VERBAL-VISUAL APPRAISAL SYSTEM IN NEWS REPORTING THE COLLAPSE OF KARTANEGARA BRIDGE: AN APPRAISAL ANALYSIS OF HARD NEWS IN KOMPAS.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents an introductory section of the study. This section

covers the background of study, research questions, aims of study, scope of study,

significance of study, research methodology, clarification of key terms, and

organization of paper.

1.1 Background

It is incontrovertible that mass media texts play a significant role in the

contemporary society. In a democratic country, for example, mass media texts

serve a function as public forums (Talbot, 2007) that can act to protect civil rights

from the excesses of government and to uphold the veracity (White, 1998). One of

the mass media text varieties is newspapers. In daily life, the newspapers report

what is going on or events, people, or things around us (Machin, 2008). The

journalists or reporters capture those linguistically into written forms. Seen from

its genre, the written forms are generally called as “news items” (Gerot and

Wignell, 1994: 200) or “news story” (Martin and Rose, 2007: 74).

There are two types of news items in journalism. Those are soft news and

hard news. Soft news, according to Lehman-Wilzig and Seleczky (2010),

associates with the news which contains less substantive information like gossip

than hard news. By contrast, hard news associates with the news which contains

high newsworthiness such as news about crimes, accidents, disasters, and so on.

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objectivity, impartiality, and factuality of their news. News reporters, as Husson

and Robert (1991, cited in White, 1998) argue, are neutral and eradicate all

subjectivity. They construct texts which only contain the fact.

However, that view has been challenged by researchers especially in the

linguistic field. Close analysis of the hard news reveals that there are indications

of the subjective presence of the reporters in the hard news at a certain degree (see

White 1998, 2000, 2006, 2009; Martin and White, 2005; Thompson et al, 2008).

The subjective presence or „speakers‟ opinion‟ in Bednarek‟s (2006) terms is

manifested through linguistic resources such as grammatical and lexical choices.

Through those lexical choices, for example, the reporters can share their own

feelings and values when reporting a certain issue. Simultaneously, the reporters

have also indirectly demonstrated their positions toward the issue whether they

agree or disagree or enthuse or criticize (Martin and White, 2005). In other words,

they are attempting to appraise the issue. As a consequence, the objective tag of

hard news decreases.

The phenomenon of subjective presence in the news reports has been a

focus of research in the linguistic field for several years (Iedema et al, 1994;

White, 1997, 1998, 2000; Martin and White, 2005; Bednarek, 2006). Such

research has been conducted using different approaches or methods to analyze the

phenomenon and labels the phenomenon differently such as stance (Biber and

Finegan, 1999; Hyland, 2005; Du Bois 2007; Gales, 2010), evaluation (Hunston

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1998, 2005, 2003, 2006, 2011; Martin and White, 2005). However, their

objectives are similar, that is, to investigate the subjective presence of the writers.

Appraisal has been widely used by the researchers to investigate the

subjective presence of the writers in the news reports particularly in editorials

(commentator voice) and hard news reports (reporter voice). By using Appraisal,

the researchers have focused on the news reports to reveal the ideology of the

writers or the writers‟ evaluation or position toward the issue presented in the hard

news reports (Jullian, 2011) and the way the reporters align with their readers

particularly in the editorial news (White, 2003, 2009; Martin, 2004a). In addition,

Appraisal had also been used to investigate verbal and visual texts specifically

news photos in the news feature story (Economou, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2012). By

applying Appraisal system to photos, Economou (2008, 2009, 2012) reveals that

the news photos can convey a social position and build a reader alignment.

In the present study, the analysis of the verbal and visual Appraisal

systems in the hard news reports are undertaken to investigate newspapers‟

appraisal or position. Drawing upon the finding of previous studies, that is, verbal

Appraisal system in media texts (Iedema et al 1994; White, 1998, 2003, 2005,

2011; Martin and White, 2005), visual Appraisal system in news photos

(Economou, 2008, 2009), visual “grammar” (Kress and van Leeuwen, 2006), and

image-text relations (Martin and Rose, 2007), the study investigates the Kompas’

appraisal toward the collapse of Kartanegara Bridge through the analysis of verbal

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Appraisal systems construe Kompas’ position toward the issue of the collapse of

the Kartanegara Bridge.

1.2 Research Questions

The study is geared towards answering the following research questions:

1) How is the collapse of Kartanegara Bridge verbally appraised in

Kompas?

2) How is the collapse of Kartanegara Bridge visually appraised in

Kompas?

3) How do verbal and visual Appraisal systems construe Kompas’ position

toward the issue?

1.3 Aims of Study

The aims of this study are

 To investigate how the collapse of Kartanegara bridge is verbally

appraised in Kompas.

 To investigate how the collapse of Kartanegara bridge is visually

appraised in Kompas.

 To reveal how verbal and visual Appraisal systems construe Kompas’

position towards the issue.

1.4 Scope of the Study

The study investigates the Kompas’ appraisal or evaluation toward the

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published two days after the accident occurring on 26 November 2011 from

Kompas. The investigation does not only include the verbal texts, but also covers

the visual texts which accompany the verbal texts more specifically news photos.

Furthermore, the study also reveals how verbal and visual Appraisal systems

construe Kompas’ position toward the issue.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The present study is expected to provide theoretical and practical benefits.

For theoretical benefit, the findings of this study are expected to enrich Appraisal

studies particularly verbal and visual Appraisal analysis across cultures. For

practical benefit, the study and its finding will be useful for the writer and readers

on building critical awareness toward language phenomena. The critical

awareness of language is one of the requirements to create democratic or effective

citizenship (Fairclough, 1992, 1995; Lukmana et al, 2006).

1.6 Research Methodology

The study is conducted largely based on a qualitative method. Since this

study is aimed to analyze, describe, and interpret verbal-visual Appraisal systems

in Kompas to figure out Kompas’ appraisal, a qualitative method is an ideal

method as it is fundamentally interpretative (Cresswell, 1994, 2003) and it is

committed to a deep understanding of particular phenomenon such as a process or

belief (Gay et al, 2006).

The study employs Appraisal framework both on verbal Appraisal theory

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2005; Martin and Rose, 2007) and visual Appraisal theory proposed by Economou

(2008, 2009). The frameworks are the extension of interpersonal metafunction in

Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) and visual “grammar”. Those focus upon

the analysis of discourse semantics by investigating Attitude, Engagement, and

Graduation. In addition, the study also uses visual “grammar” proposed by Kress

and van Leeuwen (2006) including the analysis of ideational, interactional, and

textual meanings of visual texts as well as image-text relations proposed by

Martin and Rose (2007).

1.6.1 Data Collection

The data used in the study are the hard news reports which present the

issue of the Kartanegara Bridge‟s collapse taken from Kompas. Those reports

occurred on 28 and 29 November 2011 (retrieved at epaper.kompas.com, 11

January 2012). The reports taken from Kompas are selected on the basis that they

have news photos accompanying the news reports. The selected reports are

Jembatan Runtuh Akibat Kelalaian reported on Monday, 28 November 2011 and

Penelitian Fokus pada Material reported on Tuesday, 29 November 2011.

1.6.2 Data Analysis

The data are investigated by using verbal Appraisal framework proposed

by Martin and his colleagues (Martin, 1997, 2000; White, 1998, 2005, 2006,

2011; Martin and White, 2005; Martin and Rose, 2007) and visual Appraisal

framework proposed by Economou (2009). The frameworks involve the analysis

of Attitude, Engagement, and Graduation. There are several steps in analyzing the

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identification of Attitudes which consists of the analysis of affect, judgment, and

appreciation, which appear in the news reports together with their primary targets

of appraiser called “emoter” or “trigger”. The next step is analyzing Engagement.

It deals with the analysis of voices or the sources of attitudes. The next step is the

analysis of Graduation dealing with force and focus.

In addition, the analysis of visual text also uses visual “grammar” (Kress

and van Leeuwen, 2006). The analysis involves the analysis of representational,

interactional, and textual meaning. Furthermore, the study also analyzes the

image-text relations using Martin and Rose‟s (2007) framework. The last step is

interpreting the findings of the analyses. These analyses will, then, contribute to

answer the research problems underlying the present study.

1.7 Clarification of Key Terms

To avoid misunderstanding, the following explanation is the clarification of

key terms used:

1) Appraisal is a framework which is used to analyze the language of

evaluation (Martin and White, 2005; White 2011). More specifically, it

is used to investigate how the writers or speakers express their attitudes

or values and how they establish a certain authorial identity (Martin and

White, 2005). This framework is developed within Systemic Functional

Linguistic (SFL) theory (see Bloor and Bloor, 2004; Halliday and

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2) Reading images refers to the ways to analyze the structure or

“grammar” of visual design including the analysis of color,

perspective, framing, and composition (Kress and van Leeuwen, 2006)

3) Texts refer to “any instance of language, in any medium, that makes

sense to someone who knows the language” (Halliday and Hasan, 1976

cited in Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004: 1).

4) Verbal texts are defined as texts whose meanings are expressed through

linguistic codes (Kress and van Leeuwen, 2006).

5) Visual texts, according to Kress and van Leeuwen (2006), refer to texts

whose meanings are realized through pictures or photographs.

6) Hard news, according to Lehman-Wilzig and Seleczky (2010), can be

defined as news which contains high newsworthiness such as news

about crimes, accidents, disasters, and so on.

7) Representational meanings deal with the meaning which describes “the

representation of interaction and conceptual relation between people,

place, and things depicted in images” (Kress and van Leeuwen: 114).

8) Interactional meanings, according to Kress and van Leeuwen (2006),

are the meanings in images associating with relationship between the

producer and the viewer of the images.

9) Compositional or textual meanings refer to the way both

representational and interactional meanings are organized to form a

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1.8 Organization of Paper

The study is organized as follows:

1) The first chapter: Introduction

It provides the background of the study, research questions, aims of

study, scope of study, significance of study, research methodology in

conducting the research, clarification of key terms, and organization of

the paper.

2) The second chapter: Literature Review

It discusses the theories and concepts which are employed to answer

every research question.

3) The third chapter: Research Methodology

It deals with the procedures taken in undertaking the study. It also

presents the analytical tools and the reason of choosing the procedure.

4) The fourth chapter: Findings and Discussion

It consists of the result of the study and the answer of research

questions as well as the discussion and the interpretation of the

findings.

5) The fifth chapter: Conclusion

It contains conclusion and suggestion. This chapter also considers

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter elucidates the research methodology which is employed in

the present study. It covers the research questions, research design, data

collection, and data analysis.

3.1Research Questions

The study is geared towards answering the following research questions:

1) How is the collapse of Kartanegara Bridge verbally appraised in Kompas?

2) How is the collapse of Kartanegara Bridge visually appraised in Kompas?

3) How do verbal and visual Appraisal systems construe Kompas position

towards the issue?

3.2 Research Design

The present study uses a descriptive qualitative method. Since the study

aims to analyze, describe and interpret the data to seek verbal and visual Appraisal

systems in Kompas or understand the appraisal of Kompas toward the conveyed

issue, a qualitative method is an ideal method. It is because the method is

fundamentally interpretative (Cresswell, 1994, 2003). It is also committed to a

deep understanding of particular phenomenon such as a process or belief (Gay et

al, 2006).

The present study uses Appraisal theory proposed by Martin and his

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White, 1998, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2011; Hood, 2010) as an analytical framework to

answer research questions. Appraisal provides a powerful tool for a close

structured analysis of interpersonal meaning in a context (Martin and Rose, 2007).

In the study, it is used to investigate Kompas’ evaluation or stance when reporting

the collapse of Kartanegara Bridge. In addition, the study uses visual “grammar”

proposed by Kress and van Leeuwen (2006), visual Appraisal proposed by

Economou (2009) and image-text relations proposed by Martin and Rose (2007)

to investigate evaluation in visual texts specifically news photos.

3.3 Data Collection

The data used in this study are hard news reports which report the issue of

the collapse of Kartanegara Bridge taken from Kompas. Those reports occurred on

28 and 29 November 2011 (retrieved at 11 January 2012). The reports in Kompas

were selected on the basis that they have photos accompanying the news reports.

The selected data are Jembatan Runtuh Akibat Kelalaian reported on Monday, 28

November 2011 dan Penelitian Fokus pada Material reported on Tuesday, 29

November 2011. As a result, the data in the present study consists of two news

stories as verbal texts and two news photos as visual texts. The verbal texts make

up a total of 1.551 words or 103 clause complexes or sentences and 7 phrases. The

visual texts are naturalistic news photos.

The hard news reports that serve as the data have been chosen purposively.

The purposive sampling is conducted to help obtain the best information or

answer for the research questions which gear the present study (Cresswell, 1994,

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3.4 Data Analysis

The collected data are then analyzed into several stages. The first stage

was to investigate verbal Appraisal system. The first stage aimed to answer the

question how the collapse of Kartenegara Bridge is appraised verbally in the

reports. The second stage was to analyze the meaning of visual texts including the

analysis of visual Appraisal. This stage aimed to answer the second research

question. The third stage was to investigate the image-text relations. Each stage of

the analysis consists of several steps of the analysis. Generally, each step consists

of the analysis, description, and interpretation of the data. It should be noted that

the unit analysis of the study is clause complexes or sentences. The following

explanation is the description of the each stage.

In the first stage, the verbal data were analyzed by using verbal Appraisal

theory (Martin, 1997, 2000; Martin and White, 2005; White, 2005, 2006, 2011,

Hood, 2010). The stage consisted of the analysis of Attitude, Engagement, and

Graduation. The analysis of Attitude was conducted to reveal the distribution of

negative or positive feelings together with its target evaluation in the reports. In

the analysis, the clauses, phrases, and words were categorized into affect,

judgment, and appreciation. For the analysis of Engagement, the clause complexes

were classified into monoglossia and heteroglossia. For the analysis of

Graduation, the clauses, phrases, or words were categorized into focus and force.

These analyses simultaneously revealed the amount of each category in the

reports. The next step was the interpretation of the data that have been

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It should be remembered that the analyses are a product of a compliant

reading (see, Martin, 1996; Martin and White, 2005; Martin and Rose, 2005),

bottom-up analysis (see, Baxter, 2009; Paltridge, 2006) and double coding (see

Rothery and Stenglin, 2000). Since the study aims to investigate the paper‟s

evaluation or position toward the issue presented or ideological position, the

compliant reading will be suitable. Here a complaint reader does not read

critically the naturalized position which is construed by the reports.

As mentioned above, the present study takes bottom-up analysis. That is,

the analysis starts with the analysis of evaluative lexis. It is then followed by

interpreting the pattern of evaluation (Martin and White, 2005). In addition, the

present study also takes double coding when analyzing data. It is because the

same lexis can be differently interpreted by different people according to their

reading position or it can refer to more than an attitudinal meaning (Xinghua and

Thompson, 2009).

The present study uses tables to display the analysis (see Table 3.1 below).

The table is set up into several columns. The first column is the number of clause

complexes and phrases. The second column presents the clause complexes from

the verbal texts. The third column shows the sources of attitude (who is

appreciating and judging) which is called “appraiser”. The fourth, fifth, and sixth

columns show the analysis of attitude, namely affect, judgment, and appreciation.

The seventh column depicts what is being evaluated (who is being appreciated

and judged) which is called “appraised”. The eighth and ninth columns present the

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heteroglossia. The tenth and eleventh columns depict the graduation analysis, that

is, force and focus.

Furthermore, the present study also uses coding for Appraisal analysis

especially Attitude which is proposed by Martin and White (2005). The coding

involves the notation which used to signal invoked attitude, namely the notation

“t” for ideational tokens. It also includes the notation (“) for speech and („) for

thought which are annotated in the appraiser column. In addition, it also involves

the abbreviations used in the Engagement and Graduation analysis (see appendix

for full abbreviations).

To highlight the realization of each category in the text, the present study

uses keys as follows

Underlined = the indirect realization of attitude

Bold = the direct realization of attitude

Green highlight = graduation resources Yellow highlight = engagement resources

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[image:18.842.66.769.106.471.2]

Table 3.1 the verbal appraisal analysis of a new report – attitude, engagement, and graduation

No Clause Complexes (Sentences) Attitude Engagement Graduation

Appraiser Affect Judgment Appreciation Appraised Monoglossia Heteroglossia Force Focus

1 Jembatan Runtuh Akibat Kelalaian Reporter - Prop

(Agentless) Suspects Monogloss

2

Senin, 28 November 2011

Korban 5 Tewas, 33 Hilang, dan 40 Luka-luka

Reporter t, -

Hap The tolls Monogloss

Quant: number

3

Tenggarong, Kompas – Runtuhnya Jembatan Kartanegara di Tenggarong Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara, Kalimantan Timur, Sabtu (26/11) sekitar pukul 16.15 Wita, dipastikan akibat kelalain.

Reporter - Prop Suspects Entertain Quant:

Extent

4

Kepolisian Daerah Kalimantan Timur kini memeriksa sejumlah pihak untuk kepentingan penyelidikan.

Reporter t, + Ten

East Kalimantan

police

Monogloss Quant:

number

5

Hingga pukul 21.00 semalam, jumlah korban tewas bersama runtuhnya jembatan tercatat 5 orang, korban yang diduga hilang berdasarkan laporan keluarga 33 orang, serta 40 orang mengalami luka berat dan ringan.

Reporter t, -

Hap The tolls Monogloss

Quant: Extent and Number

Notes:

t : Token of Attitude Prop : Propriety -/+ : Negative/Positive Quant : Quantification Hap : Happiness

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The second stage was to investigate the visual texts. The starting

point for the visual analysis was the analysis of visual items in the news

photos. The analysis covered the analysis of figures, elements, and parts of

the elements. The second analysis was the analysis of visual “grammar”. It

included the analysis of ideational, compositional or textual meaning, and

interpersonal meaning which involves interactional and evaluative meaning

of the news photos. The analysis of ideational meaning covers the analysis

of the participant, process, and attribute (Economou, 2009). The analysis of

compositional meaning covers the analysis of silence and framing. The

analysis of interactional meaning involves the investigation of social

distance (size of frame), power (vertical angle), and involvement (horizontal

angle) in the news photos (Kress and van Leeuwen, 2006).

Furthermore, the analysis of interpersonal meaning in the news

photos involves the analysis of visual Appraisal system. Similar to the

analysis of the verbal Appraisal system, the analysis of visual Appraisal

system also covers the analysis of Attitude which includes the analysis of

affect, judgment, and appreciation, the analyss of Engagement which

consists of the analysis of monoglossia and heteroglossia, as well as the

analysis of Graduation which involves the analysis of force and focus in the

news photos. After analyzing and describing the visual data, the study then

interpreted the findings to answer the second research question.

The study also uses tables to display the analysis of visual texts (see

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[image:20.842.76.769.105.477.2]

Table 3.2 the visual appraisal analysis of a news photo – visual Item and visual grammar (Ideational, compositional, interactional, and evaluative/appraisal meaning)

Visual Figure in News Photos 1 Visual Item

Visual Grammar

Ideation Composition Interaction Appraisal (Attitude) Appraisal (Graduation) Appraisal (Engagement) The collapsed bridge (element) Missing part, broken, two poles, cables (parts of

Participant in Visual Relational Process – identifying the collapsed bridge so that the photos can be interpreted as “It is the collapsed

High salience by overlapping placement (in front of the mountain) and visual contrast (sharpness of focus) High involvement (frontal angle) Equal power Medium Affect

The collapsed bridge – Target Editor – appraiser

Evoking negative affect for the tolls via the collapsed bridge

Appreciation

High force – intensification through brightness and repetition through two similar poles

High focus – clarity

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element) bridge” Visual cohesion (taxonomy – two poles referring to the bridge)

distance/ medium shot (social)

The bridge – target

Evoking negative appreciation

Judgement

The contractors – target Editor – appraiser

Evoking negative judgment of social sanction specifically propriety

through camera focus Heteroglossia : Entertain – foregrounding subjectivity via marked expression choice including spatial choice like frontal angle and textural choice such as brightness, vividness, camera focus, and so on The boat and

small boat (element) Small, white and orange, moving, in the center (parts of element)

Material process (no visible human actors) interpreted as „Rescuers search for the toll‟

Highest Salience by foregrounding, overlapping, and centraling placement as well as by visual contrast (color saturation) High involvement (frontal angle) Equal power Long shot (impersonal) Judgment The boat – target Editor – appraiser

Provoked positive judgment via people action in the boat (searching for the toll?) Evoking positive judgment social sanction: propriety „moral‟

High force – intensification through brightness and vividness

The river (element) Blue and huge (parts of element)

The mountains (element) Blue and far (parts)

Circumstance: location

The river – high salience by foregrounding and visual contrast (color saturation - blue) The mountain – low salience (less

sharpness of focus and color saturation)

The river – high involvement, equal power, close shot (intimate) The mountain – low

involvement, equal power, long shot

Affect – evoking negative affect: insecurity

Editor – appraiser

Appreciation – evoking negative appreciation: composition „deep river‟

High force – Intensification through brightness

Low force

The sky blue and bright

Circumstance: time

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The third stage was to analyze the image-text relations using Martin and

Rose‟ (2007) framework. In this stage, the news photos were analyzed to seek the

logico-semantic relations between the reports and news photos. In addition, the

study also investigated image-text boundary and the identification whether texts

referred to images or vice verse. After analyzing, the data were then described and

interpreted.

The comprehensive findings and discussion will be discussed in the

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

This chapter provides the summary of the findings and discussions briefly,

followed by the suggestions for further study relating to Appraisal analysis.

5.1 Conclusion

This study aims to investigate how the collapse of Kartanegara Bridge is

verbally and visually appraised in Kompas and how verbal and visual Appraisal

systems construe Kompas’ position toward the issue. Based on the findings, it is

found that the collapse of the bridge are verbally appraised negative with respect

to the action or behavior of the ‘suspects’ and the Works Ministry and positive

with respect to action of people who commit to help such as police, rescuers, and

investigators. It is reflected from reports which find that negative and positive

judgment values of both social sanction and esteem subcategories are foreground

and accumulated across the reports. The values imply condemnation and criticism

on the suspects and the Works Ministry who caused a danger and cannot

recognize the reason for the collapse as well as admiration and praise for people

who commit to help.

The verbal evaluations above are co-articulated by evaluations in news

photos. Here the collapse of Kartanegara Bridge is visually appraised positive

with respect to the action of rescuers and negative with respect to the implied

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judgment values are foreground over affect and appreciation values. The rescuers

are appraised through the positive judgment value of propriety category which

implies praise. Meanwhile, the suspects are appraised by using the negative

judgment value of propriety category which implies condemnation.

In this case, the verbal and visual Appraisals construe Kompas’ position

toward the issue either negative (condemnation/criticism) or positive

(admiration/praise) via the configuration of judgment values, high graduation

values of both force and focus and engagement values. The judgment values of

both social sanction and esteem subsystems which create the positions indicating

condemnation or criticism and admiration are foregrounded. Those values are then

enhanced by affect and appreciation values which act as a token of judgment to

legitimate the positions. Furthermore, the values are amplified by the graduation

values of both force and focus values. As a result, strong positions are formed.

Those positions are declared by using monoglossia and heteroglossia especially

dialogic contractive values of counter and deny and dialogic expansive of

acknowledge and entertain. These engagement values indicate the position of

Kompas and emphasize the positive and negative readers’ alignment.

In addition, the study finds that the photos and reports are ideationally and

evaluatively related to each other. Ideationally, the photos and reports are related

through logico-semantic relations of expansion in which reports provides further

information for photos. Evaluatively, the reports provide the extension of

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5.2 Suggestion

This section provides some suggestions on the basis of the delimitation of

the present study. First, this study focuses only upon a newspaper, that is,

Kompas. Further study may conduct a comparative analysis, which means the

study focuses on two different newspapers to see the similarities and differences

of Appraisal resources or stances. Second, the present study only deals with news

photos and news reports. Further study may consider diagrams or other figures

such as tables or charts since those also trigger evaluations (Lemke, 1998). Third,

the presents study employs manual text analysis. Further study may utilize

Concordance program to help the analysis and check whether the analyses are

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