Theories of child development
Theories of child development
Perspektif Teori Inti Basic Belief Technique used
Psikoanalisa
Teori Psikoseksual S.F : tl dikontrol dor.tdk sadar
Observasi klinis Teori Psikososial Erikson : keprib
Theories of child development
Perspektif Teori Inti Basic Belief Technique used
Learning
Behaviour, Teori belajar
tradisional
Indv mrpk
p’beri respon,
lingk yg
m’kontrol tl Prosedur ilmiah dan
scientific Teori
Social-Learning
Anak2 bljr mel obsv dan
Theories of child development
Perspektif Teori Inti Basic Belief Technique used
Kognitif
Tahapan kognitif Piaget
Ada 4 p’ub dlm
pola pikir anak diantara masa balita-remaja
Wawancara dan observasi
Theories of child development
Perspektif Teori Inti Basic Belief Technique used
Sosial-Emosional
Erikson : Psikososial
Setiap individu melewati
tahap-tahap perkembangan
Theories of child development
Key theorists
• Use the buttons below to navigate your way through some of the key theorists in the field of child development.
• For each theorist you are given the key
Theories of child development
Arnold Gesell - 1880-1961
Nature Nurture
Key words
Biological maturation; milestones;
normative development; cephalo-caudal; proximo-distal; nativist (nature) language development; biological/genetic
determinism. Main points
Development genetically determined by
universal “maturation patterns” which occur
in a predictable sequence.
More detail
Theories of child development
Sigmund Freud - 1857-1959
Key words
Psychodynamic; psychosexual; libido; oral stage; anal stage; phallic stage; latency stage; genital stage; id; ego; super-ego; Electra complex; Oedipal complex;
conscious; unconscious; psychoanalysis Main points
Experiences in early childhood influence later development. Assumes sexual factors are major factors, even in early childhood.
Nature Nurture
More detail
Theories of child development
Erik Erikson - 1902-1994
Key words
Psychodynamic; psychosexual;
psychosocial; 8 development stages; identity; crises/dilemmas
Main points
Develops beyond Freud’s ideas. More
stages (8) and more influence of environmental factors.
Nature Nurture
More detail
Theories of child development
B.F.Skinner - 1904-1990
Key words
Operant conditioning; positive/negative reinforcement; consequence; reward;
punishment; respondents; operants; social learning theory; behavioural learning theory Main points
Reinforcement and punishment moulds
behaviour. Children are conditioned by their experiences.
Nature Nurture
More detail
Theories of child development
Alfred Bandura - 1925-current
Key words
Imitation; copying; modelling; role models; reinforcement; social learning theory;
observational theory (social cognitive theory); Bobo doll experiment.
Main points
Learning takes place by imitation. This differs
from Skinner’s “conditioning” because there is
more emphasis on inner motivational factors.
Nature Nurture
More detail
Theories of child development
Lev Vygotsky - 1896-1934
Key words
Zone of proximal development; zone of actual development; social constructivist; social
constructivism; social interaction; language; internalisation; play; social context; cognition; constructivism
Main points
Development is primarily driven by language, social context and adult guidance.
Nature Nurture
More detail
Theories of child development
Jean Piaget - 1896-1980
Key words
Cognitive learning theory; assimilate; symbolism; accomodate; egocentric; decentre; conservatism; active learners; schemata; sensory-motor;
stages; pre-operational; animism; moral
realism; concrete operations; formal operations Main points
Development takes place in distinct stages of cognitive development. Adults influence but the child is building their own thinking systems.
Nature Nurture
More detail
Theories of child development
More on Gesell
Gesell’s classic study involved twin girls, both given
training for motor skills but one given training for longer than the other. There was no measurable difference in the age at which either child acquired the skills, suggesting that development had happened in a genetically
programmed way, irrespective of the training given. A child learns to whether or not an adult teaches him/her, suggesting physical development at least is largely pre-programmed.
By studying thousands of children over many years, Gesell
Theories of child development
More on Freud
Freud’s work was heavily criticised for lack of substantial
evidence. He regarded basic sexual instincts as being the driving force behind virtually all behaviour. He regarded the
development of personality as being the balance between the Id, the Ego and the SuperEgo. The Id strives for unrealistic
gratification of basic desires, the SuperEgo strives for unrealistic moral responsibility and conscience while the Ego acts to
compromise these two opposing forces.
There are many unproven aspects to Freud’s work, for example
Freud theorised that characteristics like generosity or
Theories of child development
More on Freud
• Freud percaya bahwa kepribadian terbentuk pada beberapa tahun pertama kehidupan seorang anak
• Titik perkembangan bertolak dari deal yg
dilakukan oleh anak u/ mengatasi konflik yg tidak disadari dengan dorongan biologis dan tuntutan dari lingkungan yg ada
Perkembangan Psikoseksual
Theories of child development
Tahap Perkembangan Psikoseksual
1. Fase oral (lahir – 1.5 tahun) kesenangan bayi terpusat pada mulut
2. Fase Anal (1.5 – 3 tahun) kesenangan berfokus pada anus
3. Fase Phalik (3 – 6 tahun) kesenangan berfokus pada alat kelamin
4. Fase Laten (6 tahun – pubertas) anak membendung ketertarikan seksual dan mengembangkan
keterampilan sosial dan intelektual
Theories of child development
More on Freud
• Dari lima tahapan perkembangan, menurut
Freud hanya 3 tahap pertma yg sangat crucial.
• Menurut Freud, bila anak-anak menerima terlalu sedikit atau terlalu banyak
pemuasan/gratification, maka mereka
beresiko mengalami fiksasi= terfokus terus
• Misal: bayi dalam tahap oral, dimana
kebutuhannya tdk terpenuhi, setelah dewasa akan mengalami gigit-gigit kuku
Theories of child development
More on Freud
• Misal lagi : anak2 toddler yg mengalami toilet-training yang keras, maka berkembang
menjadi pribadi yg kaku, bersihan, sangat rapi, kaku dengan aturan dan jadual.
• Pada masa phallic = puncak perkembangan psikoseksual = ketertarikan dengan lawan jenis = biasanya OT yg berlainan jenis = Oedipus complex dan Electra complex
• Msg anak2 yg berada dlm tahap ini
Theories of child development
More on Freud
• Seiring dengan waktu, si anak akan menyelesaikan kecemasannya tsb dgn
m’identifikasikan dirinya dgn OT yg sama
Jknya.
• Timbul masa tenang = masa laten = middle childhood
• Memasuki masa puber dimana organ2 seksual berkembang = masa genital = kepuasan
Theories of child development
More on Freud
• Perkembangan kepribadian juga dipengaruhi 3 komponen :
1. Id = desires & motives bawaan, butuh pemuasan yg immediate
2. Ego = menampilkan alasan2 masuk akan = berkaitan dengan perkembangan berpikir = mulai usia 1 tahunan
Theories of child development
More on Erikson
Erikson taught at Harvard and engaged in a variety of clinical work, widening the scope of psychoanalytic theory to take greater
account of social, cultural, and other environmental factors. In his most
influential work, Childhood and Society
(1950), he divided the human life cycle into eight psychosocial stages of development.
Theories of child development
More on Erikson
• Perkembangan Ego
• Setiap tahap ini selalu ada yang namanya
krisis yg harus diselesaikan untuk menuju ke perkembangan ego yang matang atau sesuai dengan usianya.
Theories of child development
More on Skinner
Skinner maintained that learning occurred as a result of the organism responding to, or operating on, its environment, and coined
the term operant conditioning to describe
Theories of child development
More on Skinner
• Operant conditioning = individu belajar dari konsekuensi yg ia buat ketika
“mengoperasikan” dunia sekitar
• Misal : bayi tidur terlentang, kmd tersenyum, tiba2 si ibu lgs mengajak main dirinya, begitu juga dengan si ayah. Jadi si bayi belajar kl ia tersenyum maka ia akan mendapatkan banyak perhatian dan kasih sayang.
Theories of child development
More on Skinner
• Reinforcement = penguatan = kalau ada
reinforcement ini tl yg ada akan timbul terus-menerus. Contoh yang tadi : senyuman OT
Theories of child development
More on Skinner
• Misal : berteriak ke anak ketika anaknya nakal, withdrawing positive events
• Reinforcement dan punishmen sangat efektif bila diberikan langsung ketika tl tsb itu muncul
Theories of child development
More on Bandura
Bandura’s theory known as "Social Learning
Theory" has been renamed "Social Cognitive
Theory" to accomodate later developments of the theory. Bandura is seen by many as a cognitive psychologist because of his focus on motivational factors and self-regulatory mechanisms that
Theories of child development
More on Bandura
• Social learning teori menenkankan bahwa individu adalah aktif, dimana ia belajar
sesuatu berdasarkan observasi dan imitasi model.
• Kenapa diberi nama sosial = krn si indv hidup dalam suatu lingkungan sosial, sehingga ia
banyak belajar dari lingkungannya tsb. Eksperimen ada tapi tdk spt behaviour.
• Penekanannya pada kognitif, krn menurut
Theories of child development
More on Bandura
• Observational Learning = watching others
• Imitating models = komponen paling penting u/ anak dalam belajar
• Anak2 akan meniru tl yg ia persepsikan sangat valuable pada budayanya
• Misal : if all the teacher’s in Carlo’s school are
women, he probably will not copy behavior,
which he consider “unmanly”. If he meets a
Theories of child development
More on Vygotsky
Lev Vygotski was a Russian psychologist who died prematurely. His most productive years were at the Institute of Psychology in Moscow (1924–34), where he developed ideas on
cognitive development, particularly the
relationship between language and thinking. His writings emphasised the roles of historical, cultural, and social factors in cognition and
Theories of child development
More on Vygotsky
• Sociocultural Theory = perkembangan anak
dipengaruhi oleh interaksi sosial yg dibuat anak dengan lingkungannya dan ordes
• Anak2 berkembang krn belajar dari
lingkungan. Aktivitas2 yg dilakukannya dgn orang lain (baik ordes atau anak2) akan
membantu mereka untuk menginternalisasi’k bgmn lingk sosial tsb berpikir dan b’tl yg
Theories of child development
More on Vygotsky
• Misal :belajar memakai baju/kemeja sendiri. Anak2 balita membutuhkan ordes untuk terus-menerus membimbing dirinya agar dpt bisa memakai bajunya sendiri. Dalam proses
bimbingan itu, si anak akan belajar bhw di kemeja itu ada kancing yg hrs dimasukan di lubang kacing, dll.
Theories of child development
More on Vygotsky
• Contoh : si anak baru dapat memasukkan kancing dgn bantuan ordes (normal tp blm optimal) tapi bila dibimbing terus-menerus ia bisa melakukan sendiri tanpa ordes lagi
Theories of child development
BRONFENBRENNER
– Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory – consists of 4 environmental systems…
• microsystem: the setting in which the individual lives
• mesosystem: relations of microsystems or connections between contexts (e.g., relation of family exp to school experiences)
• exosystem: experiences in a setting where the individual does not have an active role
Theories of child development
More on Piaget
Jean Piaget is known for his research in
developmental psychology. He studied under C. G. Jung and Eugen Bleuler. He was involved in the administration of intelligence tests to children and became interested in the types of mistakes
children of various ages were likely to make.
Piaget began to study the reasoning processes of children at various ages. Piaget theorized that
cognitive development proceeds in four
Theories of child development
More on Piaget
• Ia melihat bahwa perkembangan kognitif anak terjadi karena merupakan suatu usaha anak untuk dapat memahami dunia sekitarnya.
• Piaget percaya bahwa kemamp kognitif itu nature, dan berkembang dalan suatu
rangkaian/tahapan yg sifatnya kualitatif.
• Pada setiap tahapan, pikiran beropersi dgn cara yang berbeda dan lebih matang.
Theories of child development
More on Piaget
1. Prinsip Organisasi = integrasi dari
pengetahuan yg ada sec terstruktur agar
memberi arti. Misal : kalau mengajarkan anak balita, hrs terorganisasi, misal hijau, merah, kuning, itu adalah macam2 warna =
organisasi
Theories of child development
More on Piaget
Misal : belajar minum dgn training cup
pengetahuan menghisap ASI digunakan untuk menghisap/minum dari cup. Co/ lain : skema mobil = truk, bajaj tetap disebut mobil
b. Akomodasi = perubahan yg terjadi pada
struktur kognitif u/ menghadapi info baru yang diterima. Misal : Belajar bahwa menghisap dari cup berbeda dari ASI sehingga perlu
Theories of child development
More on Piaget
3. Prinsip Equilibrasi = kecenderungan untuk
mencapai keseimbangan mental antara ind dgn dunia luar. Adaptasi & akomodasi
memperbolehkan anak untuk mencapai
