DISASTER PREVENTION COASTAL MAP PRODUCTION BY MMS & C3D
Shuhei HATAKE a, Yuki KOHORI a*, Yasushi.WATANABE b*
a Asia Air Survey, Geospatial Information Division , 2150004 Kawawaki, Kanagawa, Japan- (sh.hatake, yuk.kohori)@ajiko.co.jp
b Arc Geo Support, Osaka branch, Chuou-ku, Osaka, Japan- [email protected]
Commission ICWGI/Va
- Mobile Scanning and Imaging Systems for 3D Surveying and Mapping
KEY WORDS: Coastal Mapping, Tsunami, MMS, Interferometry echo sounder, continuous topography
ABSTRACT:
In March 2011, Eastern Japan suffered serious damage of Tsunami caused by a massive earthquake. In 2012, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport published “Guideline of setting assumed areas of inundation by Tsunami” to establish the conditions of topography data used for simulation of Tsunami. In this guideline, the elevation data prepared by Geographical Survey Institute of Japan and 2m/5m/10m mesh data of NSDI are adopted for land area, while 500m mesh data of Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department of Japan Coast Guard and sea charts are adopted for water area. These data, however, do not have continuity between land area and water area. Therefore, in order to study the possibility of providing information for coastal disaster prevention, we have developed an efficient method to acquire continuous topography over land and water including tidal zone. Land area data are collected by Mobile Mapping System (MMS) and water area depth data are collected by interferometry echo sounder (C3D), and both data are simultaneously acquired on a same boat. Elaborate point cloud data of 1m or smaller are expected to be used for realistic simulation of Tsunami waves going upstream around shoreline. Tests were made in Tokyo Bay (in 2014) and Osaka Bay (in 2015). The purpose the test in Osaka Bay is to make coastal map for disaster prevention as a countermeasure for predicted Nankai massive earthquake. In addition to Tsunami simulation, the continuous data covering land and marine areas are expected to be used effectively for maintenance and repair of aged port and river facilities, maintenance and investigation of dykes, and ecosystem preservation.
1. PREFACE
Japan is an archipelago subject to natural disasters like
earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and typhoons and
one of the most severely disaster-affected countries in the
world. Particularly on March 11 2011, the tsunami of the Great East Japan Earthquake of magnitude of 9.0 caused
unprecedented damage on the Pacific coast of eastern Japan. In
2012, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport issued
“Guideline of setting assumed areas inundated by Tsunami”. It contains the use of topographic data of land and water areas to
calculate simulation of the inundation and to estimate the
damage by inundation.
Figure 1. Immediately after the Great East Japan Earthquake (Near Kesenuma, Miyagi Pref.)
Currently digital elevation model of 2m/5m/10m mesh data
prepared by Geospatial Information Authority of Japan are
used for land area, while 500m mesh seabed topography data
of Japan Coast Guard are used for water area.
Surface measurement by topographic LiDAR or narrow multi-beam echo sounder cannot secure continuity of the water
edge data in land and water areas because water edge (near
shoreline) is in blind spot.
In view of the situation, we verified a method to acquire efficiently and accurately continuous water edge topographic
data over land and water including intertidal zone. In this
method, land area data were collected by Mobile Mapping
System (MMS) and water area data were collected by
Interferometry Echo-Sounder (C3D), and these two measuring devices were installed together on the same vessel to acquire
the data simultaneously. The data thus acquired are 3D
seamless topography of land and water areas and denominated
in this study as “Disaster Prevention Coastal Map”. Because the map has elaborate data of point cloud with density of
100points/m2 or more, detailed topography and shapes of
structures can be recognized and it can be used for simulation
of inundation by tsunami and for maintenance of embankments,
structures and other public facilities as well.
The system devastation by
occur within 30
In December
Kishiwada Port
that is anticipa port has various
and embankme
used to check t
Figure 2. Dam
Earthqu
Before the te
Odaiba in Tok rious structures li
nkments and is suita
k these public fac
amage Estimati
rthquake and Expe
he tests at Kishiwada
okyo Bay in Apri
ere found.
ontal position errors ioning devices in
not measured (blank
tion of positioning
problems were taken
ng the system for te
Verification test Kis i Trough Earthqua
ome with probabili
verification te
he important ports
r severe damage like water gates
uitable to see how
facilities.
ation area of th
xperimental locati
ada, similar tests
April 2014, and
rrors caused by diff in land and water
(blank areas) in inte
oning devices
ken into considerat
for testing at Kishiw
st site (Kishiwada Kishiwada Port
Odaiba
ake
EST
anticipated area hquake, predicted
bility of 70 percent
test was made
ports in western Ja
ge by tsunami. T tes, highway bridge
how the system can
the Nankai Trough
ation
sts had been made
nd the following
difference ter areas
ntertidal zones due
ration for
hiwada.
ada Port in Osaka aiba
he system adopte
daiba in 2014.
tem and Figure. 4 use positioning de
er areas but the
quired, therefore,
processing. Time of
error caused by di
Table 1.
Figure
o facilitate data proc
alled on portside
itions, C3D could
ke of the vessel and
he vessel out of the
a a
pted at Kishiwada
14. Table 1. show
4 show how it w ng devices of the sa
the integration w
fore, synchronized
of PCs was also
different types of
Specification of
Figure 4. Devices
a processing afte
de and MMS was
ould evade the nois
l and MMS could
of the measuring are
a
ada is similar to t
hows the specifica
it was installed. It same type in bot
was impossible
ed with GPS
so synchronized
s of equipment.
of MMS & C3D
es installed
fter the measurin
as installed on ste
oise of bubbles cre
uld keep obstacles
area.
les like fixture
Table 2. Time schedule of the work
2 days (including 1 day to spare) were spent to acquire the
data. Table 2 shows time schedule of the work. First the vessel
was navigated along the coastline in the area to measure and then shuttled in the direction of southwest and then in north
east direction to make sure that no section would remain
unmeasured in the area.
For correction of depth sounding of C3D, sonic speed was measured before and after the work. The specification of the
MMS states that it must be initialized for 5 minutes at 40km/h
but the vessel traveling speed is slower. Therefore, an
additional GPS was installed on MMS to shorten the
initialization time.
3. DATA PROCESSING
Figure. 5. shows flow of processing and integration of data of MMS and C3D. After integration with GNSS/IMU and
sonic speed correction, errors data like acoustic noise,
electrical noise, wakes of fish and ships and bubbles were
removed from C3D depth sounding data. Then errors of
installation angle of C3D and IMU (roll/pitch/yaw) were calculated and corrected.
Figure 5. Work flow
When processing MMS data, wakes were created by
analyzing GNSS/IMU of post processing kinematic method.
Range data were added to the position information thus
acquired to calculate 3D point cloud. Noise of bubbles generated by the screw was also removed. To integrate the
data from MMS and C3D, (1) reference elevation of the 3D
data is fixed at TP (mean sea surface of Tokyo Bay) and (2)
minus signs were added to all elevation of C3D (Z value) for
integration.
The integrated data were uploaded on the point cloud viewer,
“LaserMapViewer(LMV)” of Asia Air Survey Co. Ltd.
LMV can acquire 360o omnidirectional images and can display
them by linking with position information. LMV also has functions to measure, display sections and gradient tints by
point cloud data.
Figure 6. Point cloud of LMV and Omnidirectional image
link function
4. RESULT OF VERIFICATION TESTS
C3D can acquire detailed seabed topography. Figure 7.
shows bathymetry of gradient tints where point cloud of surrounding land is shown in red (left) to compare with aerial
ortho photo (right).
Figure 7. Data acquired by C3D (Left)
& Aerialorthophoto (Right)
Figure 8. Recognition of coastal area in point cloud by MMS
Topography and features of the coastal area were acquired ↓
↓ ↓
a a a a
↓ ↓
a a a
↓ ↓
a a a
↓ ↓
↓ a a a
a a
a
a
MMS C3D
2015/12/14 2015/12/15
9:00～12：00 Installation
13：00～14：00 Calibration, Test run
14：00～17：00 Measurement
by MMS becaus
of it. Figure 8
where detaile embankments
recognized. W
2011, damage
because most roa
9). In such a c thanks to their
Figure
(the Gre
5. PROBLEM
Both MMS a
blocked by obs
Figure.10. Bri
(Right)
5.1 Problem
Figure 11. show
circle) on wate on seabed (ma
blocking of ec
because nadir d
cause its VQ250
8. shows group
ailed shapes of nts and elevation of
When the massi
ge investigation b
ost roads were bloc
a case investigation heir mobility on wa
gure 9. Damaged em
reat East Japan E
BLEMS OF THE S
S and C3D create
obstacles.
Bridge column
m of C3D
shows a blank a
ater edge and ano (marked in yellow
echo on convex
ir depth cannot be
Figure 11. Bla
250 laser measures
group point data acqui
of structures, on of wave dissipa
ssive earthquake
on by land vehicl
locked by debris
tion by boats ma on water.
d embankments
n Earthquake in 2011)
E SYSTEN YET
ate blank areas du
n (Left) & its
nk area of about 2m
another blank are ow). The former w
x terrain and the
be acquired by si
Blank area on seab
ures up to 300m ah
acquired in land a
s, top surface ipation blocks can
ke hit east Japan
hicles was imposs
is and cracks (Figur
may be advantage
n 2011)
ET TO BE SOLV
s due to laser or e
ts magnified sec
2m (marked by pi
area of vertical st r was created due
he latter was crea
side scanning.
eabed
Problem of MM
igure 12. shows
ted by a moore
ause C3D also fa
viation was create
o positioning devic e the deviation wa
shows horizontal
ght blue). GNSS pos
Figure 12.
nt cloud of LMV a
Figure. 13
Table 3. Hori
Table 4
Horizontal error
In view of highe
pecting various publ SS/IMU equipme
te errors attribut
e positioning data System GNS
C3D D-GN
vices of different n was not as big as
ontal position error
positioning error
12. Blank area due
V are linked with
13. Horizontal pos
orizontal errors
ble 4. GNSS posi
Oda
error (m)
her accuracy reque
public facilities, pment and establis
butable to the sy
data.
NSS Correction m
NSS correction
Processing nematic analysis
5m
a because a blind
mless data was
sure. As shown
and and water are
ent types were us as the tests at Oda
ror (MMS in pink
or is shown in Tabl
due to moored boa
ith omnidirectiona
position deviation
rrors in Odaiba and
positioning error
Odaiba Kishi
1.04
requested in the
s, it is necessary blish a system whi Odaiba. Figure
nk and C3D in
Table 4.
boat
onal images
tion
nd Kishiwada
ishiwada
0.6
the future for
ry to integrate which will not
ill acquire the orizontal Error
1~7m
0.01~0.02m 7m
Top
Ima
6. AP COUN
Central Disa
Earthquake Di
defines the e earthquake;
(1) Emergency
(2)Rescue and
(3)Medical care
(4) Transportat (5) Transportat
(1) Emerge
to carry out the
transport of supp The plan gi
waterways to
waterways on
findings obtain operations of
were recomme
・C3D soundi
→To searc
・C3D soundi
→To ana
running
・C3D soundi
→To chec
It is advisabl
times and use t (1) to compare
(2) to improve
upstream and
(3) to recogniz Table 5. show
Table
isaster Prevention
Disaster Preventi
emergency ope
y transportation
nd fire Figurehting
care
portation of supplies portation of fuels
rgency transportat
ut the operations of
supplies and fuels gives the first pr
to establish shippi
on day 1 (24 hours
ned from the tes of Nankai Trough
mended:
aser data: 3D point
eck collapsed bui
omnidirectional im eck damages on b
omnidirectional im
eck destroyed port
ounding data: Unde
arch survivors and ounding data: Seabe
nalyze capability
running upstream.
ounding data: Seabe
eck sunken debri
sable to update a
e them pare with the data a
prove accuracy of ca
nd
ognize actual situation hows the initial da
ble 5. Data to be pre
N OF THE SYSTEM SURE QUAKE
DISASTER
ion Council issue
ntion Master Pla
operations for 72
on route planning
ting
ies
portation route is abs
ons of (2) to (5), and
els by ships is im t priority to elim
hipping terminals
hours). Study was
tests will be used rough Earthquake a
point cloud (after a
buildings and faci
images: Real tim on berthing places
images: Panoram
port facilities and
nderwater live sona
and missing persons eabed topography
ity of berthing bo
eabed topography
bris on seabed.
e and maintain t
a after the disaste
calculating tsunam
uation at human ey l data
be prepared at norm C3D
ued “Nankai Trough
Plan” in 2014 whi
72 hours after
ng
absolutely necess
and above all m
important. iminate obstacles
nals and ensure
as made on how
ed for the emerge e and the followi
r analysis)
facilities
me images es
norama image
nd scattered debri
sonar data
rsons
phy (after analysis
ng boats and tsuna
phy (after analysis
the data at norm
ster,
unami running
n eye level.
ormal times Note ta of hydrographic su ographic LiDAR are eptable, but they mu ferably seamless.
nidirectional images creating images at h el. (like Street V iew survey and re also must be
ges are used t human eye w of Google)
igure. 14. shows
vention system of
normal times. It i ons can be taken
data acquired by
nd effectively if G
dastre of Japan Coa
Figure.14.
e express our
kahashi of Kansai
use the system not normal times and get
also thank Osaka
hiwada Port for the
egumi Koizumi,
or Sensor Georeferen apping for Dama
arthquake”
Coast Guard and t
4. Flow of coast di
Acknowledge our sincere grati
ai University who
not only at the t get ready for the N
saka Port Authori
or the test.
REFERENC
, 2012,ISPRS_2012
erencing and Naviga mage survey after
of the coastal a
3D at the time of
e to set up time saster prevention
may be used m
red linking with
nd tsunami hazard
st disaster prevent
edgement gratitude to Prof.
ho gave us guida
he time of disaster he Nankai Trough
hority who grant
NCES
_2012, I/5: Integrat
igation,Application fter Great east Ja
area disaster
of disaster and
e-line so that on master plan.
more quickly rough Earthquake.
nted us using
rated Systems
