NERACA DAN LAPORAN ARUS KASNERACA DAN LAPORAN ARUS KAS

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Neraca dan Laporan Arus Kas 1

NERACA DAN LAPORAN ARUS KAS

NERACA DAN LAPORAN ARUS

KAS

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1. Manfaat dan kelemahan informasi Neraca 2. Neraca menurut PSAK 1

3. Laporan Arus Kas menurut PSAK 2 4. Neraca menurut US GAAP

5. Laporan Arus Kas menurut US GAAP

Topik

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Usefulness and Purpose of the Balance Sheet.

 Provides information about entity’s assets, liabilities, and equity.

 Evaluation of liquidity, solvency, and financial flexibility.

 Aids in assessing risk and predicting future cash flows.

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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Limitations of the Balance Sheet.

 Current value is not reflected.

 Estimates and judgments must be utilized:

 in determining the collectibility of receivables.

 in assessing the salability of inventory.

 in determining the useful lives of long-term assets.

 Omits many items that are of financial value to the business.

 Assets such as the value of a company’s human resources and research and development are not reported.

 Some liabilities or commitments such as leases and

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Perubahan - Penyajian Laporan Keuangan Perubahan - Penyajian Laporan Keuangan

 Cakupan minimal dalam laporan keuangan:

 Laporan posisi keuangan awal periode komparatif sajian akibat penerapan retrospektif, penyajian kembali, atau reklasifikasi pos-pos laporan keuangan.

 Informasi yang disajikan dalam laporan keuangan:

aset, kewajiban, ekuitas, pendapatan dan beban, kontribusi dari dan distribusi kepada pemilik.

 Tidak mengatur pihak yang bertanggung jawab atas laporan keuangan

PSAK 1

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Perubahan - Penyajian Laporan Keuangan Perubahan - Penyajian Laporan Keuangan

 Entitas membuat pernyataan kepatuhan atas SAK dalam laporan keuangan

 Penyimpanan dari PSAK diijinkan jika kepatuhan

PSAK bertentangan dengan tujuan keuangan dalam KPPPLK

 Memilih menerapkan kebijakan akuntansi yang tidak diatur dalam PSAK.

 Tidak diatur waktu penyampaian laporan

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Laporan Posisi Keuangan Laporan Posisi Keuangan

PSAK 1

IAS 1

PSAK 1

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Pos Laporan Posisi Keuangan Pos Laporan Posisi Keuangan

 Properi investasi

 Aset biolojik

 Total asset yang diklasifikasikan sebagai dimiliku untuk dijual dan aset yang masuk dalam kelompok lepasan (disposal group) yang diklasifikasikan

sebagai dimiliki untuk dijual.

 Kewajian dan aset pajak kini

 Kewajian pajak tangguhan dan aset pajak tangguhan

 Kewajiban yang termasuk dalam kelompok lepasan yang diklasifikasikan sebagai dimiliki untuk dijual.

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Laporan Posisi Keuangan Laporan Posisi Keuangan

 Entitas menyajikan pos-pos tambahan, judul dan subtotal dalam laporan posisi keuangan jika

penyajian tersebut relevan untuk pemahaman posisi keuangan entitas.

 Entitas menyajikan aset lancar dan tidak lancar dan laibilitas jangka pendek dan jangka panjang sebagai klasifikasi yang terpisah dalam laporan posisi

keuangan, maka aset (laibilitas) pajak tangguhan tidak boleh diklasifikasikan sebagai aset lancar (laibilitas jangka pendek).

PSAK 1

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Pos dalam Laporan Pos dalam Laporan

 Penyajian aset lancar dan tidak lancar dan laibilitas jangka pendek dan jangka panjang sebagai klasifikasi yang terpisah.

 Kecuali penyajian berdasarkan likuiditas memberikan informasi yang lebih relevan dan dapat diandalkan maka digunakan urutan likuiditas.

 Perusahaan keuangan berdasarkan likuiditas

 Pemisahan jumlah yang diharapkan dapat dipulihkan atau diselesaikan setelah lebih dari dua belas bulan untuk setiap pos aset dan laibilitas, jika nilainya

digabung.

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Aset lancar Aset lancar

 Klasifikasi aset lancar, jika:

 mengharapkan akan merealisasikan aset, atau bermaksud untuk menjual atau menggunakannya, dalam siklus operasi normal;

 memiliki aset untuk tujuan diperdagangkan;

 mengharapkan akan merealisasi aset dalam jangka waktu 12 bulan setelah pelaporan; atau

 kas atau setara kas (PSAK 2: Laporan Arus Kas) kecuali aset tersebut dibatasi pertukarannya atau penggunaannya untuk menyelesaikan laibilitas sekurang-kurangnya 12 bulan setelah periode pelaporan.

 Entitas mengklasifikasikan aset yang tidak termasuk kategori tersebut sebagai aset tidak lancar.

PSAK 1

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Liabiltas lancar Liabiltas lancar

 Klasifikasi laibilitas lancar, jika:

 mengharapkan akan menyelesaikan laibilitas tersebut dalam siklus operasi normalnya;

 memiliki laibilitas tersebut untuk tujuan diperdagangkan;

 laibilitas tersebut jatuh tempo untuk diselesaikan dalam jangka waktu 12 bulan setelah periode pelaporan; atau

 tidak memiliki hak tanpa syarat untuk menunda

penyelesaian laibilitas selama sekurangkurangnya 12 bulan setelah periode pelaporan.

 Entitas mengklasifikasi laibilitas yang tidak termasuk kategori tersebut sebagai laibilitas jangka panjang.

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Liabilitas Liabilitas

 Laibilitas keuangan yang dibiayai kembali yang akan jatuh tempo dalam 12 bulan setelah periode

pelaporan diklasifikasikan sebagai laibilitas jangka pendek, jika entitas tidak memiliki hak tanpa syarat untuk membiayai kembali.

 Pelanggaran perjanjian utang yang mengakibatkan kreditur meminta percepatan pembayaran, maka laibilitas tersebut disajikan sebagai laibilitas jangka pendek, meskipun kreditur mengijinkan penundaan pembayaran selama 12 bulan setelah tanggal

pelaporan tetapi persetujuan tersebut diperoleh setelah tanggal pelaporan

PSAK 1

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Three General Classifications

Assets, Liabilities, and Stockholders’ Equity Companies further divide these classifications:

Classification in the Balance Sheet

Balance Sheet Balance Sheet

Illustration 5-1 Balance Sheet Classification

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Cash and other assets a company expects to

convert into cash, sell, or consume either in one year or in the operating cycle, whichever is longer.

Current Assets

Illustration 5-2 Accounts and basis of valuation

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Current Asset Classification Current Asset Classification

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Generally any monies available “on demand.”

Cash equivalents are short-term highly liquid investments that will mature within three

months or less.

Any restrictions or commitments must be disclosed.

Cash

Balance Sheet – “Current Assets”

Illustration 5-3

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Portfolios

Short-Term Investments

Type Valuation Classification Held-to-

Maturity Debt Amortized

Cost Current or Noncurrent

Trading Debt or Equity Fair Value Current

Available-

for-Sale Debt or Equity Fair Value Current or Noncurrent

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Claims held against customers and others for money, goods, or services.

Accounts receivable – oral promises Notes receivable – written promises

Major categories of receivables should be shown in the balance sheet or the related notes.

Receivables

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Accounts Receivable – Presentation Options

Current Assets:

Cash $ 346

Accounts receivable 500

Less allowance for doubtful accounts 25 475 Inventory 812

Total current assets $1,633

Current Assets:

Cash $ 346

Accounts receivable, net of $25 allowance 475 Inventory 812

Total current assets $1,633

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Company discloses:

basis of valuation (e.g., lower-of-cost-or- market) and

the method of pricing (e.g., FIFO or LIFO).

Inventories

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Payment of cash, that is recorded as an asset because service or benefit will be received in the future.

insurance supplies advertising

Cash Payment

Cash Payment BEFORE Expense RecordedExpense Recorded

rent

maintenance on equipment

Prepayments often occur in regard to:

Prepaid Expenses

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Generally consists of four types:

Securities Fixed assets Special funds

Nonconsolidated subsidiaries or affiliated companies.

Long-Term Investments

Balance Sheet – “Noncurrent Assets”

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Long-Term Investments

Securities

Securities Investments:

Invesment in ABC bonds 321,657 Investment in UC Inc. 253,980 Notes receivable 150,000 Land held for speculation 550,000 Sinking fund 225,000 Pension fund 653,798 Cash surrender value 84,321 Investment in Uncon. Sub. 457,836 Total investments 2,696,592 Property, Plant, and Equip.

Building 1,375,778

bonds,

stock, and

long-term notes

For marketable securities, management’s intent

determines current or noncurrent classification.

Balance Sheet (in thousands) Current assets

Cash $ 285,000

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Fixed Assets Fixed Assets

Investments:

Building 1,375,778

Land 975,000

Land held for speculation

Cash $ 285,000

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Special Funds Special Funds

Investments:

Building 1,375,778

Sinking fund Pensions fund Cash surrender value of life

insurance

Cash $ 285,000

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Nonconsolidated Subsidiaries or

Affiliated Companies

Nonconsolidated Subsidiaries or

Affiliated Companies

Investments:

Building 1,375,778

Land 975,000

Cash $ 285,000

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Property, Plant, and Equipment

Total investments 2,696,592 Property, Plant, and Equip.

Building 1,375,778

Land 975,000

Machinery and equipment 234,958 Capital leases 384,650 Leasehold improvements 175,000 Accumulated depreciation (975,000)

Total PP&E 2,170,386 Intangibles

Goodwill 3,000,000

Patents 177,000

Assets of a durable nature used in the regular operations of the business.

Cash $ 285,000

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Intangibles

Accumulated depreciation (975,000) Total PP&E 2,170,386 Intangibles

Goodwill 2,000,000

Patents 177,000

Trademark 40,000

Franchises 125,000

Copyright 55,000

Total intangibles 2,397,000 Other assets

Prepaid pension costs 133,000 Deferred income tax 40,000 Total other 173,000

Lack physical

substance and are not financial instruments.

Limited life

intangibles amortized.

Indefinite-life

intangibles tested for impairment.

Cash $ 285,000

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Other Assets

Intangibles

Goodwill 2,000,000

Patents 177,000

Trademark 40,000

Franchises 125,000

Copyright 55,000

Total intangibles 2,397,000 Other assets

Prepaid pension costs 133,000 Deferred income tax 40,000 Total other 173,000

Total Assets $ 9,210,978

This section should include only unusual items sufficiently

different from assets in the other

categories.

Cash $ 285,000

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“Obligations that a company reasonably expects to liquidate

either through the use of current assets or the creation of other

current liabilities.”

Current Liabilities Balance Sheet (in thousands) Current liabilities

Notes payable $ 233,450 Accounts payable 131,800 Accrued compensation 43,000 Unearned revenue 17,000 Income tax payable 23,400 Current maturities LT debt 121,000 Total current liabilities 569,650 Long-term liabilities

Long-term debt 979,500 Obligations capital lease 345,800 Deferred income taxes 77,909 Total long-term liabilities 2,093,859 Stockholders' equity

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“Obligations that a company does not

reasonably expect to liquidate within the

normal operating cycle.”

All covenants and restrictions must be disclosed.

Balance Sheet (in thousands) Current liabilities

Notes payable $ 233,450 Accounts payable 131,800 Accrued compensation 43,000 Unearned revenue 17,000 Income tax payable 23,400 Current maturities LT debt 121,000 Total current liabilities 569,650 Long-term liabilities

Long-term debt 979,500 Obligations capital lease 345,800 Deferred income taxes 77,909 Total long-term liabilities 2,093,859 Stockholders' equity

Long-Term Liabilities

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Companies usually divide equity into three parts, (1) Capital Stock, (2) Additional Paid-In Capital, and (3) Retained Earnings.

Owners’ Equity

Illustration 5-15

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(a) Investment in preferred stock

Balance Sheet Classification Exercise Balance Sheet Classification Exercise

Account

(b) Treasury stock (c) Common stock

(d) Cash dividends payable (e) Accumulated depreciation (f) Interest payable

(g) Deficit

(h) Trading securities (i) Unearned revenue

(a) Current asset/Investment (b) Equity

(c) Equity

(d) Current liability (e) Contra-asset (f) Current liability (g) Equity

(h) Current asset (i) Current liability

Classification

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Classified Balance Sheet

Account form Report form

Balance Sheet - Format Balance Sheet - Format

Accounting Trends and Techniques—2004 (New York:

AICPA) indicates that all of the 600 companies surveyed use either the “report form” (506) or the “account

form” (94), sometimes collectively referred to as the

“customary form.”

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Contingencies

Accounting Policies

Contractual Situations Fair Values

Additional Information Reported Additional Information Reported

There are normally four types of information that are supplemental to account titles and amounts presented in the balance sheet:

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Parenthetical Explanations Notes

Cross-Reference and Contra Items Supporting Schedules

Terminology

Techniques of Disclosure Techniques of Disclosure

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Laporan Arus Kas Laporan Arus Kas

 Kegunaan:

 memberikan informasi yang memungkinkan para pengguna untuk mengevaluasi perubahan dalam aset bersih entitas, struktur

keuangan (likuiditas dan solvabilitas) dan kemampuan mempengaruhi jumlah serta waktu arus kas dalam rangka penyesuaian terhadap keadaan dan peluang yang berubah.

 menilai kemampuan entitas dalam menghasilkan kas dan setara kas dan memungkinkan para pengguna mengembangkan model untuk menilai dan membandingkan nilai sekarang dari arus kas masa

depan (future cash flows) dari berbagai entitas.

 meningkatkan daya banding pelaporan kinerja operasi berbagai entitas

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 Bunga

 Beban bunga dapat disajikan sebagai arus kas operasi atau pendanaan

 Pendapatan bunga dapat disajikan sebagai arus kas operasi atau investasi

 Dividen

 Dividen yang dibayarkan dapat disajikan sebagai arus kas operasi atau pendanaan

 Pendapatan dividen dapat disajikan sebagai arus kas operasi atau investasi

PSAK 1

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

Untuk penyajian metode tidak langsung :

 Pembayaran bunga disajikan dengan metode langsung

 Pajak panghasilan disajikan dengan metode langsung

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Laporan Arus Kas - ED Laporan Arus Kas - ED

 A r u s k a s yang berasal dari beberapa transaksi serta keuntungan atau kerugian dari transaksi

tersebut.

 Dihapuskan

 Penyesuaian atas laba atau rugi termasuk berasal dari

hak minoritas dalam laba/rugi konsolidasi. (metode tidak langsung)

 Arus kas dari pos luar biasa.

PSAK 1

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Laporan Arus Kas - ED Laporan Arus Kas - ED

 Arus kas dari pelepasan kepemilikan pada entitas anak yang tidak mengakibatkan hilangnya

pengendalian.

 Arus kas dari transaksi tersebut diakui sebagai arus kas pendanaan.

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The Statement of Cash Flows The Statement of Cash Flows

One of the three basic objectives of financial reporting is

“assessing the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows.”

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To provide relevant information about the cash

receipts and cash payments of an enterprise during a period.

The statement provides answers to the following questions:

1. Where did the cash come from?

2. What was the cash used for?

3. What was the change in the cash balance?

Purpose of the Statement

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Three different activities:

Operating, Content and Format

Investing, Financing

Illustration 5-24

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Content and Format

Operating Operating

Cash inflows and outflows from

operations.

Investing Investing

Cash inflows and outflows from non-current assets.

Financing Financing

Cash inflows and outflows from non-current liabilities and equity.

The statement’s value is that it helps users evaluate liquidity, solvency, and financial flexibility.

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Information obtained from several sources:

(1) comparative balance sheets,

(2) the current income statement, and (3) selected transaction data.

Preparation

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Preparation

Statement of Cash Flow (in thousands) Operating activities

Net income $ 40,000

Increase in accounts receivable (10,000) Increase in accounts payable 5,000 Depreciation expense 40,000 Cash flow from operations 75,000 Investing activities

Purchase of equipment (8,000) Financing activities

Proceeds from notes payable 20,000 Dividends paid (5,000)

Cash flow from financing 15,000 Increase in cash $ 82,000

Noncash credit to revenues.

Noncash charge to expenses.

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Issuance of common stock to purchase assets.

Conversion of bonds into common stock.

Issuance of debt to purchase assets.

Exchanges on long-lived assets.

Additional Information Reported Additional Information Reported

Significant financing and investing activities

that do not affect cash are reported in either a separate schedule at the bottom of the

statement of cash flows or in the notes.

Examples include:

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High amount - company able to generate sufficient cash to pay its bills.

Low amount - company may have to borrow or issue equity securities to pay bills.

Usefulness of the Statement of Cash Flows Usefulness of the Statement of Cash Flows

Without cash, a company will not survive.

Cash flow from Operations:

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Ratio indicates whether the company can pay off its current liabilities from its operations. A ratio near 1:1 is good.

Financial Liquidity

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities

Average Current Liabilities Current Cash

Debt Coverage Ratio ⁼

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This ratio indicates a company’s ability to repay its liabilities from net cash provided by operating

activities, without having to liquidate the assets employed in its operations.

Financial Flexibility

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities

Average Total Liabilities Cash Debt

Coverage

Ratio ⁼

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The amount of discretionary cash flow a company has for purchasing additional investments, retiring its

debt, purchasing treasury stock, or simply adding to its liquidity.

Free Cash Flow

Illustration 5-34

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Aset held for sale Aset held for sale

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Ref : PSAK 58 Jumadi

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Main References Main References

 Intermediate Accounting

Kieso, Weygandt, Walfield, 13th edition, John Wiley

 Standar Akuntansi Keuangan

Dewan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan, IAI, Penerbit Salemba 4

 International Financial Reporting Standards – Certificate Learning Material

The Institute of Chartered Accountants, England and Wales