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Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a
Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Language and Literature
By:
Andi Aroro Rossy
11211141002
ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY
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Fairy tales are more than true:
not because they tell us that dragons exist,
but because they tell us that dragons can be beaten.
-
G. K. Chesterton
“Everyone is fighting a battle
you know nothing about.
Be kind, always.”
-
Anonymous
“Effort is always rewarded.”
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I dedicated this thesis to
My beloved mom,
Widhyastuti
My tough dad,
Purnianto
My precious
friends
Myself
and
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writing of this thesis, so that this thesis could finally be completed. This thesis would not have been possible to be finished without the help of many people. Therefore, I would like to express my gratitude towards those people.
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to Titik Sudartinah, M. A. and Niken Anggraeni M. A. my first and second supervisors who played a big role in this research for their continuous and valuable guidance, advice, and encouragement in completing this thesis. Further, I also thank all lecturers at the English Education Department of the Faculty of Languages and Arts, Yogyakarta State University, who taught and gave guidance to me during my study at this university.
My gratitude is also devoted to my beloved parents, Purnianto and Widhyastuti, who always attempt to provide everything I need. I thank them for their love, patience, and trust so that I can finish my thesis. My gratitude also goes to my sister and my grandmother, who accompanied me while finishing my study in this city.
I am very grateful to have Wildan Bilal Al-Qudsy and Riusly Pratomo as my triangulators. I thank them for their help during the process of accomplishing this thesis and for their encouragement and motivation.
I would like to express my love to members of English Literature A 2011 (Sintha, Dwis, Endah, Fajar, Arik, Dion, Enta‘, Nanda, Fahma, Efa, Farid) for the friendship, togetherness, and support during our study.
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And all of the people who have sincerely helped me finish my thesis, all of whom I cannot mention one by one, God knows how grateful I am to receive their help.
Hopefully, this thesis will be useful for the readers. Furthermore, I do realize that due to my limited ability, this thesis is far from perfection. Therefore, I welcome any suggestions, comments, and criticisms for the improvement of this thesis.
Yogyakarta, October 17, 2016
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RATIFICATION ... ii
PERNYATAAN ... iii
MOTTO ... iv
DEDICATION ... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix
LIST OF TABLE AND FIGURE ... xii
ABSTRACT ... xiii
CHAPTER I A. Background of the Research ... 1
B. The Research Focus ... 4
C. The Formulation of the Problems ... 5
D. Objectives of the Research ... 6
E. Significance of the Research ... 6
CHAPTER II A. Theoretical Description ... 32
1. Stylistics ... 32
2. Figures of Speech ... 34
a. Types of Figures of Speech ... 35
1) Figures of Speech by Comparison ... 35
a) Metaphor ... 36
b) Simile ... 37
c) Personification... 38
d) Apostrophe ... 39
2) Figures of Speech by Association ... 40
a) Metonymy ... 40
b) Synecdoche ... 40
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c) Hyperbole ... 44
d) Litotes ... 44
b. Functions of Figures of Speech ... 45
1) To give imaginative pleasure ... 46
2) To bring an additional imagery ... 46
3) To add emotional intensity ... 47
4) To concrete the meaning in a brief compass ... 48
3. Coraline ... 49
B. Previous Research ... 52
C. Conceptual Framework ... 53
CHAPTER III A. Types of the Research ... 55
B. Form, Context, and Source of Data ... 56
C. Research Instrument ... 56
D. Technique of Data Collection ... 58
E. Technique of Data Analysis ... 59
F. Trustworthiness ... 60
CHAPTER IV A. Findings ... 39
B. Discussion ... 42
1. Types of Figures of Speech by Comparison ... 42
a. Metaphor ... 42
b. Simile ... 47
c. Personification ... 51
d. Apostrophe ... 55
1. Function of Figures of Speech by Comparison ... 56
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A. Conclusions ... 71
B. Suggestions ... 74
REFERENCES ... 75
APPENDIX ... 75
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Table 1. Example Data sheet of Types and Functions of Figures of Speech
by Comparison in Coraline
34 Table 2. Types and Functions of Figures of Speech by
Comparison
in Coraline
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xiii 11211141002
ABSTRACT
This research is under the issue of stylistics approach since it explores the figures of speech applied in Coraline novel. It is aimed at identifying the types and functions of figures of speech by comparison in the novel.
This research applied descriptive qualitative method. However, to support the interpretation, the researcher also applied quantitative approach in processing the data. The forms of the data were the dialogues of all characters and expressions of the narration in Neil Gaiman‘s Coraline which contains figures of speech by comparison. In this research, textual analysis was used in the analysis of data. Triangulation was used to establish the reliability of data, and to ensure the findings so that it can enhance trustworthiness.
The researcher found that there are four types of figures of speech by comparison proposed by Perrine which are applied by Neil Gaiman in Coraline novel. Those types are simile (79 data), personification (46 data), metaphor (15 data), and apostrophe (1 datum). The author only applies one apostrophe because of its complexity. The most frequently used type of figures of speech by comparison is simile. The writer used simile often to give a better picture of a certain situation or characteristic of a certain character. Bringing additional imagery and giving imaginative pleasure are the main functions of the use of figures of speech by comparison in Coraline novel because figures of speech
often make concrete understanding and pleasure in readers‘ mind. However, there are also other functions. Those are giving imaginative pleasure, adding emotional intensity, and concreting meaning in a brief compass.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTIONA. Background of the Research
In daily life, people share their thought, ideas, and expression through direct communication or, nowadays, through plenty social media. They may share their thought and express their emotion with language in their communication. Without language, people might have difficulties to deliver their message to others. Each person has their own style to use language.
Style refers to the selection of linguistic forms to convey social artistic effects. Etymologically, style comes from the word stilus (Latin) which means a sharp pointed device to write. Keraf (1984: 112) defines language style as a particular way to express an idea or concept through language use. A style is choices made by a particular author in a particular text to bring out a particular genre inside the text (Leech & Short, 2007: 31).
One type of text which becomes people‘s favour because it is interesting and entertaining is novel. Novel is a medium that distributes a long printed story, which mostly tells about imaginary characters and events. Novel is one of important parts of human life. Novel, also, becomes one of sources of entertainment, education, and knowledge. How the writers put their language style inside their novel will help the readers to dissolve in a world of imagination.
one reason for readers to keep reading page by page of a single novel. Plot can be looked up from literature point of view. In linguistics, the words chosen by a particular author hold a significant role. This could be the author‘s style in writing his/her novel to give stronger feeling or more vivid imagery in each plot.
The style of a novel can be analyzed from linguistic point of view through stylistics. The analysis is under four general headings: lexical categories, grammatical categories, figures of speech, and cohesion and context (Leech and
Short, 2007: 61). They consider figures of speech as one of the categories because exploitation of regularities of formal patterning or language deviation shows the aesthetic values in a novel. Thus, figures of speech become an important element in a novel.
There are three types of figures of speech: comparison, association, and contrast. Comparison is assessed by comparing features of a certain thing with another thing‘s features. Association is understood from how two matters have a
relation. Contrast used to compare how some things may differ between them. An interesting language style with figures of speech is presented in Coraline by British author Neil Gaiman, published in 2002. It is a children's novel
with gothic genre. It has been compared to Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and was adapted into a 2009 stop-motion film. Gaiman himself stated
in ―Why I Wrote Caroline‖ section in Coraline that he wanted this novel to have a
girl as a heroine, and he wanted it to be refreshingly creepy.
floor of a very old house. Two elderly retired actresses live on the ground floor. Then an old and quite strange man, who says he is training a mouse circus, lives in the flat above Coraline's family.
In this novel, the researcher is interested in finding the figures of speech by comparison which creates a sublime effect while she was reading it. The comparison also provides detail information so the readers might have a vivid imagery on how certain things happened in the story.
Here is an example of figures of speech by Comparison from Emily Dickinson‘s poem entitled ―There is no Frigate like a Book‖.
―There is no Frigate like a Book To take us Lands away‖
- Emily Dickinson
That is one of a metaphor example in a poem There is no Frigate like a Book by Emily Dickinsion. That line compares a frigate to a book. It brings
additional imagery that reading a book has the same function like the readers cruise on a frigate, that readers might travel anywhere they want to go with it.
B. The Research Focus
There are some problems that can be identified as the problem of stylistic study; they are lexical categories, grammatical categories, figures of speech, and cohesion and context (Leech and Short, 2007: 61).
The first category is lexical category. It is deals with how the vocabulary in a prose delivered: simple or complex, formal or informal, descriptive or evaluative, general or specific (Leech and Short, 2007: 61). Those can be seen
through the noun, verb, adjective, and adverb used by a particular writer in their prose.
The second category is grammatical categories. A prose may use any grammatical construction as a special effect in it (Leech and Short, 2007: 62-63). Sentence type counted as one point to analyze grammatical categories in a prose. Clause type and clause structure are favoured in clause criteria. Noun phrase, verb phrase, and word classes are also considered as in grammatical matter.
The third category is figures of speech. Leech and Short consider figures of speech as useful category in conducting analysis on literary works (2007: 64). There are some classifications of figures of speech. Those are comparison, association, and contrast.
This research is concerned with the analysis of the use of figures of speech in Coraline, especially figures of speech by comparison. The researcher found out that the readers might have problems with extent figures of speech by comparison used by the writer. The readers cannot determine to what type of figures of speech by comparison written in the novel. The function and meaning of using figures of speech by comparison aroused curiosity. Whereas a writer must be have certain meaning and function of using their style in their work. Therefore, the researcher found it necessary to find the answer of what kind of style used by Gaiman to captivate his readers‘ attention.
Many classifications can be analyzed under this category; thus, the researcher decides to make some limitations of boundaries to make it easier for her to collect data and analyze the data findings. The focus of this research is the use of comparison in Coraline by Neil Gaiman. The meaning of using comparison and the function of using it are also taken as research focus.
This research upon a novel with gothic genre is an interesting topic because there are not many researchers conducting a study on the novel Coraline. This novel is best chosen to be the object of the research because it is a novel about mystery and adventure, and the researcher also finds it perfect to be analyzed by using stylistic approach.
C. The Formulation of the Problems
1. What types of figures of speech by comparison are used in Coraline novel by Neil Gaiman?
2. What is the function of using figures of speech by comparison in Coraline novel by Neil Gaiman?
D. Objectives of the Research
According to research focus, this research has two objectives, and they are:
1. to find out type of figures of speech by comparison are used in Coraline novel by Neil Gaiman, and
2. to describe the function of using figures of speech by comparison in Coraline novel by Neil Gaiman.
E. Significance of the Research
By conducting this research, the researcher expects that the results of this study can be beneficial in the following ways.
1. Theoretically, the research finding will enrich the research in linguistic field, especially in stylistics. It is expected that this research may give additional information to linguistics researchers dealing with the study of figures of speech and stylistics.
2. Practically, the findings will be useful for:
Students have an example of stylistic analysis of the use of comparison because they have limited explanation in their study program and can be their source in conducting similar research.
b. Lecturers of English Language and Literature study program
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter attempts to discuss all literature related to the research. The discussion covers stylistics, figures of speech, function of figures of speech, and Coraline. Some related previous studies are also discussed as references for this
research. Conceptual framework is given to show the system of ideas of this research.
A. Theoretical Description
1. Stylistics
According to Leech and Short (2007: 9) style refers to the way in which language is used in a given context, by a given person, for a given purpose. Style in a literary work such as a novel may show the writer‘s ‗thumbprint‘, a mark of
the writer‘s habit in writing his work. For literary works, style can be used to
reflect the genres, individuals, period, or language (Lehman, 1996: 303).A linguistic study upon style is called stylistics. Stylistics can also be a method of interpreting a text in which the most important thing for the study is assigned to language (Simpson, 2004: 2)
Every analysis of style is an attempt to find the artistic principles underlying a writer‘s choice of language (Leech and Short, 2007: 69). All writers
analyze different texts. Researcher has to have consciousness towards analyzing the artistic effect using linguistic details that fit into the text.
Then, it is useful to have a list of features which may or may not be significant in a given text to be analyzed. Leech and Short (2007: 61) states that the list of categories are placed under four general headings: lexical categories, figures of speech, grammatical categories, and cohesion and context.
In general matter, lexical category deals with vocabulary, morpheme, and semantics (Leech and Short, 2007: 61). It wants to find out how far the writer might inspire his readers‘ feeling through his vocabulary choices, formality, and
text type. A lexical category may be used to find out how choice of words carries various types of meaning in a text.
Leech and Short (2007: 63) wrote that features of figures of speech are foregrounded by virtue of departing in some way from general norms of communication by means of the language code, for example the exploitation of regularities of formal or grammatical patterning and deviations from the linguistic code.
Grammatical patterning means obeying the rules of grammar about how words change their form and combines with other words to make sentences. Therefore to make sure that the thought inside a sentence is delivered well, writer must show grammatical features.
and subordination (Wright and Hope, 2005: 127). Those devices make a link between clauses to produce a meaning. Meanwhile, the external relations of a text or part of it are considered by context. Context sees a text as a discourse that presupposes a social relation among the author, reader, and character, and as a shared medium of knowledge and assumptions between the participants. Those can be seen through the words or thought of the characters.
2. Figures of Speech
Perrine (1965: 65) says that figures of speech should not be taken literally only. It is because figures of speech make the speaker express something in a non-ordinary way. The purpose of figures of speech is to give another meaning into one thing being said.
Meanwhile, Znamenskaya (2004: 193) writes in her book that figures of speech are stylistic devices which include schemes, tropes, and other syntactical expressive means like foreign words and neologisms. For identifying features in figures of speech, tropes and schemes are often useful categories. A linguistic reinterpretation of the traditional distinction between schemes and tropes is given by Leech (1969: 74-76). He defines schemes as ‗foregrounded repetitions of expression‘ and tropes as ‗foregrounded irregularities of content‘. Further
information is presented as follows.
repetition, like anaphora, and rhetorical effect of antithesis. Besides, phonological schemes consider phonological patterns of rhyme, alliteration, and assonance. These also presuppose the interaction of phonological features with meaning. The example can be found in many advertisements such as in Colgate toothpaste advertisement: The Flavor's Fresher than ever. This statement has alliteration, repetition of the same consonant.
Tropes alter the meaning of a word or phrase to create a particular mental image such as metaphors and similes (Simpson, 2004: 41). This alteration, also, might make a neologism which violates a linguistic code and invents a new word. Linguistic deviation can be a valuable clue to interpret the meaning of figures of speech.
a. Types of Figures of Speech
According to Perrine (1969: 65), figures of speech are any way of saying something other than the ordinary way, and he has classified it into three categories. The first one is figures of speech by comparison, which are metaphor, simile, apostrophe, and personification. Second, there are figures of speech by association which consist of metonymy, synecdoche, symbol, and allegory. The last classification is figures of speech by contrast which include paradox, irony, hyperbole, and litotes.
1) Figures of Speech by Comparison
readers easily understand the feeling described in the text. The figures of speech by comparison are presented as follows.
a) Metaphor
Metaphor comes from Greek which means carrying from one place to another. Glucksberg (2001: 4) states that metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is substituted to an object or action different from its literally applicable meaning. Also, it may be considered as a representative of abstract concept which cannot be easily described. To make this comparison, there must be some similarities between the two objects compared. Metaphor puts characteristics of a concrete object into a more abstract thing. It helps reader have a new perspective of one object by comparing it to another object.
The comparison between two objects in metaphor is implied or indirect (Perrine, 1969: 65).That means that the metaphorical word is closely connected with the literal term. It does not use any connector to compare the two objects. The researcher finds this in Sylvia Plath‘s poem entitled Metaphors (Perrine,
1969: 187):
I‘m a riddle in nine syllables, An elephant, a ponderous house, A melon strolling on two tendrils.
just like a riddle. A researcher can see metaphor of the word ―metaphors‖ which substituted into a riddle.
b) Simile
Metaphor and simile are both used as a means of comparing things that are essentially unlike (Perrine, 1969: 65). In simile, the comparison is expressed directly by the use of a connector word. Ortony via Glucksberg (2001: 29) says that metaphor is an indirect comparison, while a simile is a direct comparison. Simile is a type of figures of speech which compares two things with the use of connector words so the readers can easily understand the comparison (Gill, 2004: 25). Connector words that are usually used in simile are ‗like‘, ‗as‘, ‗than‘, ‗similar to‘, ‗resembles‘, and ‗seems‘.
Simile is easily found in daily speeches such as ―Jane is as slow as a
snail.‖ Snails are notorious for their slow move and here the slowness of Jane is compared to that of a snail. The use of ―as‖ in the example helps connecting the
similarity. The use of simile in literature can be seen, for instance, in Robert Burns‘ A Red, Red Rose poem (Literary Devices Editors, 2013):
O my Luve‘s like a red, red rose That‘s newly sprung in June; O my Luve‘s like the melodie That‘s sweetly played in tune.
The speaker says that his love is alike to a fresh red rose that blossoms in spring. Also, his love is similar to a pleasant and sweet melody that is well-played to be enjoyed.
Therefore, the use of similes makes it easier for the readers to understand the subject matter in a text. Like metaphors, similes also offer variety in people‘s
ways of thinking and offers new perspectives of viewing the world. c) Personification
Personification gives the attributes of a human being to an animal, an object, or a concept (Perrine, 1969: 67). In accordance with Perrine, Kovecses (2002: 35) says personification occurs when human qualities are put into a word or phrase to non-human entities. It gives more sense of imagination to non-human entities in a text because they are lack of human traits. An animal, an object, or a concept can be described like having human‘s actions or emotions.
Kennedy (1979: 495) adds some description that personification delivers a dramatic effect when non-human entities are given the human qualities. Author hoped that the readers can feel the excitement when they notice a comparison of human characteristics into non-human object or abstract concept. The readers can imagine the non-human object becoming alive with human characteristics.
Perrine (1969: 187) puts an example of Personification in his book Sound and Sense. It is a poem entitled Meeting at Night by Robert Browning:
The gray sea and the long black land; And the yellow half-moon large and low: And the startled little waves that leap In fiery ringlets from their sleep, As I gain the cove with pushing prow, And quench its speech i‘ the slushy sand.
On the third line of the poem, the speaker feels the emotion of ―the startled
little waves‖. Waves mean a raised line of water which moves across the surface
emotion, such as being surprised and worried, because emotion is possessed by human.
Personification adds vividness to an expression as readers can look at their world from a human perspective. A writer relies on personification to bring inanimate things to life, so that their nature is understood in a better way, because it is easier for readers to relate to something that is human or that possesses human traits.
d) Apostrophe
Closely related to personification is apostrophe. Johnson (1986: 185) states that apostrophe is when a speaker puts voice, life, and human ability into the addressee. It is a figure of speech which addresses someone absent, dead, or something non-human as if that person or thing were present and could reply (Perrine, 1969: 67). Through apostrophe readers may feel the presence of the absent and dead, also imagine that non-human things can react to the summons.
Personification and apostrophe are both ways of giving feeling and immediacy to the speaker‘s language. However, apostrophe does not need more
imaginative power to describe it. It is used to make clear of a speaker‘s thought to
someone absent, dead, non-human, or abstract thing.
By apostrophe, a speaker in a text has a power to call someone who is absent or dead. It can be seen from James Joyce‘s poem entitled I hear an Army in
Perrine‘s Sound and Sense (1969: 188) like:
In this poem, the speaker repeatedly calls his beloved who has departed this life. He mentioned her by saying my heart and my love for couple of times. He does it as his beloved one may hear it and make a response to his complaint though his beloved is not present. Apostrophe allows calling someone in their absence as he or she may hear and reply to it.
2) Figures of Speech by Association
This figure of speech gives references to words used out of literal meaning by relating it to words which has a close meaning to it by context. There are four types of figures of speech by association described as follows.
a) Metonymy
Gibbs via Glucksberg (2001: 6) states that a metonymic expression can function as metaphors when it involves transference by bridging or mapping between the abstract and the concrete. As examples from Glucksberg (2001: 6) are the substitution of bench for the law, car bomb for terrorism, pen for a writer, and oval office for the presidency. When a referring expression functions solely to
identify an entity and nothing more, then it is not considered metaphoric. Leech (1969: 69) argued that metonymy associates the name of one thing into something else. It is functioned to connect a name of thing in people‘s mind with something else.
b) Synecdoche
both synecdoche and metonymy have a common characteristic which is replacing something refers to one of its parts or replacing something that is a part (1968: 150). For instance is wheels for automobile as in she’s really proud of her new wheels. Here the word wheels is representing an automobile because wheels are
part of automobile. Perrine (1969: 70) showed other examples such as hands for the manual workers, highbrow for a sophisticate, tongues for languages, and a
boiling kettle for the water in the kettle.
c) Symbol
Symbol is a word that points to or stands for more meaning than its literal meaning (Gill, 2004: 30). There are two kinds of symbol, i.e. traditional and new symbol. Traditional symbol has been existed since a long time ago and has been recognized by most people. Meanwhile, new symbol is originally created by a literary man.
An example is taken from Robert Frost‘s poem entitled The Road Not
Taken (Perrine, 1969: 83) here:
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveller, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth;
This poem concerns about a person out walking himself in the woods and finds two roads of which he has to choose one. ―Roads‖ here is a symbol for choices in life that look attractive but through years it will have a large difference on experience. The meaning of ―roads‖ can be perceived after reading and
may put their personal experience while interpreting. Whatever readers‘
interpretation of a symbol, it must be tied up firmly to the facts of the poem. d) Allegory
Allegory (Perrine, 1969: 91) is less popular in modern literature than it was in medieval writing. Allegory is a narrative or description that has a second meaning beneath the surface. The forms of allegory can be seen in a story, a play, a poem, a picture or other works in which the characters and events represent particular qualities or ideas such as morality, religion or politics.
One of the famous literary works on allegory is Animal Farm by George Orwell (Literary Devices Editors, 2013). It is an allegory that uses animals on a farm to describe the overthrow of the Communist Revolution of Russia before WW I. The actions of the animals on the farm are used to expose the greed and corruption of the revolution. It also describes how powerful people can change the ideology of a society.
3) Figures of Speech by Contrast
This figure of speech is used to emphasize the meaning or sense of words by contrasting it to other words. Paradox, irony, hyperbole, and litotes are types of figures of speech by contrast.
a) Paradox
self-contradictory and even absurd, but may contain an insight into life. The value of paradox is its shock value. At a glance it drags the reader‘s attention by its
absurdity which underlies a truth of what is being said. For example is the words in Gormenghast ―there are days when the living have no substance and the dead are active‖ (Leech and Short, 2007:114). This is paradox because it two directly
opposed concepts, life and death. It changes meaning with each other.
b) Irony
Irony is often confused with satire and sarcasm, but it can be used with either a satirical or sarcastic intent (McArthur, 1996: 523). It is because irony is often used as a device for sarcasm and satire. Sarcasm, which in Greek means ‗to
tear a flesh‘, has an intention to wound feelings. It is simply a bitter or cutting
speech. Satire is a way of criticizing people or idea in a humorous way. Katz (1998: 3) shares an example of irony. When one says ―what a fine friend‖ it
intends to convey that the friend is no good.
c) Hyperbole
The function of hyperbole in a text is to emphasize a certain point in an exaggerating way (Kovecses, 2002: 22). It is used to magnify a fact or emotion to make an emphasis of its importance. For instance is when one just meets a friend after a long time and says ―it has been ages since we met‖, the speakers may just
not see his friend for days or weeks. However ―ages‖ is used to exaggerate the
long wait.
Hyperbole is concerned with personal values and emotions that make a subjective exaggeration (Leech, 1968: 168). A writer over-states the truth for showing a certain interest. By using hyperbole, the writer makes common human feelings remarkable that they do not remain ordinary. This technique is employed to catch the reader‘s attention.
d) Litotes
It is paradoxical that one can emphasize truth either by overstating it or by understating it. Litotes or understatement is different from hyperbole. It does not exaggerate a point, it is instead saying less than what a speaker means (Perrine, 1969: 111).For instance, when one stops by a friend‘s neat house then one says
―your house is not unclean‖; he is actually stating something that is less than the
truth.
is an example from Robert Frost‘s poem entitled Fire and Ice from Literary
Devices Editor (2013):
To say that for destruction ice Is also great
And would suffice.
Frost first states that the destruction caused by the ice is a ―great‖ destruction. On
the next line he wrote an understatement that it ―would suffice‖, which is
opposing the first. ―Great‖ means something big in amount, size, or degree.
However, Frost said it is enough or not that much.
b. Functions of Figures of Speech
Figures of speech often provide more effective means of saying what a writer means than a direct statement. The functions of using figures of speech in a text are to create a fresh work, to emphasize certain part of the work, and to be an alternative from the usual denotation words. It means that the purpose of figures of speech is to make a sentence clearer and more colourful. Stanley (2007: 8) shares the same opinion upon the aim of figures of speech in a text. He mentions that it is to add force, to add a more vivid imagery, to add a stronger feeling, and to give an additional detail that makes a sentence more beautiful.
1) To give imaginative pleasure
Figures of speech give readers an ability to form pictures in their mind (Perrine, 1969: 71). Readers imagine the situation and action given in a text. Imagination forms in the mind through sudden leaps from one point to another. The sensation of these sudden leaps brings delight in seeing likenesses between unlike things.
Figures of speech afford the readers to make up their own imagination. People find pleasure when they read sentences in a literary work which describe how the character stares into the bright night sky full of stars and finds constellations, looks into the clouds and shapes it into animals, or dances in a royal ball in a splendid palace. People may put names into things after fancied resemblances like Queen Anne's lace which is a common name for a flowering plant Daucuscarota in America. It is because the flower resembles lace and the red flower in the center is thought to represent a blood droplet where Queen Anne pricked herself with a needle when she was making the lace. Therefore figures of speech are satisfying by providing itself with a source of pleasure in the exercise of the imagination of the readers.
2) To bring an additional imagery
For instance, Tennyson writes how his eagle falls in his poem The Eagle(Perrine, 1969: 71) here:
The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls; He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls.
These lines show how the eagle targets on his prey. It swoops down for his prey in charged with full energy, speed, and power. Tennyson objectifies imaginative eeagle by presenting it in visual terms. Thus, it can be seen that figures of speech may multiply the appeal of a literary work.
3) To add emotional intensity
Figures of speech are a way of adding emotional intensity to otherwise merely informative statement (Perrine, 1969: 71). They also convey attitudes along with the information. It is often that figures of speech are used to express an abstract matter into a concrete sense. These not only give creative expressions, but also provide beauty and emotional intensity.
When one says ―my stomach is killing me‖, the meaning is as much
emotive as informative. It does not literally mean he is killed by his stomach. However he feels so much pain that the same compare it to the hurt of being killed. It is an example of emotional intensity of pain which is commonly found in daily speeches.
In poetry, Perrine (1969: 71) shares emotional intensity can be seen in Wilfred Owen‘s Dulceet Decorum Est which compares a soldier who is caught in
a gas attack to a man drowning under a green sea.
Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time,
but someone still was yelling out and stumbling as under a green sea,
I saw him drowning
Owen gives a picture of how a soldier is being collapsed while breathing a poisonous gas. In another place, there is a man yelling out while he is drowning under a green sea. Both of them are hardly to stand up and eager to fall soon right away. Owen conveys a feeling of despair and suffocation as well as how the reader may see it. This is enough to bring the feeling of misery from both persons.
4) To concrete the meaning in a brief compass
Figures of speech are an effective means of concentration, a way of saying much in a brief compass (Perrine, 1969: 72).Through figures of speech, a writer expresses his thought without a complex explanation. Instead, he may communicate it in a brief compass. Moreover, to share the idea of an abstract thing or show a non-literal meaning, it is valuable to apply figures of speech in a text.
For instance, the merit of comparing life to a candle as Shakespeare does in a passage from Macbeth (Perrine: 1969: 72).
Out, out, brief candle!
Life‘s but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signify nothing.
short duration. The metaphorical description of life as ―a brief candle‖ suggests
certain truths about life that would require dozens of words to express in literal language. At the same time it makes the abstract concrete, provides imaginative pleasure, and adds a degree of emotional intensity.
3. Coraline
Figure 1. Coraline novel
The idea behind Coraline can be found in the quotation by G. K. Chesterton that proceeds in the beginning of the story: "Fairy tales are more than true: not because they tell us that dragons exist, but because they tell us dragons can be beaten" (Gaiman, 2002: 3).Gaiman considers Coraline the "strangest" book he has ever written. He is also very proud of it, and for good reason: Coraline appeals to a huge range of people. The author noticed in ―Why I Wrote Coraline‖ that kids tend to read it as a cool adventure while adults read it as
a kind of a horror story.
The story starts out when a young girl named Coraline Jones moves into an old apartment with her parents. Her neighbours include two elderly retired actresses and a strange man who trains mice for a circus act. Despite the weirdness, Coraline is very bored. Her parents work a lot and they tend to ignore her.
One day Coraline and her mom discover a door with a brick wall behind it. Later, when she has to be alone at home she opens the door and there is a hallway back there. When Coraline goes through the door, she ends up in an entirely different world which is kind of like her own. In the other world, Coraline meets her other mother, other father, and other neighbours who are better on treating her. As a bonus, Coraline finds a cat which talks here.
other mother has kidnapped her parents. So she has to go back into the creepy other world to rescue them.
When she comes back, she meets three ghosts of kidnapped children who have been stuck in the other world for a long time. This makes her decide to have a game, of finding her parents and the tree souls, with her other mother so all of them may get free.
In this sense, the idea of Coraline is similar to stories such as The Wizard of Oz, Alice in Wonderland and Labyrinth (Vigilant Citizen Team, 2014). All of
these stories, including Coraline, follow the same basic outline: 1) the protagonist is a young girl that is curious, fearless, resourceful, and not afraid to speak her mind; 2) she is bored with her life and wishes for fun and adventure; 3) she magically enters a world that is strange, but wonderful; and 4) she gets ―hooked‖
into the alternate world and does not want to go back to reality.
Coraline is a story of bravery, and according to Coraline, being brave is
B. Previous Related Research
In order to get comparison and authenticity, the researcher looks in two previous research findings which have a similar correlation to the topic of discussion. The similar analysis on figures of speech has ever been done by Sarah (2011) in her research entitled An Analysis of Figures of Speech in Shakespeare’s Work: Romeo and Juliet from Yogyakarta State University. In her research, she explained the style of language used by the characters in Romeo and Juliet. Her objectives are to find out the types of figures of speech used, the denotative and connotative meaning of figures of speech used, and the functions of figures of speech used.
Puspita (2014) from Yogyakarta State University also has done the same research on figures of speech. Her thesis is entitled A Stylistic Analysis of Figures of Speech in Les Miserables Movie. She focuses on types of figures of speech and
their functions in Les Miserables movie. Analyzing the types and functions, she explains the meaning of the figures of speech applied.
Puspita focus is to describe how figures of speech are applied in a movie, while the researcher uses a novel as her object of study.
C. Conceptual Framework
This research aims to investigate figures of speech by comparison covering two important objectives, i.e. the types of figures of speech by comparison used in Coraline and the functions of using figures of speech by comparison in Coraline.
This research is conducted using stylistic approach, considering that stylistics is the study of language style in literary works.
To answer the questions, the researcher uses Perrine‘s theory on figures of
speech to find out the types of figures of speech by comparison used by Gaiman in Coraline. The types of figures of speech by comparison are metaphor, simile, personification, and apostrophe.
The researcher also uses Perrine‘s theory on functions of figures of speech
as a reference to describe the functions of figures of speech in Coraline. Perrine states that the functions of figures of speech are to give imaginative pleasure, to bring additional imagery, to add emotional intensity, and to concrete the meaning in a brief compass.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
A. Types of the Research
This research used descriptive qualitative in which the researcher described the phenomenon by interpreting the data collected. According to Bogdan and Biklen (1997: 10), the data collected in qualitative research is in the form of
words or pictures rather than numbers. The main goal of descriptive research is to have in depth understanding upon the subject or the object of the research (Vanderstoep& Johnston, 2009: 166). Qualitative research is more descriptive which made it a representation of the subject or object being researched. Then, qualitative research use inductive approach. The analysis proceeded into an interpretation by the researcher which then concluded at the end of the observation. The adoption is the way on using theory as an important role to analyze data. In this study, the phenomena described are language style in terms of figures of speech by comparison. Thus, this approach provided more comprehensive understanding in explaining the phenomena of the use of language particularly the use of figures of speech by comparison.
B. Form, Context, and Source of Data
The object of this research is a novel entitled Coraline. Data in the qualitative research was not presented in the numerical form, but in the form of words. The data were in the form of phrases, clauses, and sentences of the narration and utterances of all characters in Coraline novel. The context of the data was in dialogues of the characters and paragraphs of the narration. Meanwhile, the data source is where the data are taken from. The novel of Neil Gaiman, Coraline was the data source in this research.
C. Research Instrument
Table 1. Example Data sheet of Types and Functions of Figures of Speech by Comparison in Coraline
Met : Metaphor 2 : To bring an additional imagery
Sim : Simile 3 : To add emotional intensity
Per : Personification 4 : To concrete meaning in a brief compass
Apo : Apostrophe
D. Technique of Data Collection
There are many kinds of technique in collecting data in qualitative research, such as interviewing, ethnographic observation, analysis of documents and material culture, and visual analysis(Vanderstoep and Johnston. 2009: 189). Those can be used across a number of different methods which define the focus of the study. As the source of data in this study was a written literary text in the form of novel, the data collection technique used was analysis of documents by note taking. The research used textual analysis in the analysis of data. Textual analysis use inductive analysis to interpret meaning and analyse a text (Vanderstoep and Johnston, 2009: 167). There are number of possible interpretations of the text and each interpretation is similarly accepted to the extent that it reflects the meaning attributed to the text. Thus, the researcher interpretation is only one of many possible valid interpretations of the text.
and comparing them by drawing the relation among them; (5) reporting the data analysis by describing the findings.
E. Technique of Data Analysis
Having finished the procedure of data collection, the researcher finally got the raw data to be analyzed. According to Bungin (2007: 107), the relation between data collection and data analysis is inseparable. This means when researcher collected the data, they actually have started conducting data analysis. The remaining steps of data analysis of data are described in the following steps:
1. After getting the raw data, the researcher will make a categorization system which was drawn to a table which is shown in Table 1. The table is listed to categorize the figures of speech by comparison and its functions.
2. The next step to do after categorizing is done will put the selected words containing figures of speech by comparison as the selected data into table. 3. After the classifying is finished, the researcher will start to analyse the data.
In this research, the data analysis employed Perrine‘s categorization on
figures of speech and its functions.
F. Trustworthiness
A research must be truthful and accurately represented the subject or the object of the research. Due to this, there is validity term which is extent to which it gives the correct answer of the problem brought by the research (Kirk & Miller, 1986: 19). Qualitative research usually has limited knowledge of subject or object of the research. However, it is forced to show accurate result and could represent that small participant. To achieve that point, triangulation is needed in the research method. This research use triangulation of descriptive qualitative approach in analysing figures of speech by comparison.
It means that the researcher tried to be non-judgemental and attempted to report what was found objective. To be more reliable, the data findings were checked by students of English Language and Literature study program whose concentration package is linguistics. They are Wildan Bilal Al-Qudsy and Riusly Pratomo. On the other hand, the researcher also asked some prominent lecturers as reviewers to confirm the data collected. The researcher asked lecturers of English Language and Literature in UNY, Titik Sudartinah, M.A. and Niken Anggraeni,
M.A, as the resercher‘s first and second supervisors who are competent and expert
39
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the findings and discussion of the research. As stated in the background of the research, this research is aimed to find out the types of figures of speech by comparison and to describe the functions of using figures of speech by comparison in Coraline by Neil Gaiman. This chapter focuses on explaining the results of this research in two parts; i.e. the findings and the discussion based on the research objectives. The findings are presented in the table of data finding that consists of the types of figures of speech by comparison and the functions of figures of speech by comparison found in Coraline. Meanwhile, the discussion part defines the objectives of the research which are applied in the Neil Gaiman‘s novel Coraline.
A. Findings
Table 2. Types and Functions of Figures of Speech by Comparison in Coraline
Types of Figures of
Speech by Comparison Frequency
Functions of Figures of Speech by Comparison
1 2 3 4
Metaphor 15 5 11 6 4
Simile 79 33 61 24 4
Personification 46 41 10 14 8
Apostrophe 1 1 0 0 0
Total 141 80 82 44 16
Note : Function
1 : to give imaginative pleasure 2 : to bring additional imagery 3 : to add emotional intensity
4 : to concrete meaning in a brief compass
Perrine (1969: 65 – 118) proposes twelve types of figures of speech which can be classified into three categories. They are figures of speech by comparison, figures of speech by association, and figures of speech by contrast. In this research, the research focus is limited on analyzing figures of speech by comparison in Coraline novel. Based on Table 2, all four types of figures of speech by comparison are found in Neil Gaiman‘s Coraline. They are metaphor, simile, personification, and apostrophe. From the data above the researcher found a total of 141 data.
Meanwhile, apostrophe is the rarest figures of speech by comparison found in Coraline. It only shows up one time in the whole story. In apostrophe, a speaker is addressing a person or an object which is not there by the time he is speaking. There is no much events of a character perform such action.
Each type of figures of speech has its functions in the novel. There are four functions of figures of speech by comparison suggested by Perrine (1969: 71-72): to give imaginative pleasure, to bring an additional imagery, to add emotional intensity, and to concrete meaning in a brief compass. The researcher found that one type of figures of speech may have more than one function. Each figures of speech have the equal possibility to possess all of the function of applying figures of speech in literary text. It is because figures of speech often provide a more effective means of saying than does direct statement. Therefore, although figures of speech by comparison occur 141 times, the total number of the functions is 222 data.
In the table above, it shows that function of bringing additional imagery is at the most frequent functions applied in Coraline. Simile is the figures of speech by comparison which has the most function in bringing additional imagery. It has a role to create imagery in readers‘ mind because it creates depiction through
comparison and illustration.
The lowest level of frequency in function of figures of speech by comparison is to concrete meaning in a brief compass that contributes around 16 data. In Coraline novel, personification is figures of speech by comparison which has the most function in concreting meaning in a brief compass among others.
B. Discussion
In the discussion section, the answers to the research questions are presented in deeper explanation of the findings. More detailed information is presented to clarify the objectives of the research covering the discussion of types of figures of speech by comparison found in Coraline and also the functions of using those types.
1. The Types of Figures of Speech by Comparison Used in Coraline
Novel by Neil Gaiman
The first discussion in this section is about the types of figures of speech by comparison which occur in Coraline novel. There are four types of figures of speech by comparison which are applied in Neil Gaiman‘s Coraline. They are
metaphor, simile, personification, and apostrophe. To make it simpler, the researcher put the discussion in some points as follows.
a. Metaphor
The researcher found many metaphor used in Coraline. By using this type, the author attempts to indirectly compare two objects in his story. This expression allows readers to imagine the similarities between two objects being compared in the narration or characters‘ utterances. One of the examples of this type is shown
below.
―Small world‖, said Coraline.
―It‘s big enough for her,‖ said the cat. ―Spiders’ webs only have to be large enough to catch flies.‖
(059/P.73/Met/2)
The cat uses metaphor to compares the other mother‘s small world with
spider‘s webs. It is to describe the situation when Coraline exploring the other mother‘s world. She just walked around the world. She started out walking away
from the house and ended up coming back to it; hence, she concludes it as a small world. The cat breaks in with the idea that the world is big enough for the other mother. The cat compares the small world with spiders‘ webs. The metaphor is
used to explain how big the other mother built the world with its function. She does not need to build a big world to get her target, children. It is the same as spiders which form small webs to trap little insects like flies. For her, the world has to be attractive to catch children‘s attention and make them willing to stay
there. In that way, the other mother did not make an extensive world. The next datum of metaphor found in Coraline novel can be seen below.
It was the size of a broom closet. (067/P.79/Met/4)
This narration takes time when the other mother gets angry to Coraline‘s
mirror in the hallway. Curious about the place she got in, Coraline measures the size of the room. She tries to put out her hands to touch the space and every side in where she is imprisoned. She, then, makes a comparison between the room with a broom closet. It is because she could reach the top of the room and sense every side. It gives mental pictures to the readers that the size of the room is not too big or too small for a child like Coraline. The readers could imagine that the room is tall enough to stand in or to sit in, and it is not wide or deep enough to lie down for Coraline. The next example can be seen in the datum below.
―Yes‖, said Coraline. There were. I think you‘re planning to turn me into one of them. A dead shell.‖
(075/P.88/Met/4)
The utterance occurs after the other mother frees Coraline from her prison inside the mirror. The other mother carries sleepy Coraline into the kitchen. Coraline wakes up and tell the other mother about other children inside the mirror. She guesses that the other mother is planning to turn her into one of them, a dead shell. It is a metaphor that comes from animals with shell, like snail and shellfish.
Readers could imagine when they open an empty shellfish; it does not have life inside. A dead shell means something that has the external form but lacks of the life inside it. All of the other children whom Coraline met inside the mirror are ghosts. They exist without life or soul. When Coraline met them, she only saw mere three faint and pale shapes with their cold hands. In addition, the three ghosts said that the other mother will take Coraline‘s life too and make her
hollow. Coraline compares this condition to being a dead shell.
grandfather clocks,‖ but the other mother simply smiled, and the tap-tap-tapping of her fingernail against her eye was as steady and relentless as the drip of water droplets from the faucet into the sink. (078/P.92/Met/2)
This narration happens after Coraline challenges the other mother to find the ghosts‘ souls and her parents. Coraline completely has no idea of how to find a
soul. She hopes the other mother would give her any clue to find it. Here, Coraline imagine the other mother may compare the size of a soul to several things for her clue.
First, she imagines the size of a soul as a size of ripe onion. It means a soul is a small object, but not too tiny to be found around the house. Then, she compares a soul to a suitcase which means a soul is larger than a ripe onion. It signifies that it would be easier for Coraline to look it out. Lastly, she imagines that the other mother would compare the size of a soul to grandfather clocks. A grandfather clock is a tall and enormous clock. If a soul is as big as a grandfather clock then it is obviously to be seen by Coraline. Through this comparison, the readers could also make guess of the size of a soul by making mental picture in their mind.
The next example can be seen in the datum below.
Then she walked through an empty bathroom, containing only a cast-iron bath, and, in the bath, a dead spider the size of a small cat.
(099/P.106/Met/2-3)
This situation occurs when Coraline enters the empty flat to find the other ghosts‘
small cat. Here, the writer compares the size of the dead spider with the size of a small cat. Usually, a common big size for a normal spider in real life is not bigger than a palm of a hand. However, in Coraline the spider is as big as a small cat which, for spider-world, means it is very huge in size. It adds more bizarre things in the other mother‘s world. Such a gigantic spider would really make Coraline afraid if it is alive. Lucky for her, it is already dead.
The last example of metaphor is represented in a narration when Coraline confront the other mother to escape and win her challenge of finding ghosts‘ souls and her parents. In this situation, Coraline tries to trick the other mother by saying that she knew where her real parents are.
The other mother stood very still, giving nothing away, lips tightly closed. She might have been a wax statue.
(121/P.128/Met/1-3)
The other mother surprises to hear Coraline declares that she is able to locate where her real parents are. Certainly Coraline guesses that the other mother did not hide her parents in the house because she has looked for them in every possible place in the house. Her statement makes the other mother shocked and confused. The writer compares the other mother‘s surprise expression with a wax
the concept of being a wax statue is a person who has a terrible shock and surprise.
b. Simile
Simile is having the same purpose with metaphor, to compare two different things which possess similar characteristics. However, comparison in simile showed directly by the use of connector word. For instance, the connector words used in simile are like, as, similar, resembles, and seems. According to Gill (2004: 25) the use of connector words help the reader to easily understand the comparison. That is why simile is more easily found in daily life than other figures of speech. In Coraline, simile is mostly used by the writer in his story. The researcher found simile in most of the narration and utterance in Coraline. The first example of simile is found is shown below.
She looked like a large, fluffy egg. (010/P.12/Sim/2)
This narration is categorized as simile because the comparison used connector word ―like‖. The comparison is explaining the appearance of Miss
There were all sorts of remarkable things in there she‘d never seen before: windup angels that fluttered around the bedroom like startled sparrows; books with pictures that writhed and crawled and shimmered; little dinosaur skulls that chattered their teeth as she passed.
(017/P.28/Sim/1-2)
In the datum above, the narration occurs when Coraline checking her bedroom in the other mother‘s world. She finds some interesting things there
which she has never seen before in the real world. One of it is windup angels that fluttered around the bedroom like startled sparrows. Sparrows are a flock of small grey-brown bird which commonly found in town. Due to the crowded situation in town, they are easily startled or surprised which makes them suddenly fly away. The windup angels have the same characteristic. They make a series of delicate movement up and down from side to side. The windup angels fly like sparrows which avoiding crowd in town. This figure is categorized as a simile because it uses the connective like which the function is to compare two things. This datum compares the movement of windup angels with startled sparrows. The next example could be seen below.
It was my dad, charging like a rhino. (038/P.55/Sim/2)
This utterance above is uttered by Coraline when she tells the black cat about her story. She tells the cat a story when she was a little girl. Her dad took her for a walk on a wasteland. They have walked for minutes there when suddenly Coraline‘s dad asked her to run away. After a while, little Coraline stopped
charges, it makes a blast and strike everything in front of it. It is quite horrific to see a rhino runs. The comparison describes how Coraline‘s father strongly runs in
a rush towards Coraline just like a rhino. It is called as simile because Coraline makes comparison by using conjunction like. The use of simile is also shown by the datum below.
One of them wailed and whispered, the other buzzed like a fat and angry bluebottle at a window pane, but the voices said, as one person, ―Thief! Give it back! Stop! Thief!‖
(096/P.101/Sim/3)
It occurs when Coraline tries to take the glowing soul inside the hands of strange creatures in Miss Spink and Miss Forcible‘s flat. It seems they guard the
souls for the other mother. They become furious because Coraline take the soul. One of them makes a long and high cry and the other creature buzzes. The buzz sound resembles a sound produce by an angry bluebottle at a window pane. A bluebottle is a kind of big fly and louder noise than the common fly. When a bluebottle traps inside a house and try to escape from a window, it is used to hit repeatedly at a window pane. Its sound when it hit a window pane is usually a noisy buzz. If the creature in Coraline makes a sound like an angry bluebottle, this means the creature produce a continuous disturbing and noisy low sound.
The next example is one of simile using conjunction as.
This place smelled as if all the exotic foods in the world had been left out to go rotten.
(106/P.115/Sim/2)
In the datum above, the narration occurs when Coraline enters the crazy old man‘s flat upstairs to find the other ghosts‘ souls. The place has very bad smell which
that had been left out to go rotten. Exotic foods are unusual and often exciting fruits because of coming from tropical country. Some of them often have very strong smell. Many people, usually from west country, could not bear with the smell. Moreover if the exotic foods have been left out to go rotten, it will has completely the worst smell ever. With this comparison, the readers‘ sense of smell
could imagine how gross the smell of the place. This simile successfully depicts the worst smell comes from the crazy old man‘s flat.
―There‘s a but, isn‘t there? Said Coraline. ―I can feel it. Like a rain cloud.‖
(133/P.142/Sim/1-3)
The above datum is another example of simile in Coraline novel. This utterance is uttered by Coraline inside her dream with the three ghosts. The ghosts says that the case of the other mother is done for them after Coraline manage to find their souls. Suddenly they stop their statement in the middle. Coraline awares the ghost is about saying something contrary to the good news. She says she could feel it just like a rain cloud. Here, the simile is indicated by the connector word ―like‖ to compare Coraline‘s worried feeling with a rain cloud. They readers will
c. Personification
The next figure of speech by comparison applied in Coraline is personification. Personification compares human attribute which applied to non human object or concept. The non human is represented as having human ability, such as to speak.
Personification may add dramatic nuance in a story by giving human qualities to non human entities. The comparison can fascinate the readers when they portray non human entities work like human in the mind. It also gives readers easier understanding by relating something to human traits. Moreover, Coraline is a novel which has mystery and adventure plot so personification can fit in the story. Thus, there are many examples of personification in this novel. Mostly the writer put personification in animal character so they may communicate with the main character, Coraline, to develop the story. The datum of personification can be seen below.
Coraline‘s mother looked in the fridge and found a sad little tomato and a piece of cheese with green stuff growing on it.
(014/P.22/Per/2)
This situation happens after Coraline and her mother get back home from town. Coraline‘s mother intends to make a lunch, however there is no fresh food
to cook. One of the rotten foods is a sad little tomato. It is one of the instances of personification found in Coraline novel because Coraline‘s mother assumes the tomato is like a human that could be sad whereas it is only a vegetable. Coraline‘s
