The Role of Nutrition and Feed in Supporting Self Sufficient in Animal Products, Food Safety and Human Welfare”
PROCEEDING 3rd AINI INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR
ISBN: 978-602-96934-8-5 113
01. PRODUCTIVITY OF LOCAL CHICKEN IN GROWTH PERIODS AND CARCASS CHARACTERICS BY INCLUSION OF MORINGA
02. OLEIFERA LEAVES MEALSIN THE DIETS
Hafsah1), Sri Sarjuni1), Tri Riske2, Ilyas Kumbok2
1) Lecturers and 2) Students of Animal Science Department, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Fishery Tadulako University Palu, Central Sulawesi
Jl. Soekarno-Hatta Km.9 Kampus Bumi Tadulako Palu, Central Sulawesi 94118 Contac Person, email: hafsah_62@yahoo.co.id
Abstract
Chicken growth is influencedbygeneticandenvironmentalfactors. One of themajorenvironmental factorsthat play a rolein supportingthemaximal growth is feed.
Availability offeed stuffsinanimal industryhas alwaysbeen a problemdue to the limitedandfluctuating prices of the feed, whilethere isa localfeed available,but has not beenused optimallydue tolack of informationaboutthe useof such materials inpoultry feed. Moringa oleiferaleavesare onetype ofplantproduct that can beusedas an ingredientin chickenfeed.This study aimstoassessthe productivity ofof local chickens in growthphase withthe usedof Moringaleaves in the diets. The experiment was designed using completely randomized designwith4 treatmentsand 5replications. Ttreatment sconsist of : R0=basal diet(without the useof Moringaleaves meals), R1=used of 5%
Moringaleaves mealsin basal diets, R2= used of 10% Moringaleaves mealsin basal diets, R3= used of 15% Moringaleaves mealsin basal diets. Variables was observed as performance (weight gain, protein and energy consumption, feed efficiency), and carcass yield (slaughter weight, carcass, abdominal fat, skincolorindex). Results of the experiment was shown no significant effects on weight gain, protein consumption, feed eficiency, slaughter weight, and carcass characteritics. However, it was found highly significant (P<0,01) effects on energy consumption, and abdominal fat. The conclusion of this experiment was found the inclusion of Moringaleaves mealsin the diets of local chickens can reduced energy consumption and abdominal fat pad and increased growth performance and carcass.
Keywords: local chickens, moringa oleivera, growth, carcass INTRODUCTION
Diets is a primary requirement of poultry farms,it’s took costs for about 70% of the total cost of poultry production (Amrullah, 2003).The price of feed ingredients will determine the cost of production. In addition to the price of feed and nutrient value also play an important role to optimize the productivity of an animal.A good nutrientt value of feed corresponding with optimal genetic potential. Meanwhile, there are still some poultry feed stuff are still imported at high prices. Ma'sum (2011) reported that the imported of poultry feed ingredients such as corn in 2011 (1.43 million tons) and soybean meal (1.07 million tons). To reduce the cost of production, raw materials of the diets needed are fairly inexpensive and easy to obtain with sufficient nutrient valuee Moringa plant is one of the local plant in Central Sulawesi, it has leaves that used for local food and possibility for poultry feed. Moringa oleifera, is a member of Moringaceae family with 12 deciduous tree species native to semi-arid habitats (Mabberley, 1997). Moringa oleifera is a small, fast-growing evergreen or deciduous tree that usually grows up to 10 or 12 m in height. It has a spreading, open crown of
drooping, fragile branches, feathery foliage of tripinnate leaves, and thick, corky, whitish bark. The leaves, rich in vitamin A and C, are considered useful in scurvy and respiratory ailments; they are also used as an emetic. The juice extracted from the leaves has strong antibacterial and antimalarial properties (Gbeassor and Meddjagni.
1990). Luthfiya (2005) reported that the nutrient content of Moringa leaves has a crude protein (22%), fat (2.3%), crude fiber (19.2%), carbohydrate (53.5%), ash (7.6%), and calories 2005 kcal / kg. Results of research on the use of Moringa leaves powder in poultry rations has been reported by Labaso (1987), which states that the use of Moringa leaves powder 12% in broiler rations resulted in good performance and carcass quality. Additionally, Rosdiana (2011) reported that the use of 6% Moringa leaves powder in the diets of arab chicken give yolk color index yellowness. This study was designed to investigate the possible effects of Moringa oleifera leaves meals in the diets on the overall growth performace and carcass characteristics of local chicken.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this study were raised 60 local chickens ( Buras Super Strain) with 7-day old. Its were allocated to four experimental diets in a Completely Randomized Design with 4 treatments and 5 replicates. The treatments were R0 = basal diets; R1 = 95%
basal diets + 5% Moringa oleifera meals; R2 = 90% basal diets + 10% Moringa oleifera meals; R3 = 85% basal diets + 15% Moringa oleifera meals. The basal diets consist of yellow corn grain , fish meals, soybean grain, ricebrand,mineral mix, and moringa oleifera meals. The chemical compounds of moringa oleifera meals as crude protein (22%), crude fiber (19.2%), crude fat (2.3%), and ME (2005 kcal/kg). The composition of basal diets as shown in Table 1 and chemical composition of treatment diets in Table 2. All the diets were made up with essential ingredients such that supplied the required nutrients of the local chicken recomended by Yuwanta (2007) with the range 20-22% of protein and ME 2900-3000 kcal.
Feed and water were given ad libitum. The birds were reared in the plot with the sawdush litter and size 60x60x75cm, and put 3 birds for each plot during 14 weeks.
Performance parameter were observe weekly. At the end of the experiment, two chicken for each plot were weight individually prior to slaughter. After slaughter, feather were removed by dipping the chicken in to the warm water (app. 60-70 oC).
Carcass yield was weight of the dead chicken without feathers, head, neck, legs, and digestive organs. The chickens were cut in to the parts according to the standard procedure of dissection (Jensen, 1989). Variables determined were growth performance (weigh gain, protein intake, energy intake, and feed efficiency) and carcass yields (slaughter weight, carcass percentage, carcass component (breast meat, drumstick, tight, back, wings), and abdominal fat pad. Abdominal fat can be defined as the fat surrounding the gizzard and lay between the abdominal muscles and the intestines.
Data for all variables were subjected to an analysis of variance, based on designed experimental used (Steel and Torrie, 1991). The treatment means with significant differences were compared using Least Significant Different (Hanafiah, 2005).
The Role of Nutrition and Feed in Supporting Self Sufficient in Animal Products, Food Safety and Human Welfare”
PROCEEDING 3rd AINI INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR
ISBN: 978-602-96934-8-5 115
Table 1. Composition of Basal Diets
Basal diets Composition (%)
Yellow corn grain 49,5
Ricebrand 19
Soybean grain 16
Fishmeal 15
Mineral mix 0,5
Total 100
Nutrien composition:
Protein, % 21,44
ME, kcal/kg 3011
Fat, % 6,51
Crude Fiber,% 4,83
Table 2. Chemical Composition of Treatment Diets
Components Diets Treatments
R0 R1 R2 R3
Basal Diets, % 100 95 90 85
Moringa olievera meals, % 0 5 10 15
Total 100 100 100 100
Chemical Composition:
Crude Protein,% 21.45 21.47 21.50 21.53
ME, kcal/kg 3011 2960 2910 2860
Crude Fiber, % 4.83 5.54 6.26 6.98
Crude fat, % 6.51 6.29 6.08 5.87
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Growth Performance
The effects of Moringa oliefera meals in the diets on growth performance (weigh gain, protein intake, energy intake, and feed efficiency) during the experiment as shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Growth Performance (weigh gain, protein and energy intake, feed efficiency) per bird during experiment
Variables Diet Treatments
P value
R0 R1 R2 R3
Weigh gain, g 1039.40 1086.80 1072.00 1043.00 0.13ns Protein intake, g 916.42 912.24 911.40 901.59 0.63ns Energy intake, MJ 54.96a 53.74b 52.78c 51.35d 10.94**
Feed efficiency 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.89ns
a,b,c,d Means in each column with different superscrips are significantly different (P>0.05)
Results of variance analysis showed that the treatment effect was not significant on weight gain, protein intake, and feed efficiency during the study. This was caused by the nutrient content of the ration was relatively similarfor each treatment. Moringa leaves has nutrient content in high quality, caused the diets that inclusion of Moringa leaves provide
a good influence on the metabolism of nutrients that have an impact on weight gain, although was not significant effects. However, the treatment was aaffected in a highly significant (P <0.01) on energy consumption.The higher the level of use of Moringa leaves in the diet tends to decrease energy consumption, but did not affect feed efficiency.
Standard nutrient needs, especially metabolic energy, depending on the ambient temperature. Mechanisms of adaptation to environmental temperature can be observed from the increase and reduced of feed intake. It was caused by thermodynamic mechanisms which control the energy intake to maintain the stability of body temperature.Azma and Azahan (2011), states that the efficiency of energy utilization in poultry varied, it was very closely related to environmental conditions. In this study, it appears that the inclusion of Moringa leaves meals in the ration was affected the energy consumption in hight significant effects but not to affect the consumption of protein. Hertiandryani (2011) stated that the inclusion of Moringa oleivera leaves meal 10% in broiler diets had no negative effect growth performance, income over feed cost, and carcass weight. Maringa leav es was a supplement that has a high composition of vitamins A, B, mineral and protein (Vietmeyer, 1996), when it was added to broiler feed can be promote the growth rate ( Labaso, 1987).
Carcass Characteritics
The carcass characteristics results of the experiment for each treatment are presented in Table 4.
Table 4. The average of carcass yield for aech treatment
Variables Diet Treatments
P value
R0 R1 R2 R3
Slaugthter weight, g 1130.8 1120 1119.1 1129.7 0.03ns
Carcass,% 64.40 64.22 64.64 63.93 0.22ns
Carcass Components:
Breast meat, % 25.52 25.73 25.91 25.85 1.49ns Drumstick, % 16.75 16.85 16.71 17.04 1.16ns Thight, % 16.82 16.40 16.48 16.76 1.43ns
Back, % 24.83 24.95 25.12 25.00 2.68ns
Wings, % 16.09 16.07 15.79 15.65 1.89ns Abdominal Fat Pad, % 0.22a 0.18b 0.17c 0.14d 12.95**
a,b,c,d Means in each column with different superscrips are significantly different (P>0,05)
Results of variance analysis was shown nosignificant effect on slaughter weight, carcass percentage, and carcass components. However was found highly significant (P
<0.01) effect on abdominal fat pad content. The percentage of of breast meat yield was improved by inreasing the level of Moringa oleifera meals in the diet, although not in a significant level. In this study, the ranges of carcass (63.93-64.64%), breast meat (25.52-25.91%), and abdominal fat pad (0.14-0.22%). This result closed to Lippens et al. (2000), found that 26.5% of breast meat in broiler chicken based on carcass weight, and Selle et al. (2003), reported the composition of breast meat 24% based on carcass weight of broiler. However, this experiment resulted more high carcass and breast meat compared to Sarjono (2008) were carcass percentage 62.07-63.20% and breast meat 24.11-28.44%. The hight level of Moringa oleifera meals in the diet was reduced the abdominal fat pad (0.14-0.22%). Panda et al. (2005) was reported the abdominal fat pad 1.36% in broiler chicken.
The Role of Nutrition and Feed in Supporting Self Sufficient in Animal Products, Food Safety and Human Welfare”
PROCEEDING 3rd AINI INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR
ISBN: 978-602-96934-8-5 117
CONCLUSION
The conclusion of this experiment show that the positive effect of inclusion Moringa oliefera leaves meals in the diets, it’s may improved of the productivity of local chickens included of growth performance and carcass characteristics, although not in a significant effect. This suggest that more research is needed, particularly under practical condition. Future research in this area should focus on the attempt to obtain the maximum level, and the quality of carcass and meat of the chicken.
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