Terminologi
Anatomi
PRINSIP UMUM PENAMAAN
• SATU NAMA UNTUK SATU STRUKTUR
(KADANG-KADANG ADA PENGECUAIAN)
• HARUS ADA DALAM DAFTAR NOMINA ANATOMICA, BOLEH DITERJEMAHKAN
• MENUNJUKKAN BENTUK/LETAK/ FUNGSI (ADA NILAI DISKRIPTIFNYA)
• HINDARI EPONIM PENGGUNAAN NAMA ORANG SEPERTI TUBA EUSTACHII ATAU
TUBA FALLOPII
Posisi Anatomi
• SEMUA DESKRIPSI
DIEKSPRESIKAN DALAM
HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN POSISI ANATOMI.
• POSISI ANATOMI/SIKAP ANATOMI
TUBUH BERDIRI TEGAK
KEPALA, KEDUA MATA, KEDUA IBU JARI KAKI MENGHADAP
LURUS KE DEPAN
KEDUA LENGAN DI SAMPING TUBUH DENGAN TELAPAK TANGAN MENHADAP KE DEPAN.
Body Planes, Sections, and
Cavitites
Body planes
• Body is 3D
• Can be split into three planes
– Sagittal – Coronal
– Transverse
• Anatomical Plane and section.
– Perpendicular to long axis.
- Transversal = horizontal = cross sectional.
– Paralel to long axis.
- Sagital. Sagital section separate right and left of body portion at equal size.
- Parasagital . Para sagital separate right and left body portion at
anequal size.
- Frontal = coronal section separate anterior and posterior of the body
Sagittal Plane
• Plane splitting the body into two parts (left and right)
• Sagittal section is a cut made longitudinally
along the body
• If it splits into two equal parts = midsagittal
Coronal Plane
• Plane which splits body into anterior and posterior
section
• Ie. Facelift
Transverse Plane
• Separates body along horizontal plane
• Also called a cross section
• Will divide an organism into
superior and inferior parts
Body Cavities
Cavities
• Opening within body which protects internal organs, and allows
transfer of
materials/information
• 2 Divisions – Dorsal – Ventral
Dorsal Cavities
• Made up of two smaller cavities
• 1) Cranial Cavity – holds and protects brain
• 2) Spinal Cavity – column which runs through vertebra and protects spinal chord
Ventral Cavities
• Divided into two cavities
• 1) Thoracic – chest area (holds heart,
lungs, and diaphragm)
• 2) Abdominopelvic – lower torso (holds digestive and
reproductive organs)
Directional.
– Anterior = front ---- navel is on the anterior the trunk.
– Ventral = belly side ---- navel is on the ventral surface.
– Posterior = behind ---- spine is on the posterior of the body.
– Dorsal = back = behind.
– Cranial = toward the head --- Chest is cranial to the abdomen.
– Superior = above ( when referring to standing human body superior is equivalent to cranial)
– Caudal = toward the tail --- the hips are caudal to the waist.
– Inferior = below; at a lower level. --- the knees are inferior to hips.
– Medial = toward the mid line – Lateral = away from midline
– Proximal = toward the central of the body
– Distal = away from the central of the body.
– Superficial = toward body surface.
– Profundus = away from body surface.
Proximal
Distal
Cranial
Caudal
Superficial
Profundus
nnnnnnnnnnnn
Abreviation
a. = arteri = artery v. = vena = vein
n. = nervus = nerve m. = musculus = muscle aa. = arteriae = arteries av. = venae = veins aw. = musculi = muscles ax. = nervi = nerves.
Terminologi Struktur
• Bagian yang meninggi :
– Tuber =bulatan yang menonjol – Tuberculum =tuber kecil
– Tuberositas =tuber dg permukaan kasar
– Condylus =bulatan besar pd ujung tulang yg bersendi
– Epicondylus =bulatan kecil di atas condylus
• Spina =bangunan spt duri
• Processus =istilah umum utk tonjolan
• Crista =pinggiran tajam
• Labium =pinggiran berbentuk bibir
• Pecten =pinggiran memanjang
• eminentia =daerah yg meninggi
• Cornu =bagian yg spt tanduk
• Caput =bagian ujung yg membulat
• Capitulum =caput kecil
Bagian yang cekung
• Fovea =cekungan
• Foveola =cekungan kecil
• Impressio =cekungan akb penekanan
• Fissura =celah
• Incissura =takik
• Sulcus =parit
• Fossa =dataran cekung
• Fossula =fossa kecil
Istilah utk lubang
• Apertura =lubang masuk suatu rongga
• Osteum =saluran ke dlm rongga lain
• Orificium
• Foramen
• Foramina
• Porus
Istilah utk saluran/pipa
• Vas
• Canalis
• Canaliculus
• Ductus
• Ductulus
• Tuba
• Tubulus
• Meatus
Istilah utk rongga
• Sinus =rongga tertutup berisi udara
• Celullae =kumpulan rongga2 kecil
• Cavum =rongga yg berhub dg rongga lain
• Cavitas =cavum kecil
Movements
– Flexion – Extension
– Hyperextension – Adduction
– Abduction – Prontaion – Supination – Retraction – Protraction – Elevation – Depression – Rotation
– Circumduction – External Rotation – Internal Rotation – Inversion
– Eversion – Dorsiflexion – Plantarflexion – Radial Deviation – Ulnar Deviation – Opposition
Movements
Flexion
• Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones
– In the Fetal Position we are flexing our joints
Extension
• Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones
– In the Anatomical Position we are extending our joints
Hyperextension
• Excessive extension of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position.
Flexion / Extension / Hyperextension
Movements
Adduction
• Moving a body part
towards the midline of the body
Abduction
• Moving a body part away from the midline of the
body
Movements
Pronation
• Turning the arm or foot downward
• (palm or sole of the foot - down)
• Prone
Supination
• Turning the arm or foot upward
• (palm or sole of the foot - up)
• Supine
Movements
Retraction
• Moving a part backward
Protraction
• Moving a part forward
Elevation
• Raising a part Depression
• Lowering a part
Movements
Rotation
• Turning on a single axis Circumduction
• Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder
Internal rotation
• Rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline
External rotation
• Rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline
Movements
Lateral Flexion
• Side-bending left or
right
Movements
of the Foot Inversion• Turning the sole of the foot inward
Eversion
• Turning the sole of the foot outward
Dorsiflexion
• Ankle movement bringing the foot towards the shin Plantarflexion
• Ankle movement pointing the foot downward
Regional Terms
Medical Terminologi
Root = Kata Dasar
• Umumnya bahasa Latin
• Umumnya di dapat dari Anatomi
• Diberikan per sistem secara garis besar
Root
(example: systema digestivus)
• Glandula saliva
• Esophagus
• Gaster
• Hepar
• Lien
• Pancreas
• Intestinum
• dst
Prefix = awalan
Yang umum ditemukan :
• Kata-kata arah ( ab-, ad-, dst)
• Kata-kata jumlah ( mono-, bi-, pan-, mega-)
• Kata-kata yg menunjukkan warna (rubra, flava, alba, grisea)
• Kondisi : eu-, dys-, iso-,osmo-
Suffix
• -stasis
• -lysis
• -plasia
• -itis
• -phagia
• dst
Conversion of Suffix.
Single to plural
us i
musculus ---- musculi um a
ligamentum --- ligamenta a ae.
vena --- venae
Examples:
terminologi Prefix Root Suffix
osteophorosis ossa phoros
is
gastritis gaster itis
bicephal bi cephal
QUIZ
1. Hip __________________________
2. Hip __________________________
3. Hip __________________________
Knee ________________________
Ankle ________________________
4. Wrist _________________________
(a) __________________________
(b) __________________________
5. Hip __________________________
Knee ________________________
Ankle ________________________
6. Forearm (a) ___________________
Forearm (b) ___________________
7. Shoulder ______________________
8. Shoulder ______________________
9. Jaw __________________________
10. Shoulder ______________________
1. Hip _Abduction_________________
2. Hip _Adduction_________________
3. Hip _Flexion___________________
Knee _Extension________________
Ankle _Plantarflexion____________
4. Wrist _Extension________________
(a) _Hyperextension_____________
(b) _Flexion____________________
5. Hip _Flexion___________________
Knee _Flexion__________________
Ankle _Dorsiflexion______________
6. Forearm (a) _Supination__________
Forearm (b) _Pronation__________
7. Shoulder _Circumduction_________
8. Shoulder _Elevation_____________
9. Jaw _Protraction________________
10. Shoulder _Rotation______________
Range of Motion
QUIZ
1. Red arrow : 2. Blue arrow 3. Green arrow
4. The areas on the front and back of the hand are
A. Palmar and dorsal B. Dorsal and distal C. Dorsal and distal
D. Proximal and palmar E. Distal and proximal
5. The areas of the hand which are closer to the body are referred to as
_____ and those further away are referred to as ______ respectively.
A.distal and proximal B.Dorsal and proximal C.Proximal and distal D.Palmar and distal E.Cranial and caudal
6. The Transverse Plane divide the body into _______ and ______ portions
choose the MOST correct answer below
A. Top and bottom
B. Posterior and anterior C. Superior and inferior D. Proximal and distal E. Lateral and medial
7. The coronal plane divides the body into _____ and _____portions
A. Left and right
B. Posterior and anterior C. Above and below
D. Medial and proximal E. Dorsal and caudal
8. The terms used to describe areas that are, for instance, close to the
surface of the skin or further inside the body are ______ and _______ .
A. Superficial and profundus B. Dorsal and ventral
C. Cranial and caudal D. Palmar and dorsal
E. Anterior and posterior
Selamat
Belajar
.• A 32-year-old woman delivered a large (4800 g) baby vaginally after some difficulty with her
labor. Her prenatal course was complicated by diabetes, which occurred during pregnancy. At delivery, the infant’s head emerged, but the
shoulders were “stuck” behind the maternal symphysis pubis, requiring the obstetrician to apply some effort and maneuvers to free up the infant’s shoulders and complete the delivery.
The infant was noted to have a good cry and pink color but was not moving its right arm.
• What is the most likely diagnosis?
• What is the most likely etiology for this condition?
• What is the likely anatomical
mechanism for this disorder?
• Compression of the brachial plexus cords may occur with prolonged hyperabduction
• while performing overhead tasks. The
hyperabduction syndrome of pain down the arm, paresthesia, hand weakness, and skin redness, may result from compression of the cords between the coracoid process and pectoralis minor. An axillary-type
crutch that is too long can compress the
posterior cord, leading to radial nerve palsy.
• Injury to the lateral cord of the brachial plexus will also injure its continuation, the
musculocutaneous nerve. Which of the following findings would you observe in a patient with this injury?
A. Weakness of abduction of the arm at the shoulder
B. Weakness of adduction of the arm at the shoulder
C. Weakness of extension of the forearm at the elbow
D. Weakness of flexion of the forearm at the elbow E. Weakness of supination of the forearm and
hand
