Volume 10, Number 3 (April 2023):4559-4566, doi:10.15243/jdmlm.2023.103.4559 ISSN: 2339-076X (p); 2502-2458 (e), www.jdmlm.ub.ac.id
Open Access 4559 Research Article
Characteristics, stability, and utilization of sulfuric natural water from Sebau East Lombok in reducing dissolved metals
Surya Hadi1, Teguh Rifandi2, Bakti Abdillah3, Mozaik Al Qharomi4, Lalu Riza Mahendra1, L.M. Riza Rahman Hidayat1, Dina Asnawati1, Murniati1*
1 Study Program of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Mataram, Jl. Majapahit No. 62, Mataram 83125, Indonesia
2 School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
3 School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
4 Study Program of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Mataram, Jl. Majapahit No. 62, Mataram 83125, Indonesia
*corresponding author: murniati@unram.ac.id
Abstract Article history:
Received 20 November 2022 Accepted 31 January 2023 Published 1 April 2023
This paper aims to characterize and test the stability of sulfuric natural water (SNW) from Sebau East Lombok as a sulfidation agent for several dissolved metals (Mn, Cu, Pb and Fe). The parameters used for SNW characterization are temperature, pH, DO, BOD, COD, TSS, and TDS. The sample was divided into two categories, namely the sample with preservation treatment and the sample without preservation, to study the stability of SNW. The SNW stability was determined by observing the SNW parameters in both samples at a storage time of 5, 10, 15 and 20 days and reacting them with dissolved metals. The SNW with preservation had reduced sulphide levels from day 1 to day 20, ranging from 59.24 mg/L to 17.70 mg/L, whereas the sample without preservation had decreased sulphide concentration from 52.46 mg/L to 9.56 mg/L. Furthermore, the SNW with preservation has a relatively superior metal reduction ratio than the sample without preservation. The maximum value of the deposition ratio for Mn metal was obtained on the fifth day with 57.60%, 83.45% for Cu, and 91.87% for Pb. This trend is not applicable for Fe, whereas the highest reduction (87.23%) was obtained on the the15th day's storage.
Keywords:
dissolved metal sulfidation sulfuric water
To cite this article: Hadi, S., Rifandi, T., Abdillah, B., Qharomi, M.A, Mahendra, L.R., Hidayat, L.M.R.R., Asnawati, D. and Murniati. 2023. Characteristics, stability, and utilization of sulfuric natural water from Sebau East Lombok in reducing dissolved metals. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 10(3):4559-4566, doi:10.15243/jdmlm.2023.103.4559.
Introduction
Open-pit mining is a mining method used to exploit minerals near the ground surface (Du et al., 2022).
Mining activities will produce mine waste, both in the form of tailings and acid mine drainage. Acid mine drainage (AMD) is one of the mining wastes generated from mineral exploration activities, such as coal, gold and copper. The AMD is formed due to the oxidation reaction of sulfide minerals in contact with air and water (Qureshi et al., 2016). Pyrite, iron disulfide
(FeS2), is a sulphide metal assembly that is generally contaminated by water and air in open pit mining (Thomas et al., 2022). The interaction between pyrite with air and then water will ignite the redox reaction resulting in AMD formation (Tu et al., 2022).
The negative impact of the formation of acid mine drainage on the environment is due to its low pH (<4) and very high heavy metal content (Wibowo et al., 2021). The negative impact of AMD has attracted worldwide attention since it will not only disturb the ecological systems but also affect the economic
Open Access 4560 aspects (Zhang, 2011; Bwapwa et al., 2017; Skousen
et al., 2017; Masindi et al., 2022). Heavy metals such as Mn, Fe, Pb, Hg and Cd are common metals associated with sulfide minerals. The content of these heavy metals in acid mine drainage has great potential to pollute the environment and cause health problems in humans (Naidu et al., 2019).
Various studies to prevent the formation of acid mine drainage have been reported (Kefeni et al., 2017;
Skousen et al., 2017; Park et al., 2019). One of the prevention efforts includes physical covering to prevent contact between oxygen, water, and pyrite (Park et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2021). Other prevention methods involve bactericides and pyrite surface passivation. The bactericide method will kill bacteria that possibly increase the oxidation of whyle pyrite surface passivation and reduce the reactivity of pyrite (Park et al., 2019; Hu et al., 2020). In addition to prevention methods, efforts that can be made to reduce the damage caused by heavy metals to the environment are processing and reducing heavy metals in acid mine drainage.
Measures to remove heavy metals from water and wastewater have also been carried out by Pohl (2020) with chemical precipitation methods using hydroxides or sulfides. The advantages of precipitation using sulfides include a higher rate of metal reduction in a shorter time. However, the disadvantages of metal sulfide chemical precipitation are the low solubility of the metal sulfide, the high sensitivity of the process to the dosing of the precipitating agent, and the emission of toxic hydrogen sulfide during the process. Research conducted by Anami et al. (2020) showed that sodium sulfide (Na2S) derived from sulfuric natural water reduces heavy metal levels in laboratory wastewater by the method of precipitation. Furthermore, Utami et al. (2020) conducted research on neutralization of acid mine drainage (AMD) with NaOH. The results showed that neutralization of acid mine drainage using 10%
NaOH to pH 8 reduced Fe by 18.60-25.42% and Mn by 31.95-39.27% at the cost of IDR 327 per cubic meter of water. Saidy et al. (2021) carried out a study to measure the effect of the application of coal fly ash (CFA) and organic matter (OM) on changes in pH and concentrations of the heavy metal AMD. Three different organic materials were used, namely chicken manure, water hyacinth, and empty palm oil bunches (EFBOP). The study showed that applying OM with CFA increased the pH and reduced the concentration of heavy metals in AMD.
Many efforts have been made to handle AMD, ranging from prevention efforts to reduce heavy metals in AMD by precipitation methods using chemical reagents, and adsorption, to microbiological methods, such as adding hydroxide, sulfide, NaOH to organic matter (Wibowo et al., 2020; Wibowo et al., 2021).
However, these methods may be less cost-effective, time-consuming, less selective, and difficult to achieve (Benatti et al., 2009; Pratinthong et al., 2021; Di et al., 2022). The bactericides method, for example, requires
a huge amount of repetition to maintain the bactericides amount, which may impose a high cost on the industry (Chen et al., 2021). Another widely used method to treat AMD is integrated precipitation with NaHS and Na2S as subsidization agents (Pratinthong et al., 2021). However, excessive usage of chemical reagents could impose severe threats to the environment and is claimed to be expensive from a small-scale mining perspective (Park et al., 2019; Tu et al., 2022). Therefore, the exploration of natural ingredients that can reduce dissolved metal concentrations is urgently needed. This may not only potentially reduce the treatment cost but also offer the green remediation method to dissolve heavy metals in AMD.
One of the uprising natural materials in recent studies is sulfuric natural water (SNW) which is rich in sulfide ions and has a prominent capacity to deal with AMD (Hadi et al., 2018; Sun et al., 2020). Sulfide ions in SNW could precipitate the heavy metals concentration in AMD, increasing the heavy metals recovery that can be utilize in another process (Prokkola et al., 2020). Previous research by Hadi et al. (2018) showed that SNW from Sebau, East Lombok, can precipitate Cu2+ metal solutions up to 100% at pH 5.5. The results have also shown that SNW can precipitate residual Cu2+ in AMD from the neutralization treatment (pH 4 = 113.5 mg L; pH 5.5 = 85.01 mg/L; and pH 7.0 = 2.372 mg/L) up to 83.84%
(pH = 4) and 100% (pH = 5.5 and 7.0). Although both pH 5.5 and 7.0 can perfectly precipitate Cu2+ in AMD, by comparing experimental results with stoichiometric analysis, it is estimated that pH 5.5 is the optimal pH for the reaction between AMD and SNW in precipitating Cu2+ in AMD. The research proved that SNW has great potential as green precipitation material in treating AMD. However, a detailed characterization and stability study has not been performed yet to fully understand the performance of SNW as a reagent. The characterization and stability test is essential since the sulfide species might vary depending on the pH of SNW.
The sulfide ion concentration in SNW could reach its dominance in a pH higher than 10, while a lower base pH (7-9) will have more HS- ions (Zhang et al., 2019). In nature, finding stable sulfide ions is considerably hard. It requires more effort to understand the character of SNW and determine its longevity so that it can be applied more accurately.
Hence, this research was to focus on reporting the characteristics, stability, and ability of SNW as a source of sulfidation agent in removing dissolved metals in acidic conditions.
Materials and Methods Materials and instrumentation
All chemical materials used in this experiment were analytical grade and spectroscopic grade for analysis
Open Access 4561 using a spectrometer, and all glassware used Grade A.
The instruments were used, namely pH/mV/Cond/DO (EC900 Model), analytical balance (ACIS AD-600i and HR-200), and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (HITACHI Z-2000 GBC932 AA).
SNW characterization
The SNW sample was collected from the main source of the spring water following the procedure of Indonesian Standard Method SNI 6989.59:2008. The samples were divided into two: sulfuric natural water samples with preservation (WP); and without preservation (NP). Preservation of SNW refers to the International Standard Method (2005). To characterize both samples, parameters tested in situ were temperature, pH (SNI 6989.11:2019) and DO (SNI 6986.14:2004) while the laboratory analysis involved TSS (SNI-06-6989.3:2004), TDS (SNI-06- 6989.27:2005) and BOD (SNI-6989-72:2009), COD (SNI-6989-73:2009), dissolved metals Cu, Fe, Mn and Pb (SNI 6989-84:2019), dissolved sulfate (SNI- 06.6989-20:2004), total sulfide (S2-) (SNI-06.6989- 75:2009).
SNW stability
To observe the SNW stability, both samples of WP and NP were stored as treated for days 5, 10, 15, and 20 and re-characterized was done using the parameters of temperature, pH, Conductivity, dissolved sulfate and total sulfide. The sample with the highest sulfate and sulfide content was then selected for SNW reaction experiment with the dissolved metals as mentioned below.
Reaction of SNW with dissolved metals
The samples of WP and NP stored for 5 days were reacted with prepared dissolved metals (Cu, Fe, Mn and Pb), and each dissolved metal was made of 50 mg/L respectively, then measured their concentrations by using AAS. The reaction between SNW and each dissolved metal was done by mixing them with a ratio of 1:1, then shaken and allowed to stand for 24 hours.
The remaining dissolved metal was then measured following SNI procedure mentioned above. The percentage of the precipitated metals was calculated by comparing precipitated and initial concentrations.
Results and Discussion
Characterization of sulfuric natural water (SNW) The pre-analysis characterization strictly followed the Indonesian Standard Method for Water Characteristic Tests. The test aim was to find the properties of sulfuric natural water (SNW) of Sebau by measuring several parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS), and total dissolved solid (TDS). Besides, the test quantifies sulphur in H2S, sulphate (SO42-), and total
sulfide, as well as detect the possible dissolved metals concentrations in both WP and NP samples. The results are available in Table 1.
Each parameter has its interpretation of the characteristic of SNW. The pH is an essentially natural condition in determining the forms of sulphur in the water. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is the oxygen in the water in the form of oxygen molecules. The amount of oxygen molecule might be determined by chemical organic and chemical materials in the samples that align with the parameters of oxygen demand for biochemical (BOD) and chemical (COD) ( Matta et al., 2014; Fadzry et al., 2020; Nugraha et al., 2020).
According to the test results, the WP sample had a higher DO than the NP sample. Adding zinc acetate and NaOH to the WP samples might be responsible for the distinguishable DO value in each sample. A similar trend also happened in the value of BOD and COD, where the NP sample had a lower BOD and COD samples than the WP. These results indicate a higher demand for oxygen in the preserved SNW sample for both biochemical and chemical processes in the SNW.
Table 1. Characteristics of Sebau SNW.
Tested Parameters SNW Treatment
WP NP
pH 10.41 7.98
DO (mg/L) 4.42 1.02
BOD (mg/L) 22.99 1.74
COD (mg/L) 420 40
TSS (mg/L) 124 28
TDS (mg/L) 1100 1522
Total S2- (mg/L) 59.24 52.46
SO42- (mg/L) 2.86 2.08
H2S (mg/L) <1.00 <1.00 Mn2+(mg/L) <0.001 <0.001 Cu2+(mg/L) <0.001 <0.001 Fe2+ (mg/L) <0.001 <0.001 Pb2+ (mg/L) <0.001 <0.001
Notes: WP = Sulfuric natural water with preservation (WP), NP = Sulfuric natural water without preservation.
Another vital characteristic of SNW is the total suspended solid (TSS) and total dissolved solid (TDS).
The TSS describes the number of suspended solids in water in organic or even inorganic matters, while the TDS depicts the number of dissolved solids in a ppm of water (Rinawati et al., 2016). TSS and TDS are quite relatable since the organic and inorganic matter that is not dissolved will likely form sediment or suspension.
The test results showed that the WP sample had lower TDS yet higher TDS than the NP sample. The outstanding aggregate of dissolved solids in the NP sample is probably instigated by the sludge sediment that cannot be totally unravelled. In contrast, due to the addition of Zn acetate and NaOH, the sludge in the preserved sample is unravelled, leaving the lower dissolved solid and increasing the suspended solids in the sample.
Open Access 4562 Moving on to the sulphate concentration in the SNW
samples, the results revealed that the preserved sample had a more significant amount of SO42- with 2.86 mg/L. Meanwhile, the sample without preservation contained 2.08 mg/L of SO42-. Sulphate is a common ion form of sulphur in water due to sulphide oxidation (Kusumaningtyas et al., 2016). Therefore, it can be seen that the SNW sample has a relative sulphate concentration.
Total of sulfide (S2-)
This measurement is one of the significant factors in determining the availability and stability of S2- in the SNW samples. In natural form, sulfuric water's ionic element or compound depends on its pH. In the neutral to base pH (7-9), the majority of sulphur species will likely be found in the form of HS-. Subsequently, in a more robust base (pH>10), S2- ion will dominate the sulfuric water, yet this condition is less likely to be found in nature. Meanwhile, with a pH less than 7, the sulfuric water will follow the H2S equilibrium as the reaction in equation 1 (Zhang et al., 2019). In other words, the higher the pH of the sulfuric water, the lower the percentage of H2S compared with HS- and S2- ions. Hence, it is essential to understand how long the SNW can maintain its pH and sulphide ion concentration. WP and NP samples were stored for 20 days, and the total sulphide concentrations in the sample were examined on storage days 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 (Li et al., 2013; Asmara, 2018; Hadi et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2019; Kweon et al., 2020).
H2S ⇌ H+ + HS- ⇌ 2H+ + S2- (1) Figure 1 depicts the total S2- concentrations in the SNW samples versus storing time. Overall, despite the fact that both samples experienced a downward trend
throughout the period, the preserved sample has an excessive quantity of S2- compared to the sample without preservation. As both samples were taken in Sebau village, a natural site of sulfuric water, it is presumably assumed that HS- is the dominant sulfuric compound with a pH ranging from 7 to 9. However, the preserved sample was treated by adding Zn- Acetate and NaOH. Thus the pH is increasing to around 10, an equilibrium condition for S2- (see Table 2). As a result, the preserved sample has a higher S2- concentration. Theoretically, according to the International Standard Method 21st edition (2000), the WP sample has a distinctive S2- concentration since the addition of Zn-Acetate can interact with S2- and form the ZnS sedimentation, obeying the reaction in equation 2. In line with that, NaOH optimized and maintained the pH of the solution in base condition (pH>9) to create a supportive environment to stabilize the ZnS formation (Skousen et al., 2019).
S2- + Zn-COOH ⇌ ZnS + COOH (2) Another noticeable trend from Figure 1 is that both samples were unable to maintain the total sulphide as the sulphide concentration decreased. The sulphide concentration in the NP sample declined from 52.46 mg/L to around 9.56 mg/L, a drop of about 42.90 mg/L during 20 days of storage. Experiencing the same trends, the preserved sample was slightly more stable as the concentration fell to approximately 41.54 mg/L, beginning at 59.24 mg/L and dropping to 17.70 mg/L at the end of the measurement. This phenomenon is highly likely affected by the relatively weak bond between hydrogen (H) and sulphur (S). Hydrogen and sulphur have low electronegativity gaps that generate an H2S compound with low acid properties (Fellah, 2016).
Figure 1. Concentrations of total sulfide (S2-) in the SNW.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
1 5 10 15 20
Concentration of Total Sulfide (mg\L)
Storage Time (Day)
WP NP
Open Access 4563 pH stability of SNW
As aforementioned, pH is one of the crucial conditions in which sulfide concentration may vary. Hence, it is important to observe whether the pH of each sample follows a similar trend to the sulfide concentration.
The pH measurement was done at room temperature to ensure that both samples had stable pH values. Table 2 shows the pH measurement results in respect of preserving time.
The pH measurement results testify that the sample base condition supported the sulfide concentration surplus. Similar to the total S2- measurement, the pH of the sample with preservation was relatively higher than the sample without preservation. This trend was mainly related to adding NaOH as the standard method to stabilize and preserve the SNW. On the other hand, the NP sample had a pH of around 7.80, which was the natural condition of SNW that is commonly found.
When reacting the SNW with Mn, Cu, Pb, and Fe standard metal, the pH decreased significantly from a base condition to an acid condition (Table 3).
According to the measurement result, all sample showed a robust change of pH to around three. This trend occurred not only in the WP samples but also in the NP samples. The tendency of the acid solution is highly likely to be the consequence of HNO3 addition to each dissolved metal made. In this case, HNO3 was deployed to preserve standard metal so that the metal concentration remains at the same value without
diluting the sample. As a result, the metals' residue would be stable in the AAS analysis even after 20 days.
Reaction of SNW with Cu, Mn, Pb, and Fe
The reaction aimed to ensure that the SNW from Sebau could still precipitate or dissolve metals despite being stored for 20 days. Besides, the reaction compared WP and NP samples' ability to decrease the metal concentration. In this case, both SNW samples were reacted with Mn, Cu, Pb, and Fe standardized metal samples. Before the reaction, the metals test indicated that these metals were not detected in the SNW (Table 1). Therefore, the reaction purely occurred between the SNW and metal samples. According to the AAS test results, the initial concentration of the metal was 48.77 mg/L for Mn; 48.83 mg/L for Cu; 48.48 mg/L of Pb;
and 48.48 mg/L of Fe, which was prepared 50.00 mg/L each. The measured concentration was then used as a basis for the sulfidation metal concentrations.
After the reaction, it was notable that SNW samples could reduce the concentration of heavy metals given in acidic conditions. This ability is still practical even after being stored for 20 days. With less metal residue after reaction, it means that more metals that precipitated by SNW. Table 4 serves the concentration of metals after reaction in respect of SNW preserving time. Based on the data obtained, all samples witnessed fluctuation throughout 20 days of preservation. In resonance with that trend, the percentage of precipitated metal also fluctuated (Figure 2) since the S2- concentrations changed.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 2. The percentage of sulfidated metals of Mn (a), Cu (b), Pb (c), Fe (d) after reaction with SNW stored 5, 10, 15, and 20 days.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
5 10 15 20
Sulfidated Mn (%)
Storage Time (Day)
WP NP
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
5 10 15 20
Sulfidated Cu(%)
Storage Time (Day)
WP NP
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
5 10 15 20
Sulfidated Pb(%)
Storage Time (Day)
WP NP
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
5 10 15 20
Sulfidated Fe(%)
Storage Time (Day)
WP NP
Open Access 4564 Reaction with Mn
The test findings showed that the sample without preservation (NP) had a lower average Mn concentration than the WP sample, implying that the reaction with preservative samples was more successful than the reaction without preservation. The most significant percentage of NP samples was
57.17% on the fifth day, whereas the highest percentage of WP sulphur water samples was 57.60%
on the fifth day. The test findings between SNW samples and dissolved metals with variations in days produced varying results on preserved and unpreserved samples. However, both samples reduced the dissolved metal content by half.
Table 2. pH of sulfuric natural water in respect of preserving time.
SNW treatment pH
Day 1 Day 5 Day 10 Day 15 Day 20
WP 10.41 10.39 8.24 8.23 8.98
NP 7.98 7.97 7.87 7.78 7.72
Table 3. pH of SNW after reaction with metals.
Metals-SNW
treatment pH
Day 1 Day 5 Day 10 Day 15 Day 20
Mn-WP 3.36 3.14 3.31 3.00 3.00
Mn-NP 3.20 3.18 3.14 3.32 3.07
Cu-WP 3.18 3.17 3.10 3.01 3.08
Cu-NP 3.04 3.14 3.04 3.04 3.04
Pb-WP 3.19 3.20 3.13 3.97 3.00
Pb-NP 3.19 3.17 3.20 3.12 3.07
Fe-WP 3.30 3.14 3.10 3.32 3.03
Fe-NP 3.79 3.80 3.00 3.10 3.00
Table 4. Concentrations of dissolved metals and percentage of precipitated metals after reaction.
Metals-SNW treatment Mn Cu Pb Fe
WP NP WP NP WP NP WP NP
Day 1 IC1 (mg/L) 48.77 48.77 48.83 48.83 48.48 48.48 48.48 48.48 Day 5 RMC2 (mg/L) 20.89 8.08 33.73 3.94 8.81 6.19 9.28 20.89 CSM3 (mg/L) 27.88 40.75 15.10 44.54 39.67 42.29 39.20 27.88 PSM4 (%) 57.17 83.45 30.92 91.87 81.83 87.23 80.86 57.17 Day 10 RMC2 (mg/L) 24.08 23.22 23.29 13.28 13.06 22.91 14.21 24.08 CSM3 (mg/L) 24.69 25.61 25.54 35.20 35.42 25.57 34.27 24.69 PSM4 (%) 50.63 52.44 52.30 72.60 73.05 52.75 70.70 50.63 Day 15 RMC2 (mg/L) 23.85 24.52 21.67 35.61 5.47 8.82 6.12 6.03 CSM3 (mg/L) 24.92 24.25 27.16 13.22 43.01 39.66 42.36 42.45 PSM4 (%) 51.10 49.73 55.61 27.06 88.72 81.82 87.39 87.56 Day 20 RMC2 (mg/L) 21.13 21.45 24.21 34.56 4.34 9.23 9.16 5.96 CSM3 (mg/L) 27.64 27.32 24.62 14.27 44.14 39.25 39.32 42.52 PSM4 (%) 56.67 56.01 50.41 29.22 91.04 80.95 81.11 87.71
1Initial concentration; 2Remain metals concentration; 3Concentration of sulfidated metals; 4Percentage of sulfidated metals.
Reaction with Cu
Based on the percentage of Cu metal deposition results, it can be concluded that the most precipitation in the SNW sample occurred on the fifth day, at 83.45%. However, the precipitation tended to decline due to the reaction temperature factor between the SNW sample and the optimal dissolved standard metal in a temperature room. On the fifth day, sulphur water samples with preservation had the maximum
percentage of precipitation of 83.45% and fell along with the sulphide level, which declined daily. The test findings showed that the precipitation of the reaction results in the SNW sample with and without preservation had reduced on the day variant. However, the samples with preservation had a tremendous potential to precipitate the Cu metal. It was noted that the sulphide content factor fell from the 5th to the 20th day. Therefore, the Cu metal was easily dissolved in water since the stability of the sulphide was reduced.
Open Access 4565 Reaction with Pb
According to the results, the residual level of Pb after the reaction in the WP sample was lower, indicating that the reduction in Pb concentration was more effective with the preserved sample. The test findings showed that on the day variant, the precipitation rate of the reaction between SNW and dissolved lead in both samples had an unsteady drop. This trend corresponded with a drop in sulphide levels from the 5th to the 20th day when the dissolved Pb metal should have had a low solubility. Based on the precipitation rate data, the maximum precipitation in the sulphur water sample occurred on the fifth day, at 91.87%.
Reaction with Fe
The findings of the test with and without preservatives resulted in a lower average residual of dissolved Fe metal content in WP samples, indicating that the reaction results with preservative samples were more successful than those without preservation. The percentage of precipitation in the SNW without preservatives sample (NP) on the fifth day was 80.86%, whereas it was 87.23% in the WP samples on the fifth day. The findings of the reaction test between sulphur water samples and dissolved metal Fe over time produced fluctuating results, both in samples with and without preservation.
Conclusion
Measurement of several parameters of SNW quality indicated that the preservation influencing the characteristics of SNW indicated by pH, DO, BOD, COD, TSS, and TDS. The sulfide concentration in both samples dropped with storage time. From day 1 to day 20, the SNW with preservation had reduced sulfide levels that ranged from 59.24 mg/L to 17.7 mg/L. In comparison, the sample without preservation had decreased sulfide concentration from 52.46 to 9.56 mg/L. The Sebau SNW can sulfidated the dissolved metals (Mn, Cu, Pb, and Fe) by reducing their concentrations in water. The SNW with preservation had a relatively superior reduction ratio than the sample without preservation. The maximum value of the deposition ratio for Mn metal was obtained on the fifth day with 57.60%, 83.45% for Cu, and 91.87% for Pb, except Fe, the highest reduction (87.23%) obtained on the 15th day of storage.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Directorate of Research, Technology, and Community Service, the Directorate General of Higher Education, Research, and Technology and the University of Mataram for providing funds for the publication fee of this article in accordance with the contract with DIPA Number: 023.17.1.600523/2022.
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