i ©2011 Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)
UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas
Konservasi Tumbuhan Tropika: Kondisi Terkini dan Tantangan ke Depan. Prosiding Seminar/UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan. – Cibodas, 2011.
xx + 564 hlm.; 21 x 29,7 cm
ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3
1. Konservasi 2. Tumbuhan Tropika
Penelaah : Didik Widyatmoko, D.M. Puspitaningtyas, R. Hendrian, Irawati, Izu A. Fijridiyanto, Joko R. Witono, Risna Rosniati, Siti Roosita Ariati, Sri Rahayu, Titien Ng. Praptosuwiryo.
Setting dan Layout : Musyarofah Zuhri, Neneng Ine Kurnita, Suluh Normasiwi, Masfiro Lailati, Destri, Wiguna Rahman.
Desain Sampul : Kusetiawan
*UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI)
Sindanglaya, Cipanas, Cianjur, Jawa Barat 43253 Telp.: +62263 512233, 520419; Fax.: +62263 512233 Email: krcibodas@mail.lipi.go.id
ii
PROSIDING
Seminar Nasional “Konservasi Tumbuhan Tropika:
Kondisi Terkini dan Tantangan ke Depan”
Cibodas, 7 April 2011
ISBN : 978-979-99448-6-3
Penelaah:
Didik Widyatmoko D.M. Puspitaningtyas R. Hendrian Irawati Izu A. Fijridiyanto Joko R. Witono Risna Rosniati Siti Roosita AriatiSri Rahayu Titien Ng. Praptosuwiryo
Penyelenggara:
UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas – LIPI
Bekerjasama dengan
Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia (PBI),
Balai Besar Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango (BBTNGGP),
dan SEAMEO BIOTROP
iii
PROSIDING
Seminar Nasional “Konservasi Tumbuhan Tropika:
Kondisi Terkini dan Tantangan ke Depan”
Cibodas, 7 April 2011
Tidak dibenarkan mengutip ataupun memperbanyak seluruh maupun sebagian isi buku ini
kemudian mendistribusikannya, tanpa izin tertulis dari penerbit.
Diterbitkan oleh :
UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas – LIPI
Sindanglaya, Cipanas, Cianjur, Jawa Barat 43253
Telp.: +62263 512233, 520419; Fax.: +62263 512233
Email: krcibodas@mail.lipi.go.id
www.krcibodas.lipi.go.id
cetakan 2011©
ISBN : 978-979-99448-6-3
Penelaah :
Didik Widyatmoko, D.M. Puspitaningtyas, R. Hendrian, Irawati, Izu A. Fijridiyanto, Joko R.
Witono, Risna Rosniati, Siti Roosita Ariati, Sri Rahayu, Titien Ng. Praptosuwiryo.
Setting & Layout :
Musyarofah Zuhri, Neneng Ine Kurnita, Suluh Normasiwi, Masfiro Lailati, Destri, Wiguna
Rahman.
Desain Sampul :
Kusetiawan
iv KATA PENGANTAR
Time is flying. Tidak terasa Kebun Raya Cibodas telah berusia 159 tahun pada tanggal 11 April 2011. Seiring dengan berjalannya waktu tantangan yang dihadapi tidak semakin ringan. Kebun Raya sebagai garda terdepan dalam konservasi tumbuhan secara ex situ dituntut untuk berkontribusi secara nyata dalam melestarikan dan mendayagunakan tumbuhan tropika secara berkelanjutan. Program dan kegiatan Kebun Raya juga harus menjadi bagian integral dalam merespons isu-isu penting nasional, regional, maupun global, seperti kemerosotan keanekaragaman hayati, deforestasi dan degradasi lahan, serta perubahan iklim. Perubahan tata guna lahan yang sangat cepat, degradasi hutan dan kawasan-kawasan konservasi, serta perubahan iklim global secara jelas telah mengancam keanekaragaman hayati, terutama di daerah tropis. Kondisi ini makin diperparah dengan berbagai kebijakan dan praktek-praktek pengelolaan sumberdaya yang belum mampu mengatasi laju penurunan kuantitas dan kualitas sumberdaya hayati.
Prosiding ini merupakan dokumentasi Seminar Nasional dengan tema “Konservasi Tumbuhan Tropis: Kondisi Terkini dan Tantangan ke Depan” yang dilaksanakan di UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas – LIPI pada tanggal 7 April 2011. Seminar ini digagas dalam rangka membahas dan mendiskusikan perkembangan penelitian yang telah dan sedang dilakukan dan tantangan-tantangan yang akan dihadapi dalam mengkonservasi tumbuhan tropis pada masa yang akan datang.
Seminar ilmiah ini diikuti oleh 135 peserta, yang berasal dari berbagai institusi baik nasional maupun internasional. Narasumber yang dihadirkan dalam kegiatan ini yaitu Prof. J.W. Ferry Slik (pakar ekologi dan taksonomi tumbuhan dari Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, China); Prof. Barry Conn (pakar Biosistematika dari National Herbarium of New South Wales Sydney, Australia); Prof. Dr. Ir. Iskandar Zukarnaen Siregar, M.For.Sc. (pakar silvikultur dan pemuliaan tumbuhan dari Institut Pertanian Bogor); dan Dr. Irdika Mansur, M.For.Sc. (Deputi Kepala Manajemen Sumber Daya dan Komunikasi, SEAMEO BIOTROP Regional Centre for Tropical Biology).
Prosiding ini berisi 93 makalah yang merupakan hasil penelitian dari para peserta seminar. Secara umum topik yang disampaikan meliputi biologi konservasi, biosistematika tumbuhan, ekologi tumbuhan, etnobotani, dan hortikultura.
Ucapan terima kasih kami sampaikan kepada Panitia Pelaksana Seminar, Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia, Balai Besar Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango, SEAMEO BIOTROP, dan seluruh pihak yang telah membantu penyelenggaraan seminar ini. Besar harapan kami bahwa prosiding ini dapat bermanfaat bagi upaya konservasi tumbuhan tropis pada masa yang akan datang.
Cibodas, September 2011
Dr. Didik Widyatmoko, M.Sc. Kepala UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan
ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3 v
DAFTAR ISI
Kata Pengantar... iv The Population Dynamics, Life Cycle and Conservation Status of Very Rare
Rafflesia Bengkuluensis Susatya, Arianto & Mat-Salleh at Talang Lais, Kaur, Bengkulu
Agus Susatya ... 1 Lasianthus spp. Germination: Role of Air Temperature, Received Radiation and
Substrate Humidity
Annisa Satyanti and R. Subekti Purwantoro ... 6
Mengenal dan Melestarikan Pohon Andalas (Morus macroura Miq.)
Aswaldi Anwar... 11
Phylogenetic Analysis of Tree Fern Dicksonia blumei (Dicksoniaceae)
Bayu Adjie ... 18
Sebaran, Keragaman dan Kelimpahan Vegetasi Mangrove di Pulau Batam, Karimun, Natuna, dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil di Sekitarnya
Danang Wahyu Purnomo dan Didi Usmadi ... 21
Beberapa Jenis Syzygium yang Tumbuh di Tepi Sungai di Wilayah Kabupaten Malang
Deden Mudiana ... 29
Pengaruh Arsitektur Pohon Model Petit, Leeuwenberg, dan Aubreville Terhadap Aspek Hidrologi Lolosan Tajuk, Aliran Batang, Intersepsi Hujan dan Intersepsi Serasah di Kebun Raya Purwodadi
Siti Sofiahdan Dewi Ayu Lestari ... 36
Persebaran dan Keragaman Anggrek Pecteilis susannae (L.) Rafin. di Indonesia
Diah Sulistiarini ... 40
Potensi Dipterocarpaceae Sebagai Penyerap C02 dan Penyimpan Karbon di Kebun Raya Bogor
Didi Usmadi, Sri Wahyuni dan Melani K. Riswati ... 45
Membangun Pengelolaan Kolaboratif Kawasan Hutan Konservasi di Indonesia
Didik Suharjito ... 50
Keanekaragaman Anggrek di Cagar Alam Panjalu
Dwi Murti Puspitaningtyas ... 56
Uji Daya Simpan Biji Anggrek Dendrobium stratiotes Rchb.F.
Dwi Murti Puspitaningtyas dan Elizabeth Handini ... 60
Regenerasi Heritierap percoriaceae Kosterm. di Kebun Raya Bogor
Dodo dan Yupi Isnaini ... 66
Pengaruh Jenis dan Kadar Bahan Enkapsulasi Terhadap Viabilitas Benih Mangium (Acacia mangium Willd)
Dody Priadi ... 71
Inventarisasi Kerusakan Flora Hutan di Lereng Selatan Gunung Slamet
ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3 vi Kelekak: Kebun Buah-Buahan Lokal untuk Generasi Mendatang Salah Satu Bentuk Konservasi
Masyarakat Bangka
Eka Sari, Dyah Sandra Fiona, dan Nova Adelia ... 82
Efektivitas Dua Periode Waktu dan Beberapa Metode Penyimpanan Terhadap Biji Garcinia picrorhiza Miq.
Elly Kristiati Agustin ... 88
Konservasi dan Perbanyakan Dendrobium spectabile (Blume) Miq. di Kebun Raya Bali
Ema Hendriyani dan I Gede Tirta ... 93
Kapulaga (Amomum compactum Sol.ex Maton): Manfaat dan Sebarannya di Gunung Honje, Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon
Emma Sri Kuncari ... 96
Atribut Ekologi Hutan Sekunder Dataran Rendah yang Terbentuk Setelah Peladangan di Talang Tais, Kaur, Bengkulu
Enggar Apriyantodan Siswahyono ... 101
Inventarisasi Bahan Obat Tradisional di Kecamatan Kintamani, Kabupaten Bangli, Bali.
Eniek Kriswiyanti, I Ketut Junitha, Endang Sri Kentjonowati, Nyoman Darsini, dan Iriani Setyawati .... 108
Kegiatan Eksplorasi Flora Kebun Raya Purwodadi di Pulau Sulawesi
Esti Endah Ariyanti ... 113
Eksplorasi Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan Anggrek di Kawasan Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan, Kab. Lampung Barat, Propinsi Lampung
Esti Munawarohdan Popi Aprilianti ... 118
Lumut di Kawasan Konservasi Ecology Park Cibinong, Jawa Barat
Florentina Indah Windadri ... 128
Potensi Duapuluh Tujuh Jenis Tumbuhan Obat yang Dimanfaatkan Oleh Suku Sasak di Sekitar Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani
Francisca Murti Setyowatid dan Wardah ... 134
Keragaman Anggrek Alam di Kawasan Konservasi Bukit Bungkuk, Kabupaten Kampar, Provinsi Riau
Sri Hartini dan Hary Wawangningrum... 140
Adaptasi dan Seleksi 50 Jenis Begonia Dataran Tinggi di Kebun Raya Bogor
Hartutiningsih - M. Siregar dan Mustaid Siregar ... 144
Eksplorasi dan Inventarisasi Anggrek di Lereng Selatan Gunung Merapi : Data Terakhir Sebelum Erupsi 2010
Susila, H., A. R. U. Wibowo, I. B. Nugroho, M. Bait, M. B. Atmaja, A. C. Pamuji, T. Sukoco dan
H. Wardhana ... 150
Silangan Begonia robusta Blume var. robusta dengan Begonia flacca Irmsch
I Made Ardaka dan Ni Kadek Erosi Undaharta ... 156
Hama Penggerek Daun (Catocala sp.) Pada Koleksi Zingiberaceae di Kebun Raya Bali dan Pengendaliannya
I Putu Agus Hendra Wibawa ... 160
Keanekaragaman Fungi Endofitik yang Berasosiasi dengan Akar Anggrek
Spathoglottis plicata Blume dan Flickingeria fimbriata (Blume) Hawkes
Imam Bagus Nugroho, Hendry Susila, dan Rina Sri Kasiamdari ... 166
ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3 vii
Ig. Tirta dan Ema Hendriyani ... 174
Analisis Vegetasi dan Kandungan Fitokimia Akar Kuning
(Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr.) di Hutan Penelitian Samboja, Kalimantan Timur
Ibnu Hajar ... 180
The Diversity of Lichens in Cibodas Botanical Gardens and Their Potential as Herbal Medicine
Iin Supartinah Noer ... 187
Pengaruh Aplikasi Arang pada Pertumbuhan Semai Beberapa Jenis Leguminosae
Indriani Ekasari ... 195
Keanekaragaman Jenis dan Ekologi Sirih-Sirihan Liar Anggota Suku Piperaceae di Kawasan Hutan Lindung BKPH Gunung Slamet Barat dan BKPH Moga
Inggit Puji Astuti, Eka Fatmawati Tihurua, dan Sugeng Budiharta ... 205
Germination of Indonesian Paphiopedilums at Different Maturity of Fruits and The Affinities Between The Species
Irawati ... 212
Input Karbon dan Nitrogen Via Gugur Seresah di Hutan Dataran Rendah Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango
Joeni Setijo Rahajoe dan Chumairoh ... 216
Prospek Konservasi Daun Sang (Johannesteijsmannia spp.) di Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser
Kansih Sri Hartini... 220
Keragaman dan Karakteristik Pisang (Musa acuminata) Kultivar Group Diploid AA Koleksi Kebun Raya Purwodadi
Lia Hapsari dan Ahmad Masrum ... 225
Study Laju Pertumbuhan Alamiah Tetrastigma glabratum Dibandingkan Dengan Laju Eksploitasi Oleh Masyarakat Sekitar Hutan Lindung Gunung Prau
Lianah, Henna, Munifatul I. ... 230
Variasi Anatomi (Stomata & Idioblast) pada Marga Curcuma
Lilih Khotim Perwati, Erry Wiryani, Murningsih ... 238
Studi Aktivitas Antifungi Lumut Terhadap Fungi Patogen dari Daun Anggrek (Bulbophyllum flavidiflorum Carr.)
Lily Ismaini ... 243
Karakteristik Anatomi Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas L.) di Berbagai Media Tanam Tailing Timah dengan Penambahan Limbah Padat Kelapa Sawit
Lina Juairiah ... 248
Tipe Morfologi dan Anatomi Kulit Batang Pohon Inang Anggrek Epifit di Petak 5 Bukit Plawangan, Taman Nasional Gunung Merapi
Muhammad Bima Atmaja dan Asri Cahyaning Pamuji ... 253
Potensi Cadangan Biji di Dalam Tanah pada Hutan Sekunder Wornojiwo
Musyarofah Zuhri, dan Zaenal Mutaqien ... 259
Pemanfaatan Bambu di Kabupaten Jember, Jawa Timur
ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3 viii Karakterisasi Morfologi Klon Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) Lokal Berpotensi Unggul di
Kecamatan Kasembon, Kabupaten Malang, Jawa Timur
Nurul Aini, Kuswanto, and Ghunthur Sheto Ari Utomo ... 272
Variasi Plasma Nutfah Tumbuhan Secara Lekat Lahan di Pekarangan: Studi Kasus Kecamatan Jenggawah, Jember
Nurul Sumiasri dan Ninik Setyowati ... 277
Distribusi dan Status Konservasi Syzygium zollingerianum (Miq.) Amsh. (Myrtaceae)
Pudji Widodo, Tatik Chikmawati, dan Dwi Nugroho Wibowo ... 284
Eksplorasi Tumbuhan di Daerah Konservasi Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Rea-Kaltim
Purwaningsih... 288
Komposisi Floristik Hutan Sekunder di Lokasi Restorasi Blok Hutan Sei Serdang, Resort Cinta Raja- Besitang, Kabupaten Langkat, Sumatera Utara
Razali Yusuf ... 299
Induksi Proembrio Terhadap Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas L.) dengan Kombinasi Zat Pengatur Tumbuh Auksin dan Sitokinin
Ria Cahyaningsih, Darda Efendi, dan Endah R. Palupi ... 305
Profil Pohon Induk dan Penyebaran Regenerasi Kayu Bawang (Scorodocarpus borneensis Becc.) di Hutan Pendidikan Kebun Raya Unmul Samarinda
Rita Diana, Deddy Hadriyanto, Hastaniah, Raharjo Ari Suwasono ... 311
Populasi Biji di Lantai Hutan Pamah Pasir Pring, Sukabumi, Jawa Barat
Rochadi Abdulhadi, Rike Anwar Fuadi, dan Suhardjono ... 324
Studi Penyebaran Corypha utan Lamk. di Taman Nasional Baluran, Jawa Timur
Rony Irawanto ... 332
Komposisi Jenis dan Struktur Vegetasi Pohon di Hutan Pantai pada Kawasan Cagar Alam Pulau Sempu, Kabupaten Malang
Ruddy Polosakan ... 336
The Effect of Light on the Germination and the Growth of the Seeds of Dendrobium spectabile Blume (Orchidaceae) In Vitro
Siti Nurfadilah ... 341
Pemanfaatan Jenis-Jenis Tumbuhan oleh Masyarakat Madura, Mandar dan Bajau di Pulau Sepanjang, Sumenep, Jawa Timur
Siti Susiarti, Rugayah dan Suhardjono ... 345
Estimasi Laju Penyimpanan Karbon pada Beberapa Jenis Ficus Koleksi Kebun Raya Purwodadi
Soejono ... 352
Kolonisasi Rafflesia patma pada Pohon Inang di Cagar Alam Pangandaran
Sofi Mursidawati dan Melani K. Riswati ... 358
Ekologi Anggrek Didymoplexis pallen Griffith di Kebun Raya Purwodadi
Solikin ... 363
Keragaman Habitat Hoya multiflora Blume di Stasiun Penelitian Bodogol, Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango
ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3 ix Studi Banding Akumulasi Timbal (Pb) pada Daun Hibiscus tiliaceus L. dan Daun Ki Hujan
Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. di Makassar
Sri Suhadiyah, Muhammad Ruslan Umar, dan Surni ... 373
Inventarisasi Tumbuhan Obat di Kawasan Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru
Sri Wuryanti dan Esti Endah Ariyanti ... 380
Pengetahuan Tradisional Suku Lembak Tentang Keragaman Jenis Tumbuhan Obat di Dua Desa di Bengkulu
Steffanie Nurliana ... 393
Studi Biologi Bunga Ixora amboinica (Blume) Dc.
R.S. Purwantoro dan Sumanto ... 401
Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Schefflera elliptica (Blume) Harms.
R.S. Purwantoro, A. Agusta, dan Praptiwi ... 406
Pengelolaan Lanskap Multifngsi: Pendekatan Alternatif Dalam Konservasi Tumbuhan Kayu
Subekti Rahayu, Hartiningsih, Sonya Dewi, Agus P. Kartono, dan Agus Hikmat... 411
Aktivitas Anti Bakteri dan Anti Jamur pada Plectranthus javanicus (Blume) Benth.,
P. galeatus Vahl, dan Scutellaria slametensis Sudarmono & Conn (Lamiaceae)
Sudarmono, Hartutiningsih M-Siregar, R. Subekti Purwantoro dan A. Agusta ... 418
Pertumbuhan Awal Tanaman Bambu Tutul (Bambusa maculata Widjaja) di Stasiun Penelitian Hutan Arcamanik, Bandung
Sutiyono dan Marfu’ah Wardani ... 423
Canonical Corespondence Analysis of Plant Community at Buyan-Tamblingan Lake Forest Areas Bali
Sutomo dan I Dewa Putu Darma ... 429
Inventarisasi Alternatif Bahan Pangan Pokok dari Hutan Sebagai Langkah Rediversifikasi Pangan dan Pemanfaatan Sumberdaya Hayati Secara Berkelanjutan
Syamsul Hidayat ... 432
Eksplorasi dan Penelitian Flora Gunung Singgalang, Sumatera Barat
Taufikurrahman Nasution dan Destri ... 438
Keanekaragaman Karakter Fenotipik Tanaman Dahlia Asal Jawa Barat dan Padang
Tien Turmuktini, Usep Taryana, dan Agung Karuniawan ... 444
Survey and Monitoring Methods for Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm. (Cyatheaceae)
Titien Ngatinem Praptosuwiryo, Rugayah, dan Didit Okta Pribadi ... 449
Fenologi Aktivitas Reproduktif Tiga Jenis Rutaceae, Koleksi Kebun Raya Purwodadi
Titut Yulistyarini dan Abban Putri Fiqa ... 457
Kajian Variasi Morfologi Kantong Semar (Nepenthes spp.) Sebagai Pendukung dalam Upaya Pengembangannya untuk Tanaman Hias
Tri Handayani ... 464
Konservasi dan Mikropropagasi Rhododendron radians J.J.Sm. di Kebun Raya ‘Eka Karya’ Bali
Tri Warseno dan Dyan Meiningsasi Siswoyo Putri ... 469
Jenis-Jenis Anggrek Epifit dan Inangnya di Cagar Alam Pulau Sempu, Kabupaten Malang, Jawa Timur
ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3 x Role of Dye Plants as Natural Dyes Uses in Local Communities in Indonesia
Wardah dan Francisca Murti Setyowati ... 479
Eksplorasi Flora di Kawasan Gunung Rinjani Nusa Tengara Barat
Nyoman Peneng dan Wawan Sujarwo ... 486
Perkembangan Dicksonia blumei Moore dengan Biakan Spora Secara In Vitro
Wenni S. Lestari ... 494
Survivorship and Growth of Eight Native Tree Species during their Early Stage at a Restored Land Within Gede Pangrango National Park, Indonesia
Wiguna Rahman, Fitri Kurniawati, Eka A.P. Iskandar, Imawan W. Hidayat, Didik Widyatmoko,
dan Siti Roosita Ariati ... 500
Pengaruh Naungan Paranet Terhadap Sifat Toleransi Tanaman Kecapi (Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.F.) Merr. )
Wihermanto dan Tri Handayani ... 506
Pemanfaatan dan Karakterisasi Tumbuhan Tropis untuk Biosintesis Nanopartikel Perak
Windri Handayani, Cuk Imawan, dan Susiani Purbaningsih... 510
Aspek Etika dalam Konservasi Tumbuhan di Indonesia
Wiryono ... 518
Uji Media Pertumbuhan untuk Perbanyakan dan Viabilitas Spora Trichoderma sp., Kapang Endofit Akar Puspa (Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth.)
Yati Nurlaeni ... 523
Seedling Growth of Diospyros blancoi A. DC., the Common Plant for Rehabilitation, Under Different Shade Level
Yayan Wahyu C. Kusuma dan Tri Handayani ... 530
Potensi Karbon Tersimpan pada Tegakan Pohon di Taman Kota I Bumi Serpong Damai (BSD), Tangerang
Dini Fardila, Lily Surayya Eka Putri, dan Yudhi Nugraha ... 534
Konservasi In Vitro dan Perbanyakan Anggrek Alam di Kebun Raya Indonesia
Yupi Isnaini, Ema Hendriyani, dan Siti Nurfadilah ... 539
The Genus Typhonium Schott (Araceae - Areae) in Java
Yuzammi ... 544
Penyebaran Tumbuhan Asing di Hutan Wornojiwo Kebun Raya Cibodas, Cianjur, Jawa Barat
Zaenal Mutaqien, Vin-Vin Maria Tresnanovia, dan Musyarofah Zuhri ... 550
Seminar Nasional HUT Kebun Raya Cibodas Ke-159 ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3
500 SURVIVORSHIP AND GROWTH OF EIGHT NATIVE TREE SPECIES DURING THEIR
EARLY STAGE AT A RESTORED LAND WITHIN GEDE PANGRANGO NATIONAL PARK, INDONESIA
Wiguna Rahman1, Fitri Kurniawati1, Eka A.P. Iskandar1, Imawan W. Hidayat1, Didik Widyatmoko1, Siti Roosita Ariati2
1
UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas, LIPI;
2
Pusat Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Bogor, LIPI E-mail: wiguna.rahman@gmail.com
Abstrak
Kebun Raya Cibodas-LIPI pada tahun 2009 telah melakukan restorasi hutan seluas 4 ha di kawasan Resort Bodogol, Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango. Keragaan delapan jenis pohon lokal sebagai
framework species untuk melakukan restorasi hutan telah dimonitor. Jenis-jenis pohon tersebut yaitu Altingia excelsa Noronha (Rasamala), Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. (Lame), Castanopsis argentea A.DC.
(Saninten), Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. (Jamuju), Magnolia blumei Prantl. (Manglid),
Syzygium lineatum(DC.) Merr. & L.M. Perry. (Ki Sireum), Schima wallichii Choisy (Puspa), dan Sloanea
sigun (Blume) K.Schum. (Beleketebe). Keragaan tanaman dinilai berdasarkan kesintasan dan laju
pertumbuhan tanaman. Hasil pengamatan selama satu tahun pertama menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata kesintasan tanaman yaitu 85.71%. Jenis pohon yang memiliki kesintasan paling tinggi yaitu Ki Sireum (96.66%), sedangkan yang terendah yaitu Jamuju (66.66%). Untuk pertumbuhan tanaman, terdapat
perbedaan yang nyata pada laju pertumbuhan tinggi tanaman (F(7,205)=12.711), lebar tajuk (F(7,205)=7.494),
dan diameter leher batang (F(7,205)=13.251) antar jenis. Secara keseluruhan, keragaan terbaik di tahun
pertama ditunjukkan oleh Jamuju, diikuti oleh Ki Sireum, Rasamala, Lame, Puspa, Manglid, dan Saninten. Jenis Beleketebe menunjukkan keragaan yang kurang baik. Perbedaan ukuran semai pada saat ditanam mempengaruhi laju pertumbuhan tanaman dan keragaan tanaman. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan adanya korelasi negatif antara ukuran tanaman pada saat tanam dengan laju pertumbuhan tanaman. Untuk itu diperlukan pengujian lanjutan untuk menentukan ukuran optimum semai sebagai bahan restorasi.
Kata kunci: Restoration, Native trees, Gede Pangrango National Park
INTRODUCTION
Land use changes have been projected to become one of the major drives for biodiversity loss and threats (Sala et al., 2000). In many places in the tropics, natural habitats have been converted into agricultural lands and a large proportion of them have seriously been degraded. Global annual rates of deforestation range from 1-4% (Dobson et al., 1997). In Indonesia, deforestation rates have continuously been increasing, from 2.3% per year between 1990 and 2000 to 4.5 % per year between 2003 and 2006 indicating a serious decline in the primary forest areas (Koh & Wilcove, 2007; Pusat Inventarisasi dan Perpetaan Hutan, 2008).
Some findings showed that protected areas (such as national parks) are effective refuges to stop land clearing and protect tropical biodiversity (Bruner et al.,2001). However, some evidence from Indonesia indicated that the establishment of protected areas only reduce the deforestation rates from large-scale mechanized logging but not from agricultural encroachment (Gaveau et al., 2007). Eventhough degraded protected areas are able to
maintain forest re-growth but it goes slowly, depending on the disturbance level.
The slow processes of primary succession can be accelerated by conducting an artificial intervention through ecological restoration (Dobson et al., 1997). The main goal of ecological restoration is to create a self-sustaining ecosystem that has a similar degree with the reference ecosystem without further assistance (SER, 2004). Some attributes that should have existed on the target restored habitats are the presence of indigenous species and integration with the existing landscape. A feasible way to be used to accommodate those attributes is by planting native tree species. These native tree species are expected to attract seed dispersing animals that will subsequently disperse available seeds to enrich the restored area. This method is called the framework species method (Tucker & Murphy, 1997; Elliott et al., 2000; Alvarez-Aquino et al., 2004, Ramirez-Marcial et al., 2010).
Gede Pangrango National Park (GPNP) is the oldest of national park in Indonesia where degraded land problems existed, particularly caused by agricultural encroachment. This park is
Seminar Nasional HUT Kebun Raya Cibodas Ke-159 ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3
501 located in West Java Province, Indonesia, with
elevation ranges from 700 to 3000 m. It is the upperstream area of Cisadane and Ciliwung watersheds. Degraded lands in this area will inhibit land productivity, increase landslide risks, and increase sendiment supply to the two watersheds. This will subsequently increase flood risk at the lowerstream areas.
Cibodas Botanic Garden has a unique opportunity for conducting and scaling up forest restoration activities in the facing of accelerating climate change and biodiversity loss. In 2009 Cibodas Botanic Garden initiated a program of restoration covering an area of 4 ha degraded land in the upperstream area of Cisadane watershed within Gede Pangrango National Park.
This paper discusses the monitoring results conducted for eight native tree species within the restored studied site during their early stages (within a period of 12 months).
METHODS Study Area
The restored area is located in the Bedogol Resort of Gede Pangrango National Park (GPNP) (06o46'.241" S; 106o50'.447" E) ranging from 620
to 709 m asl. Part of the restored area is still an active agricultural land while the rest is abandoned agricultural area. The agricultural land in this area now belongs to GPNP. Historically, this land belonged to the Perum Perhutani (Unit III), a public enterprise that has a concession to manage timber production from 1978 to 2003 in this area. Three major tree timber species have been planted monoculturely in this area, consisting of Altingia excelsa (Rasamala), Agathis
damara (Damar), and Pinus merkusii (Pinus).
After harvesting time in 2003, the opened areas were since then occupied by local farmers until now, where the area is now undertaken by the GPNP. Farmers planted various annual crops, such as corn, cassava, chilli, beans, etc. The abandoned agricultural area was dominated by agricultural weeds such as Sida acuta, Mikania
micrantha, Ageratum conyzoides, Stachytarpeta indica, Eupathorium odoratum, and Phragmites
sp. Site characteristics are shows in Table 1.
Seedling Establishment
A total of 2400 seedlings of 8 native tree species were transplanted randomly on the 4 ha land 2009. The tree species were Altingia excelsa,
Alstonia scholaris, Castanopsis argentea,
Dacrycarpus imbricatus, Magnolia blumei,
Schima walichii, Sloanea sigun, and Syzygium lineatum. Two hundred and forty individual plants
were sampled proportionally (i.e. 30 individuals of each species) in order to measure the plant survival and growth. Each sampled plant (individual) was tagged with a plastic label and the position was recorded and mapped.
Measurement of Seedling Growth
Seedling survival, plant height, crown width, and root colar diameter were periodically monitored (3 times within a period of 12 months). Survivorship was estimated from the proportion of seedling survived at the final measurement. Plant height was measured using a ruler from root colar to the apical meristem. Crown width was measured using a ruler at the widest range. Diameter of root colar was measured using a dial calliper at the stem base.
Table 1. Characteristics of the Restored Site
Restored site Neighbour Forested Site
Soil Characteristics Soil pH (0-10 cm) 5.27 5.10 (10-20 cm) 4.75 4.76 Organic Matter (%) (0-10 cm) 6.73 9.86 (10-20 cm) 6.48 10.2 Bulk density (g/cm3) (0-10 cm) 0.66 0.56 (10-20 cm) 0.67 0.72 Sand (%) 9.11 Silt (%) 49.69 Clay (%) 41.20 Land Slope (o) 48-60 Air temperature (oC) 23.3-33.0
Seminar Nasional HUT Kebun Raya Cibodas Ke-159 ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3 502 100 . max . max . max . max rRGRx rRGR x cRGR cRGR x hRGR hRGR x S S RPI
interval
time
)
X
ln
X
(ln
final
initial
RGR
Estimation of growth rates over the studied time is calculated by the Relative Growth Rates (RGR) by measuring growth in terms of increasing rate in size per unit of initial size. The formula used to calculate RGR follows Alvarez-aquino et al. (2004):
where X final and X initial are the seedling height,
crown width, and root colar diameter at initial and final measurement. We also measured Pearson’s correlation index to find relationship between initial plant size and the RGR.
By combining the mean values of survival rates with % RGR will provide an index of relative performance. The relative performance index (RPI) was calculated using a modified Elliot et al. (2000):
where S is mean percentage of survival rates,
hRGR is mean percentage of height RGR, cRGR
is mean percentage of crown width RGR, and
rRGR is mean percentage of root colar diameter
RGR. The maximum value is 100.
RESULTS
Plant Survival and Growth Rates
Initial sizes of planted seedlings were varied among species (Fig. 1). The range of mean values of the initial seedling height, crown width, and root colar diameter were 34.30-135.92 cm, 31.53-47.15 cm, and 4.05-17.91 mm, respectively. The range of mean values of seedling height, crown width, and root colar diameter after 12 months were 85.97-181.52 cm, 49.88-116.89 cm, and 8.93-20.56 mm, respectively. Syzygium lineatum possessed the highest mean of seedling height and crown width, both of initial size and 12 month after transplanted. On the other hand, Dacrycarpus
imbricatus had the shortest mean of seedling
height and root colar diameter, both of initial size and at final measurement.
The mean survival of planted seedlings of all species was 85.71%. The highest survival rate was recorded on Syzygium lineatum (96.66%), while the lowest survival rate occured on
Dacrycarpus imbricatus (66.66%) (Table 2).
Significant differences were also found in growth rates across the studied species (Table 2). The
range of mean values of height, crown width, and root colar diameter RGR were -0.08 to 0.92 cm cm-1yr-1, 0.14 to 94 cm cm-1yr-1, and 0.1 to 0.79 mm mm-1yr-1, respectively.
There were negative correlations between initial size and RGR values (Table 3). Overall, the correlations were fairly strong for the initial height vs height RGR and initial root colar diameter vs root colar diameter RGR, but was weak for the initial crown width vs crown width RGR. The correlation was strong on the height of
Magnolia blumei and crown width of Syzygium lineatum.
Overall, the best performing species was
Dacrycarpus imbricatus, followed by Syzygium lineatum, Altingia excelsa, Alstonia scholaris,
Schima walichii, Magnolia blumei, and
Castanopsis argentea. Sloanea sigun performed
poorly in this early periods.
DISCUSSION
Based on our evaluation, this area is not suitable to be used as an agricultural land particularly for cultivating annual crops. Based on land suitability classes for annual crops, such as corn, cassava, or chili, the land slope should be less than 30o (Djaenudin et al., 2003). If the agricultural practice continues on going, it will increase soil erosion rates and landslides. This risk will increase with the increasing trend of rainfall in this area (World Bank, 2007). Within a period of 12 months, six landslide events occurred in the site. It is necessary to plant tree species to reduce the degradation.
Our data indicated that all species planted, except Sloanea sigun, performed well in this area. Those species are feasible to be planted in such degraded sites. Surprisingly, although
Dacrycarpus imbricatus seems to be planted in
out of its natural habitat range, but it has best perfomance. In GPNP, D. imbricatus is distributed from 1400 to 2075 m asl (Bramasto, 2008), however this species can also be found at 200 m asl as reported in Lombok (de Laubenfels, 1988). Although D. imbricatus shows best performance, it has high mortality rates. This species is vulnerable to weed competition, especially with Imperata cylindrica. Weeding becomes necessary if this species is recommended for restoration/reforestation projects.
Seminar Nasional HUT Kebun Raya Cibodas Ke-159 ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3
503 12
6 0
Months After Transplanted 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 M e a n ( c m ) Error bars: +/- 1,00 SE (A) 12 6 0
Months After Transplanted 25 20 15 10 5 0 M e a n ( m m ) Error bars: +/- 1,00 SE (C) 12 6 0
Months After Transplanted
125 100 75 50 25 0 M ea n ( cm ) Error bars: +/- 1,00 SE (B)
Figure 1. Mean (±SE) of (A) Plant Height, (B) Crown Width, and (C) Root Colar Diameter Measurement, of 8 Trees Species Used in Restored Degraded Land at Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java, Indonesia.
( ) Altingia excelsa, ( ) Castanopsis argentea, ( ) Dacrycarpus imbricatus, ( ) Magnolia blumei, ( ) Alstonia scholaris, ( ) Schima walichii, ( ) Sloanea sigun, ( ) Syzygium lineatum.
Seminar Nasional HUT Kebun Raya Cibodas Ke-159 ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3
504 Table 2. Percentage of Survival, Mean (±SE) Relative Growth Rates (RGR) in Height, Crown Width, Root Colar Diameter, and Relative Performance Index (RPI) of 8 Tree Species Used in Restored Degraded Land at Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java, Indonesia. The Numbers (Mean±SE) Followed by Same Superscripts Letters on Each Coloumn are not Significantly Different.
Species Survival (%) RGR in Height (cm cm-1 yr-1) RGR in Crown Width (cm cm-1 yr-1) RGR in Root Colar Diameter (cm cm-1 yr-1) RPI Altingia excelsa (Rasamala) 90 0.18±0.08 b 0.76±0.09 cde 0.68±0.05 cd 12.25 Castanopsis argentea (Saninten) 76.66 0.04±0.11 ab 0.61±0.12 bcd 0.44±0.06 b 1.20 Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Jamuju) 66.66 0.92±0.07 d 0.52±0.09 bc 0.78±0.03 d 36.41 Magnolia blumei (Manglid) 90 0.11±0.09 ab 0.63±0.13 bcde 0.66±0.06 cd 6.02 Alstonia scholaris (Lame) 93.33 0.12±0.05 ab 0.92±0.09 de 0.79±0.08 d 11.91 Schima walichii (Puspa) 90 0.45±0.10 c 0.32±0.10 ab 0.52±0.06 bc 9.86 Sloanea sigun (Beleketebe) 86.66 -0.08±0.07 a 0.14±0.07 a 0.10±0.05 a -0.14 Syzygium lineatum (Kisireum) 96.66 0.28±0.04 bc 0.94±0.09 e 0.76±0.06 d 28.30 F(6,205)= 12.711; p<0.001 F(6,205)= 7.494; p<0.001 F(6,205)= 13.251; P<0.001
Table 3. Pearson Correlation between Initial Plant Size and Relative Gowth Rates (RGR) of 8 Tree Species Used in Restored Degraded Land at Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java, Indonesia.
Species Initial Height vs RGR Height
Initial Crown Width vs RGR
Crown Width
Initial Root Colar Diameter vs RGR Root Colar Diameter
All Species Planted -0.548** -0.335** -0.501**
Altingia excelsa (Rasamala) -0.521** -0.289 -0.153 Castanopsis argentea (Saninten) -0.482* -0.494* -0.521* Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Jamuju) -0.227 -0.108 -0.236 Magnolia blumei (Manglid) -0.719** -0.429* -0.387* Rauvolfia javanica (Lame) 0.243 -0.507** -0.127 Schima walichii (Puspa) -0.331 -0.331 -0.289 Sloanea sigun (Beleketebe) -0.267 -0.263 -0.405* Syzygium lineatum (Kisireum) -0.363 -0.671** -0.203 **p<0.01; *p<0.05
Seminar Nasional HUT Kebun Raya Cibodas Ke-159 ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3
505 Plant-weed competition is probably the
major cause of seedling mortality in this site. Plants with small initial sizes have high mortality risk especially from this competition. Other causes of seedling mortality are dessication, land slides, and soil tillaging by farmer. Animal predation is not significantly influencing the plant survival, and only Magnolia blumei shows a prevalence to caterpillar attack.
The results also show that there is a negative correlation between initial seedling size and growth rates. It is implied that seedlings with a big size are not only hard to transport but also slow to grow. Small seedlings are easier to handle, but in fact they have high mortality risk. Further investigation is required to find the optimum size of initial seedlings to be transplanted on such degraded sites. This site is still being monitored and we hope to have more data to publish after 2 or 4 years of monitoring.
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