Permasalahan Image Processing : Capture, Modelling, Feature Extraction,image Segmentation - Repository UNIKOM

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Pertemuan-2:

IMAGE

PROCESSING

KK-Komputasi dan Kecerdasan Buatan Teknik Komputer

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Bahan kuliah pertemuan-2

• Permasalahan image processing : Capture,

modelling, feature extraction,image

segmentation

• _{Sejarah Digital Image Processing (DIP)} • _{Beberapa contoh}

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Permasalahan capture

• Capture merupakan proses awal dari image processing untuk mendapatkan gambar

• _{Proses capture membutuhkan alat-alat}

capture yang baik seperti kamera, scanner, light-pen dan lainnya, agar diperoleh gambar yang baik.

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Permasalahan Modeling

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Permasalahan Feature Extraction

• _{Setiap gambar mempunyai karakteristik tersendiri,}

sehingga fitur tidak dapat bersifat general tetapi sangat tergantung pada model dan obyek gambar yang

digunakan.

• _{Fitur dasar yang bisa diambil adalah warna, bentuk dan}

tekstur. Fitur yang lebih kompleks menggunakan segmentasi, clustering dan motion estimation

• _{Pemakaian statistik dan probabilitas, pengolahan sinyal}

sampai pada machine learning diperlukan di sini

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Permasalahan Image Segmentation

•

Bagaimana memisahkan obyek gambar

dengan backgroundnya

•

Bagaimana memisahkan setiap obyek

gambar

•

Teknik clustering apa yang sesuai

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History of Digital Image Processing

•Early 1920s: One of the first applications of

digital imaging was in the news-paper industry

– _{The Bartlane cable picture}

transmission service

– _{Images were transferred by submarine cable}

between London and New York

– _{Pictures were coded for cable transfer and}

reconstructed at the receiving end on a telegraph printer

Early digital image

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History of DIP (cont…)

•Mid to late 1920s: Improvements to the

Bartlane system resulted in higher quality images

– _{New reproduction}

processes based on photographic techniques

– _{Increased number}

of tones in

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History of DIP (cont…)

•1960s: Improvements in computing technology

and the onset of the space race led to a surge of work in digital image processing

– _1964:_{Computers used to}

improve the quality of

images of the moon taken by the Ranger 7 probe

– _{Such techniques were used}

in other space missions

including the Apollo landings

A picture of the moon taken by the Ranger 7 probe minutes before

Im ag es ta ke n fr om G on za le z & W oo ds , D ig it al I m ag e P ro ce ss in g (2 00 2)

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History of DIP (cont…)

•1970s: Digital image processing begins to be

used in medical applications

– _1979:_{Sir Godfrey N.}

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History of DIP (cont…)

•1980s - Today: The use of digital image

processing techniques has exploded and they are now used for all kinds of tasks in all kinds of areas

– _{Image enhancement/restoration} – _{Artistic effects}

– _{Medical visualisation} – _{Industrial inspection} – _{Law enforcement}

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Beberapa Bidang Ilmu yang Berhubungan

dengan Image



Computer Graphics : Kreasi image



Image processing : penyempurnaan

atau manipulasi gambar- yang

hasilnya gambar lain

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Pengolahan Data

Berdasarkan Input/Output

IN

P

U

T

OUTPUT

IMAGE DESKRIPSI

IMAGE Image

Processin g

Computer Vision

DESKRIP

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Dua Macam Aplikasi IP



Meningkatkan informasi bergambar

untuk interpretasi manusia



Pemprosesan data image untuk

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Bidang yang Memanfaatkan IP

Berdasarkan sumber dari image:

_{Radiasi dari spektrum elektromagnetik} _Akustik

_Ultrasonik

_{Elektronik (dalam bentuk sinar elektron yang}

digunakan dalam mikroskop elektron)

_{Komputer (image sintetis yang digunakan}

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Persoalan di dalam IP

• Capture • Modeling

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Permasalahan Capture

• Capture (menangkap gambar) merupakan proses awal dari image processing untuk mendapatkan gambar

• _{Proses capture membutuhkan alat-alat}

capture yang baik seperti kamera, scanner, light-pen dan lainnya, agar diperoleh gambar yang baik.

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Hasil Capture : Gamma-Ray Imaging

Nuclear Image : a. Bone scan

b. PET (Positron Emission Tomography) image.

Astronomical Observations c. Cygnus Loop

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Hasil Capture : Imaging in Microwave

Band

_{Imaging radar :}

satu-satunya cara untuk

menjelajahi daerah yang tidak dapat diakses dari permukaan bumi

_{Radar image dari}

pegunungan di tenggara Tibet

_{perhatikan kejelasan dan}

detail gambar, tidak

terhalang oleh awan atau kondisi atmosfer lain

yang biasanya

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Hasil Capture : Imaging in Microwave

Band

Aplikasi ilmu Geologi : eksplorasi mineral dan

minyak menggunakan suara dalam spektrum

suara rendah (ratusan Hz)

Model seismik dari image cross-sectional

Gambar panah menunjukkan perangkap

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Hasil Capture : Ultrasound Imaging

Peralatan medis : a. Bayi

b. Melihat bayi dari sisi yang lain

c. Thyroids

d. Lapisan tulang

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Menggenerate image oleh komputer

• Fraktal : an iterative reproduction of basic pattern according to some mathematical rules (a) dan (b)

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Examples: Image Enhancement

•One of the most common uses of DIP

techniques: improve quality, remove noise etc

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Examples: The Hubble Telescope

•Launched in 1990 the Hubble telescope can take images of very distant objects

•_{However, an incorrect mirror} made many of Hubble’s

images useless

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Examples: Artistic Effects

•_{Artistic effects are} used to make

images more

visually appealing, to add special

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Examples: Medicine

•Take slice from MRI scan of canine heart, and find boundaries between types of tissue

– _{Image with gray levels representing tissue}

density

– _{Use a suitable filter to highlight edges}

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Examples: GIS

•Geographic Information Systems

– _{Digital image processing techniques are used}

extensively to manipulate satellite imagery

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Examples: GIS (cont…)

•_{Night-Time Lights of}

the World data set

– _{Global inventory of}

human settlement

– _{Not hard to imagine}

the kind of analysis that might be done using this data

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Examples: Industrial Inspection

•_{Human operators are} expensive, slow and

unreliable

•_{Make machines do the} job instead

•_{Industrial vision} systems

are used in all kinds of

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Examples: PCB Inspection

•Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inspection

– _{Machine inspection is used to determine that all}

components are present and that all solder joints are acceptable

– _{Both conventional imaging and x-ray imaging are}

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Examples: Law Enforcement

•_{Image processing} techniques are used extensively by law enforcers

– _{Number plate}

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Examples: HCI

•_{Try to make human}

computer interfaces more natural

– _{Face recognition}

– _{Gesture recognition}

•_{Does anyone remember the} user interface from “Minority Report”?

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Key Stages in Digital Image Processing

Image Acquisition

Image Restoration

Morphological Processing

Segmentation

Representation & Description Image

Enhancement

Object Recognition

Problem Domain

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Key Stages in DIP: Object Recognition

Image Acquisition Image Restoration Morphological Processing Segmentation Representation & Description Image Enhancement Object Recognition Problem Domain

Colour Image Image

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Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:

Representation & Description

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Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:

Image Compression

Image Acquisition

Image Restoration

Segmentation

Representation & Description Image

Enhancement

Object Recognition

Problem Domain

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Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:

Colour Image Processing

Image Acquisition

Image Restoration

Segmentation Image

Enhancement

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Penutup

Ada beberapa hal yang harus

dikuasai sebelum menguasai

materi di dalam image processing

yaitu : matematika, aljabar,

pengolahan sinyal, matriks dan

transformasi linier, statistik,

Struktur Data dan algoritma

pemrograman.

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Referensi slide

• Brian Mac Namee, Digital Image Processing : Introduction, www.com.dit.ie/bmacnamee

• _{Nana Ramadijanti, Image Processing : Day-1,} Laboratorium Computer Vision, PENS-ITS,

Surabaya

• Achmad Basuki, Pengantar Pengolahan

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Image Processing Mempelajari Apa?

• http://www.mathworks.com/products/im

age/

• http://www.mathworks.com/products/ima

ge/description1.html

• http://www.mathworks.com/products/

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Image Processing Mempelajari Apa?

(Contd.)

• http://www.mathworks.com/products/image/des cription5.html

• http://www.mathworks.com/products/image/des cription6.html

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INTRODUCTION

_{In electrical engineering and computer science image}

processing is any form of signal processing for which the input is an image, such as a photograph or video frame; the output of image processing may be either an image or, a set of

characteristics or parameters related to the image. Most image-processing techniques involve treating the image as a

two-dimensional signal and applying standard signal-processing techniques to it.

_{Image processing usually refers to digital image processing, but} optical and analog image processing also are possible. This

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Definitions of Image Processing

_{•The general term "image processing" refers to}

a computer discipline wherein digital images are the main data object. This type of processing

can be broken down into several sub-categories, including: compression, image enhancement,

image filtering, image distortion, image display and coloring.

_{•Any activity that transforms an input image into}

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This Process involves two aspects

_{Improving the visual appearance of images to}

a human viewer.

_{Preparing images for measurement of the}

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Why do we need it……?

• Since the digital image is invisible it must prepare for viewing one or more output

device. The digital image can be optimized for the application by enhancing or altering the

appearance of the structures within it.

• _{It might be possible to analyze the image in} the computer and provide clues to the

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Acquiring Images

• Since the digital image is

invisible it must prepare for viewing one or more output device. The digital image can be optimized for the application by enhancing or altering the

appearance of the structures within it.

• _{It might be possible to analyze}

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High Resolution

_{The process of obtaining a high resolution (HR) image or a}

sequence of HR from a set of low resolution (LR) observation.

_{HR technique has applied to a variety of fields such as}

obtaining.

Improve still images.

_{High definition television.}

High performance color liquid crystal display (LCD) screen.

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Color Spaces

• Conversion from RGB (The brightness of individual red, green and green signal at

defined wavelength) to YIQ/YUV and to other color encoding schemes is straightforward

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Image Sensors

• Digital processing requires images to be obtained in the form of electrical signals.

These signals can be digitized into sequence of numbers which can be processed by a

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Image Intensity Equalization using

Histograms

Image intensity Equalization is the process of converting the given image into the desired manner using Histogram. In histogram equalization we are trying to

maximize the image contrast by applying a gray level transform which tries to flatten the resulting histogram. The gray level transform is a scaled version of the original image's cumulative histogram. That is, the gray level transform T is given by T[i] = (G-1)c(i), where G is the number of gray levels and c(i) is the normalized cumulative histogram of the original image.

When we want to specify a non-flat resulting histogram, we can use the following steps:

Specify the desired histogram g(z)

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Input Image corresponding histogram

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Multiple Images:

It may constitute a series of views of the same area using different wavelength of light and other signals. Examples includes the image processed by satellites those images may require processing.

Hardware Requirement:

A general purpose computer can be used for image processing; four key demands must be met

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Software Requirements:

Adobe Photoshop,

Corel draw,

Serif photo plus

Mat lab etc. CONCLUSION:

Adobe The Image processing is used to get/acquire