criminals versus the good boys.

Second, the analysis needs to determine the types of objectives. The analyst should try to find a particular objective of one group towards the others. The

objective might vary, ranged from the “maintenance of privilege, the accumulation

of profits”, or “the exercise of statutory authority” (p. 344).

might be through its media. It might be a speech, a rule, or a threat of arms. In the case of this thesis, the instrument of the power relation is in terms of language of the folktales.

Fourth, power relation analysis needs to observe the forms of institutionalization. The institutions that become the subjects or objects of observation are the opposing groups. They might be the trends of fashions, the legal structures, the functional institutions, or any complex system having purposes.

Fifth, the analysis requires a degree of rationalization. Since the analysis of power relation needs to observe institutions, the rationalization is for connecting the institutions and the interpretations. The discussion of the power relation should be able to show the connectivity of the discussions for obtaining the objective of power relation analysis.

Those discussions of power by Foucault draw a picture that power exists and is observable by the actual signs of it. Therefore, the exercise of power explained by Foucault also presents the actual conducts. For instance, in Discipline and Punishment, to gain the disciplinary power, four methods might be utilized. They are the organization of space, the organization of activity and behaviors, the surveillance (often mentioned along with the idea of Panopticon), and the normalization. By the organization of space, Foucault argues that to discipline people particular places are beneficial, such as schools, prisons, and hospitals. The organization of activity and behaviors exercise power by setting similar activities for a timetabled period. For example, this control on behavior is like the way

children hold a pen (O’Farrel, 2005: 103). The famous idea of surveillance is also

Rouse, 2005: 99). The idea is to prevent people of doing wrong and also the will to do wrong. In the Panopticon model, the prisoners are being observed but unable to observer the supervisor. By doing so, the prisoners feel that they are being observed and ideally they will do like if they are watched. The last method is by normalization. This method is mean to cure the sick into normal (Rouse, 2005: 101). For instance, the realization is exemplified by the test or examination. Through a

test or examination, the ‘sick’ is gradually cured into the state of ‘normal’.

Opposing views on the notion of power is presented by Baudrillard (in Keller, 1989) that power might lay in the simulation of reality and not in real actions. Baudrillard thinks that Foucault fails to analyze simulation of power, “in which signs of power is feigned, masqueraded and simulated, and the ways in which

signs of power often displace and replace actual relations of force and discipline”

(1989: 133). This opposition is followed by the explanation that the existence of power might lay in the media and communication means, which Foucault does not mention. This idea is inline with the previous discussion on idea of hegemony.

is homogeneous. Whatever the media, the power comes from the same source and to get the power, human has to perform some performances. Third, the accumulation of power has no limits in western culture, while in Javanese culture, the quantum of power is constant. Fourth, in western philosophy power is morally ambiguous. It means that the power conduct might lead to some morally positive or negative deeds. In Javanese culture, power does not raise the questions of legitimacy. The questions of legitimacy does not come from the existence of power but from the characters involved in the power relation conduct.

In accordance with the discussion of power, which mainly by Foucault, the analysis of power relation needs instruments. Language is a channel that is used to deliver and to convey ideologies and Power. It is supported by the nature of the study of ideology proposed by Thompson (1990) as quoted by Wodak and Meyer:

For Thompson (1990) the study of ideology is a study of `the ways in which meaning is constructed and conveyed by symbolic forms of various kinds'. This kind of study will also investigate the social contexts within which symbolic forms are employed and deployed (2001: 10).

Thompson hence notes that the study on text might reveal the meaning or ideologies being delivered or employed by particular society or group of people. Later on Wodak and Meyer add that a study on Critical Discourse Analysis is interested in the ways linguistic forms are used in various expressions and manipulation of power (2001: 11). It can be concluded then that any products of language are feasible channel to observe ideologies and power. However, the study on text only will not be satisfying without investigating the social context.

studies since language is a media to deliver purposes. For instance, in the pragmatic

study of language, Leech (1983: 24) argues that “the principles of pragmatics are

motivated in terms of conversational goals”. This argument indicates that the use

of language is to achieve the user’s goals or motivations such as to exercise power.

Language user can use switching, for instance, for their own purposes, i.e. “to

convey nuances of meaning and personal intention” (Trudgill, 1983: 123).

That power has become the motivation in the use of language is also evident in the sociolinguistic studies. Sociolinguistics are interested in finding the relation between power practice in society and language. Holmes (2001: 374) notes that

status and power influence “the way people speak”. For instance, Wardhaugh

(2010: 7) mentions that language is utilized to show indentities and the identities are constructed from interaction and socialization. In the interaction and socialization, power might influence the identities presentation by regarding the social class. Particular language is employed by those belonging particular

identities. Leech (1983: 126) mentions the condition that “someone in authority

may use a familiar form of address to someone, who, in return, uses respectful

form”.

The first notion related to Postmodernism is its being skeptical. Skepticism towards authority, received wisdoms, cultural and political norms color the thought of Postmoderns (Stuart, 2001: 3 and Butler, 2002: 15). The color of contra authority becomes into flesh by the refusal of Grand Narrative by Jean Francois Lyotard (Bertens, 1995: 119, Lyotard, 1984: xxiv, Sim, 2001: 9, and Sthop, 2001: 19). Grand Narrative is the big (Grand) structure and scenario that is believed by the society to be true. Usually, the grand narrative is by the authoritative being or party. By the authority, the grand narrative results also in central authority and further it promotes universal truth (Bertens, 1995: 119). Lyotard (in Sim, 2001: 9) classifies

that in the postmodern spirit, any efforts is “to demolish the authority wielded by

grand narrative, which he takes to be repressive of individual creativity”. By that

standing in perspective, it seems that Lyotard is very strong against the grand

narrative. However, later he clarifies that “what we are enjoined to do is not to fight

the grand narratives but simply to stop believing in them” (Sim, 2001: 9). But still,

the idea of ignoring or stopping believing in the grand narrative is a kind of fighting the idea.

The practical realization of the resistance toward the grand narrative, which later inline with the study of Critical Discourse Analysis, is the promotion of

suppressed voice. This is the “Philosophical Politics” (Sim, 2001: 10) that the

purpose is “to help suppressed phrase regimes find their voices”. The suppressed

(2002: 15). Further, Butler mentions that the relation between discourse and power to oppose the dominant ideologies is the most important ethical arguments by postmodernist.

In this thesis, submissiveness is regarded as an ideology since from the story the characters hold the customs tightly. This idea of submissiveness is believed and considered as normal. The existence of the ideology becomes transparent since it might be hold from unknown period of time in the past. Nowadays, the people live and do their daily conduct accordingly to the customs set by the society. The practice of ideology becomes a hegemony of ideology in the society.

Submissiveness to custom becomes an object of Critical Discourse Analysis since the idea of submisisiveness brings about the practice of power imbalance. Ironically, this ideology brings an imbalanced power relation between the society and its members. In other words, the opposition in terms of power relation is between the individuals and the collective of individuals as the society. For instance, the society once might set rules and customs to organize their life. However, the rules become obstacles for the member of the society to hinder their life.

Second, the ideology has an observable effect to the society. The effect is caused by the power relation practice. In this case, the members of society which are submissive to custom is restricted by the rules and obligation, which are ironically set by themselves. The effect of the restriction is that the member might not conduct particular actions or activities since the actions or activities are not in line with the customs. In addition, in the folktales, any violations to the customs would bring direct consequences and often, the consequences are supernatural. The supernatural consequences will be discussed in the second ideology.

Third, submissiveness to custom is immediate to the life of the writer of this thesis. In fact, this characteristic of power relation analysis is an addition to the first characteristic. The ideology of submissiveness is everywhere. As an object of study, the folktales belong to Indonesian folktales. Geographically, the existance of power contained in the folktales is close. The form of the object is also immediate to the writer and to the general intended and unintended readers. They are used to teach particular moral teachings to the readers. Thus, folktales are easy to read and understand.

Fifth, submissiveness to custom by the members of the society influences the opposition in terms of the knowledge, competence, and qualification. The the obligation to follow the customs might limit the competence of the members of the society. The members of the society are limited in terms of their actions. Customs are often closed for any inquiries. This fact limits the knowledge of the members of the society. The existence of some customs might have rational background but the members of the society are not expected to ask questions. The customs or rules in societies set also the qualification of the members. Some members might posses different levels of qualification and roles in the society.

Sixth, the analysis of the submisiveness to custom is a response to the ideology. The revelation of the ideology is a response to the power imbalance due to the ideology. The revelation might have inluences in the ideological state. Further, in relation to the fifth characteristic, the revelation hopefully might raise the awareness of the less qualified members of society that they are systemicaly being oppresed.

In the revelation of the ideology of submissiveness to custom, two parties are involved in terms of power relation. The first party is the members of the society as individuals. This party is represented by the characters in the folktales. They are the party who receive the impact of power imbalace practice. They are limited by the customs. In these cases they suffer from inability or degradation of life quality due to the violation that they have done. The second party is the society as a collective individuals. They are the representation of the customs in practice.

the human being and the second group is the supernatural ones. The first group is the one being oppressed and the second group is the oppressor. The oppression manifests in the powerlessness of the first group in the absence of the second group.

2.1.2. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)

Critical Discourse Analysis is not only a theory but also a method. CDA does not only provide views on its interests but it also provides the methodology or procedures to conduct a study accordingly to it (Rogers, 2004: 2). Therefore, in the theory of CDA, the nature itself might be some characteristics that are operable in the study of CDA. Some theorists have their perspectives on what CDA is and how to conduct CDA. In this thesis, the writer took the major principles and characteristics of CDA that most of theorists agree with. The analysis also referred to the principles and characteristics. Those principles and characteristics might be on the nature and the objectives of CDA.

One general objective of CDA is to reveal the transparent social practice and power relation. Rogers states that the study of CDA is often associated with the observation on power relation (2004: 3). Fairclough differentiates the critical and

uncritical discourse analysis by that the critical one “is not just describing discursive

practives, but also showing how discourse is shaped by relations of power and

ideologies” (1992: 12). Further, Fairclough mentions that CDA reveals and explains

are not seen. Further Fairclough mentions that CDA should explore and reveal how an ideology influences the production of texts, events, and discursive practices. More specifically, the ideology has to be in relation to power and struggles over power. In other words, the presence of power and the struggles over it is the core of ideologies preceding any texts, events, and discursive practices.

The transparent ideologies addressed by CDA are often considered as normal and natural. Based on the objectives proposed by Fairclough above, the focuses of CDA are on the transparent practices caused by ideology and the power struggles. It presupposes that in society there is an “opaque” or transparent

relationship of the actions done and the reasons behind the actions. For instance, people sometimes do not realize that they do some actions without thinking on the

reasons. This is possible if the actions are considered as “natural” (Jones, 1999: 30).

That concept of what CDA observes is in line with what Locke proposes:

a view of society as characterized by unequal power relations appearing as societal conventions. 'Dominant structures stabilize conventions and naturalize them, that is, the effects of power and ideology in the production of meaning are obscured and acquire stable and natural forms: they are taken as "given"(2004: 32).

The issue on power and dominance becomes the central topic in CDA. First related theoretical reason is that CDA is interested is sociopolitical understanding. The sociopolitical problems are those about dominance and equality. Further van

Dijk mentions that the targets of CDA are the power elites “that enact, sustain,

legitimate, condone or ignore social inequality and injustice” (van Dijk, 1993: 252).

group. The purpose is to oppose against the powerful groups that conduct power abuse (van Dijk, 2001: 96).

The notion ‘discourse’ in CDA signifies the role of language in the study. It

employs language analysis in revealing ideology or power struggles. Brown and Yule defines that discourse is the analysis of language in use (1983: 1). The implication is that the analyst should observe and study the language. Further, they mention that the analyst should investigate the use of the language. Weis and Wodak notes that CDA takes a focus on the relationship between language and power (2003: 12). This note focuses on the point that language is the point of departure in doing CDA. After reviewing some approaches to Discourse Analysis, Fairclough draws conclusions and the first is that the object of analysis is linguistic texts (1992: 35). Being detailed in language and mastering linguistics seems to be a benefit in conducting CDA since many linguistic aspects may be relevant to the critical analysis of CDA (Fairclough, 2001: 126). Van Dijk also gives his comment that CDA needs a solid linguistic basis since the nature of discourse is verbal (2001: 97). The linguistic basis should be understood in the sense of structural-functional. This means that the use of language is not only to talk with the correct or grammatical structure but also to deliver meanings. Language analysis becomes the gate to enter the world of meanings in communicative events. On this notion, van

Dijk states that “people use language in order to communicate ideas or beliefs (or

to express emotion) and they do so as part of more complex social events” (1997:

As a scientific research, the nature of CDA is also definable by observing the way it works. The notion that CDA is not only a theory but also a method becomes the rationale that the methodology might tell what CDA is (Rogers, 2004: 2). In this part, two perspectives on the conduct of CDA are discussed. They are the methodology by Teun A. van Dijk (2001) and Norman Fairclough (2001). The choice of the two experts fall since both of them present some similarities in their views of CDA.

The study of CDA addresses social problems by expressing the voice of the researchers and the social problems themselves. It is a study of discourse analysis with an attitude (van Dijk, 2001: 96). The definition of discourse analysis narrows in terms of the object of the study. In this case, it does not only the study of language in use but specifically discourse analysis should deal with the production and the reproduction of power abuse or domination. The attitudes mean the opinions and experiences of particular group dealing with social problems. The attitudes proposed by van Dijk are those that are complex and set by propositions (2001: 114). The attitudes seem to be central in the study of CDA. Both the researchers and the addressed social problems should evidently state attitudes. Consequently, in the study of CDA, observation and perusal of attitudes seems compulsory.

Observation on the context becomes necessary to achieve the aims of CDA for it critically addresses social problems. The context is exemplified by mental models, ideologies, situations, aims, social groups, or institutions. Further van Dijk classifies the contexts into local contexts and global contexts (2001: 108). Global contexts are such the social, political, cultural and historical structures in which the

immediate, interactional situation in which a communicative event takes place”

(2001: 108). For instance, the local contexts are the situation, the participants, the actions, the intentions, goals, norms, or beliefs of the participants or objects.

CDA tries to reveal the transparent meanings from observable text and this meaning