Country report on rice

(1)

C

i

Country report on rice

cultivation practice:

Indonesia

cultivation practice:

Indonesia

Iman Rusmana

Bogor

Agricultural

University

Expert

Meeting

2 ‐

3 June

2011

Bangkok,

g

,

Thailand

(2)

INDONESIA

Population : 230 mill, 4

th

in the world

17 300 islands

INDONESIA

_{17.300 islands}

Sumatera

Kalimantan

Papua

Sumatera

Sulawesi

Java

Bali

Java

Java :

60 % of population,

60 % f f

d

ti

2

60 % of food production

13 % of land

(3)

General Information

General

Information

General

Information

Figure

of

Indonesia



Population

: 230 million



Pop growth rate : 1 35%/year



Pop growth rate : 1.35%/year



Total land area : 190 million ha



Agriculture sector in Indonesia



Provides job opportunities to 20 million

j

households



Contributes 66% to GDP



Rice productivity : 5.01 ton/ha



Rice consumption : 137 kg/cap/year



Rice consumption : 137 kg/cap/year

(4)

250,000,000

200,000,000

n

100 000 000

150,000,000

p

ula

tio

50 000 000

100,000,000

Po

p

0 50,000,000

0 1971 1980 1990 1995 2000 2010

Y

Year

(5)

Area of Rice Cultivation and Production in 2005-2010

70

13.5

60

13 ton)

tion

40

50

12.5 m

illion

t

cultiv

at

n

ha)

30

12 ction

(m

o

f

Rice

c

(millio

n

10

20

11.5 Pr

odu

c

Ar

ea

o

(

Area

(ha)

Production (ton)

0

10

11 Production

(ton)

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Year

(6)

Rice Variety

Rice

Variety

Rice

Variety

Form 1943 up to 2007

:

Form 1943 up to 2007

:



190 rice varieties of wetland were released



30 rice varieties of dryland were released



30 rice varieties of dryland were released

Mostly cultivated:

IR-64

Ciherang

Ciliwung

IR-64

Ciherang

Ciliwung

Way Apo Buru

IR 42

Widas

Memberamo

Cisadane

IR 66

Memberamo

Cisadane

IR 66

(7)

3500000

4000000

Rice

Variety

mostly

cultivated

in

Indonesia

3000000

3500000

n

(ha)

2000000

2500000

u

ltiv

at

io

n

1000000

1500000

rea

of

C

u

0 500000

1000000

A

r

0 Rice

Variety

(8)

1 6 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.1

2.4

1.8

1.6

1.1

1.1 IR

‐

64 Ciherang

3.3 Ciliwung

Way

Apo

Buru

31.4

8 IR

42 Widas

Memberamo

Cisadane

21.8 IR

66 Cisokan

Percentage

of

Rice

Variety

Cultivated

in Indonesia

Cisokan

Cibogo

(9)

Methane emission and rice productivity of

p

y

several rice varieties

(10)

Rice

Cultivation

Practices

Rice

Cultivation

Practices

Map

of

Soil

Distribution

in

Indonesia

Map

of

Soil

Distribution

in

Indonesia

D

lk li

t

t i l

W t

id

t

t i l

Dry, alkaline parent material

Wet, acid parent material

10 10

(11)

Distribution of rice soils in Indonesia

(12)

Wetland

Distribution

by

Island

11.61%

12.62%

_{5.44% 0.80%}

41.13%

11.61%

Java

Sumatera

28.39%

Sulawesi

Kalimantan

Bali &Nusa tenggara

Bali

&Nusa

tenggara

Total area of wetland in Indonesia in 2008 was 8.01 million

hectare

(13)

Wetland Area (ha) by Type of

Irrigation

3005016

Irrigation

Irrigated

5008720

wetland

Non

irrigated

wetland

Percentage of Wetland Area by

Type of Irrigation

62.50%

37.50%

Irrigated

wetland

Non

irrigated

g

wetland

(14)

64.4 66.4

67.3

70.0

80.0 Rice

Production

50.0

60.0 o

n

2009

2010

2011 (

di ti

)

34.9

29.5

36.4

30.0

36.4

30.9

30.0

40.0 Million

to

2011

(prediction)

10 0

20.0

30.0

0.0

10.0 Java

Out of Java

Indonesia

Java

Out

of

Java

Indonesia

(15)

12 000 000 10,000,000 12,000,000

o

n)

Rice

production

in

2009

6,000,000 8,000,000

ction

(t

o

2 000 000 4,000,000

Pr

odu

c

0 2,000,000 h D. tar a ara t a u m b i ta n kulu ung ung uan art a ara t gah _arta _mur ten a l i ara t m ur ara t

gah tan _mur _tara gah tan a_gar _talo _arat _uku _tara _arat _pua

N ang gr o e Ace h 2 . Suma te ra U t 3 . Suma te ra B a 4. R i 5. J a m Suma ter a Sela 7. Beng k 8. Lamp u . Bangk a Belit u 0 . Riau K e pula u 11. D. K .I. Jak a 12. Ja w a B a 13. Ja w a Te n g 4. D. I. Yo gy ak a 15. Ja w a Ti m 16. Ban 17. B a sa Te n gg ar a B a a Te n gg ar a Ti m K aliman ta n B a aliman ta n Te n g aliman ta n Sela K aliman ta n Ti m 4. Sulaw e si U t . Sulaw e si Te n g Sulaw e si Sela Sulaw esi Te n gg 28. Gor o n t 2 9. Sulaw e si B a 30. Mal u 3 1. Maluk u U t 32. Pa pua B a 33. Pa p 1. N 2 3 6. S ₉ 1 0 ₁ 18. Nu s 19. Nus 20. 21. K a 22. K a 23. K ₂ 25 . 26. 27. S 2 3

Province

(16)

14000000

Rice

production

in

2010

(by

Province)

10000000

12000000

ton)

6000000

8000000

o

duction

(t

2000000

4000000

Rice

pr

o

0 2000000

ceh

ar

a

_ara

t

iau

_m

bi

tan

ulu

_u

ng

_u

ng

iau

_art

a

_ara

t

_gah

_art

a

_m

ur

_ten

_B

ali

_ara

t

_m

ur

_ara

t

_gah

tan

_m

ur

ar

a

_gah

tan

a

ar

_talo

_ara

t

_u

ku

ar

a

_ara

t

_p

ua

A

c

Suma

ter

a

Ut

Suma

ter

a

b

a

_R

Ja

m

ma

te

ra

Sela

t

Bengk

Lamp

u

B

angk

a

Belit

u

K

epulauan

R

DKI

Jak

a

Ja

w

a

B

a

Ja

w

a

Te

n

g

DI

Yo

gy

ak

a

Ja

w

a

Ti

m

Ban

t

B

Te

n

gg

ar

a

B

a

Teng

gar

a

Ti

m

aliman

ta

n

B

a

m

an

ta

n

Te

n

g

m

an

ta

n

Sela

t

liman

ta

n

Ti

m

Sula

w

esi

Ut

ula

w

esi

Te

n

g

u

lawesi

Sela

t

awe

si

Te

n

gg

Gor

o

n

t

Sula

w

esi

B

a

Mal

u

Maluk

u

Ut

Pa

pua

B

a

Pa

p

S

Su

B

K

Nusa

T

K

a

Ka

lim

Ka

lim

_Ka

l

S

Su

Sul

a

(17)

2500000

Area

of

Rice

Cultivation

in

2010

(by

Province)

2000000 2500000 a) 1500000 Cultiv at ion (h a 500000 1000000 Ar ea of Rice 0 500000 t _g _g t r t r t r _o t t Aceh u ma te ra Ut ar a u ma te ra bar at Riau Jambi m ate ra Sela ta n Bengk u lu Lampun g angk a Belitun g e pulauan Riau DKI Jak art a Ja w a Bar at Ja w a Te n ga h DI Yo gy ak art a Ja w a Timu r Ban ten _Bali Teng gar a Bar at e ng ga ra Timu r iman ta n Bar at m an ta n Te n ga h m an ta n Sela ta n man tan Timu r Sulaw esi Ut ar a law e si Te n ga h law e si Sela ta n we si Te n gg ar a Gor o n tal o Sulaw esi Bar at Maluk u Maluk u Ut ar a Pa pua Bar at Pa pua Su Su Su m _Ba _Ke Nusa T Nusa Te Ka l Ka lim Ka lim _Kali S Su Su Sula S

(18)

P fil

f h

t i 2008 2010

Profile of harvest in 2008-2010

(19)

Rice Cultivation Practices

Rice

Cultivation

Practices

Rice

Cultivation

Practices

Wetland

:



Flooded wetland is still the dominant of rice

production in Indonesia



SRI (System of Rice Intensification):



The Agriculture ministry of Indonesia plans to

increase the use of the SRI:

- 2011 : 100.000 ha

- 2012 : 200.000 ha

- 2015 : 1,5 million ha

(20)

Study of SRI in Indonesia

LOCATION

CONVEN

‐

S.R.I

Reference

YIELD INCREASES

NATIONAL AVE. 4.8 T/HA

TIONAL

(TONS/HA)

CENTRAL

LOMBOK

O

‐

11.2 Sato

Sa o ( 00 )

(2007)

SUMBAWA

‐

14.3 Sato

(2007)

GARUT

‐

13.5 Sato

(2007)

SUKABUMI

12 6

Sato (2007)

SUKABUMI

‐

12.6 Sato

(2007)

SUKABUMI,

NOSC

5.38

6.85 Ardi

and

Iswandi

(2008)

S.E.T.C.

PANDAAN

EAST

JAVA

5.5

10.5 Herodian

et

al

,

(2008)

BOGOR,

,

5.0

7.5 Sugiyanta (2008)

WEST

JAVA

g y

(

)

PADANG,

W. SUMATRA

‐

9.67 ‐

11 0

Musliar

(2007

‐

2008)

11.0 2008)

(21)

S.R.I

RICE

CULTIVATION

AT

THREE

LOCATIONS

IN

WEST

JAVA

RICE

CULTIVATION

TANJUNG

SARI

SUKABUMI

DEPOK

NO.

OF

TILLERS/HILL

CONVENTIONAL

_30.30

_a

30.30a

17.3a

INORGANIC

S.R.I

_41.15b

41.15b

26.45c

YIELD

COMPON

ORGANIC

S.R.I

_29.60a

29.60a

20.95b

MIXED

_39.40b

39.40b

18.7ab

ENTS

39.40b

YIELD

(TON/HA)

RICE

CULTIVATION

TANJUNG

SARI

SUKABUMI

DEPOK

CONVENTIONAL

3.59

4.58 INORGANIC S R I

INORGANIC

S.R.I

4.35

5.32 ORGANIC

S.R.I

3.55

4.72 MIXED

3.

96

4.97

(22)

Correlation between SRI and Methane emission

METHANE

EMISSION

FROM

SUKARAJA

(SUKABUMI)

(Iswandi

et

al

. 2009)

TREATMENTS

2 WAT

4 WAT

6 WAT

8 WAT

10 WAT

AVERAGE

TREATMENTS

mg

C

‐

CH4

m

‐

2 h

‐

1 T0

=CONVENTIONAL

2021.2

9939.3

‐

1.95

1.95 ‐

5.48

2.49

2.49 2391.1

T1=IN

‐

ORGANIC

S.RI.I

0.00

1.00 ‐

3.77 ‐

1.05 ‐

0.76 T2=IN

‐

ORGANIC

S.RI.I

0.00 ‐

279.4

5.07 ‐

1.98

0.43 ‐

55.2 T3=

MIXED

0.00 1517.3

3.50

1.25

5.82

(23)

S.R.I. REDUCED

CH

₄

EMISSION

FROM RICE

FIELD

(24)

N2O

EMISSION

SUKABUMI

TREATMENTS

6 WAT

8 WAT

10 WAT

µg

N

‐

N20/m2/h

T0=

CONVENTIONAL

‐

173.35

158.78

36.06 T1=

IN

‐

ORGANIC

S.R.I.

4128.40

489.75

42.32 T2

=

ORGANIC

S.R.I.

‐

359.20

35.74 ‐

100.84 T3=

MIXED

230.13

165.11

10.24

6 WAT

8 WAT

N20 EMISSION AT TANJUNGSARI

TREATMENTS

µg

N

‐

N20/m2/h

T0=CONVENTIONAL

63.88

423.91 ORGANIC

FERTILIZER

T1=IN

‐

ORGANIC

S.R.I.

97.14 1247.84

T2=ORGANIC

S.R.I

‐

509.96 ‐

769.28 REDUCED N20

EMISSION

(25)

Total microbes and number of beneficial soil microbes

under conventional and S R I rice cultivation methods

under conventional and S.R.I. rice cultivation methods

at Tanjung Sari and Bogor (Iswandi et al. 2009)

Treatments

Total

Microbes*

(x10

5

₎

Azotobacter*

(x10

3

₎

Azospirillum*

(x10

3

₎

PSM*

(x10

4

₎

(x10

5

₎

Conventional (T0)

_2.3a

_1.9a

_0.9a

_3.3a

Inorganic S.R.I (T1)

_2.7a

_2.2a

_1.7ab

_4.0a

Organic S.R.I (T2)

_3.8b

_3.7b

_2.8bc

_5.9b

Inorganic S.R.I + BF (T3)

_{4 8c}

_{4 4b}

_{3 3c}

_{6 4b}

Inorganic S.R.I + BF (T3)

_4.8c

_4..4b

_3.3c

_6.4b

(26)

N2 fixation and CH4 oxidation activities of methanotrophic

bacteria isolated from rice field in West Java

No

Isolate

N

₂

fixation activity

(nM/hour/ml

CH

₄

oxidation

activity

Isolate

(nM/hour/ml

culture)

activity

(uM/day/ml culture)

1 BGM1

10,90

39,53

2 BGM3

7 10

56 62

2 BGM3

7,10

56,62

3 BGM5

10,80

75,85

3 BGM5

10,80

75,85

4 BGM9

15,30

59,60

Research in progress: Application of methanotrophic

bacteria as biofertilizer in rice cultivation (Conventional, SRI

and organic farming)

(27)

Management of Rice Residues

Management

of

Rice

Residues

Management

of

Rice

Residues

Estimation of biomass production on land use in

Indonesia

(28)

i

f i

d

i

Nutrient

content

of

rice

straw

and

grain

(29)

Total

area

of

rice

cultivation

with

and

4,000,000

without

rotation

crops

in

Indonesia

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

irrigation

2,000,000

2,500,000

,

e

a

(ha)

irrigation

1,000,000

1,500,000

Ar

e

0 500,000

rice

cultivation

with

crop

Rotation

rice

cultivation

without

(30)

Total area of rice cultivation with and

2500000

Total

area

of

rice

cultivation

with

and

without

rotation

crops

2000000

2500000

irrigation

(Java)

1500000

2000000

(ha)

Non

Irrigation

(Java)

1000000

Ar

ea

(

Irigation

(outside

Java)

500000

non

_Java)

irrigation

(outside

0 rice

cultivation

with

crop Rotation

rice

cultivation

without crop Rotation

(31)

Soil organic carbon

f i t

ifi d l

l

d i

of intensified lowland rice areas

in Indonesia

1200

s

••

73% low soil organic

matter content (<2%),

23%

di

i

23%

di

i

800 1000

S

am

p

le

•• 23% medium organic

23% medium organic

matter content (2

matter content (2--3%)

3%)

•• 4% have more than 3% of

4% have more than 3% of

400

600 o

f S

o

il

S

•• 4% have more than 3% of

4% have more than 3% of

soil organic matter

due to the intensive

0

200 No

.

o

due to the intensive

weathering process, high

rainfall and temperature,

land use change and

0 < 2.0

2.0 - 3.0

> 3.0

Soil Organic Carbon

land use change, and

inappropriate management

practices without returning

organic matter

organic matter to the field

to the field

(32)

Soil Organic Carbon

Soil

Organic

Carbon

Soil

Organic

Carbon

Case study in West Java

Comparison of soil carbon sequestration between organic

and conventional rice fields in the top 10 cm soil depth

p

(33)

Comparison of soil carbon content profile between organic

and conventional rice fields in the top 30 cm soil depth.

p

(34)

(35)

References:

Anas, I., R. Widyastuti, T. R. Hutabarat, D. Nareswari , I. A. Hakim, A. Ningtyas, S. K. Santoso, W. Agusmiati, M. Ulfah and Eka. N. Sari.2009. Recent finding from SRI study. Laboratory of Soil Biotechnology, Department of Soil Science and Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

B d P S i ik 2011 PRODUKSI PADI JAGUNG DAN KEDELAI (ANGKA SEMENTARA TAHUN 2010 DAN ANGKA

Badan Pusat Statistik. 2011. PRODUKSI PADI, JAGUNG, DAN KEDELAI (ANGKA SEMENTARA TAHUN 2010 DAN ANGKA RAMALAN I TAHUN 2011). No. 18/03/Th. XIV, 1 Maret 2011

Departemen Pertanian. 2007. Agenda Nasional [2008 –2015] dan Rencana Aksi [2008 –2009] Pengurangan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Sektor Pertanian. Departemen Pertanian Indonesia.

IAERI 2001. Emisi dan mitigasi gas CH4 dan N2O dari pengolahan tanah,varietas dan pemberian bahan organik dalam pola tanam padipalawijapada lahan sawah tadah hujan. Laporan tahunan 2001

IAERI. 2001. Pengaruh varietas padi terhadap besarnya emisi gas CH4 pada lahan sawah irigasi vertisol. Laporan tahunan 2001. Komatsuzaki, M and M. F, Syuaib, 2010. Comparison of the Farming System and Carbon Sequestration between Conventional and y p g y q Organic Rice Production in West Java, Indonesia. Sustainability 2, 833-843; doi:10.3390/su2030833

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Rachman, A. S. Rochayati, D. Setyorini. 2009. Soil fertility management technology. Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Developmentp

Sabiham, S. and B. Mulyanto. 2005. BIOMASS UTILISATION IN INDONESIA: INTEGRATION OF TRADITIONAL AND MODERN PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC MATTER MANAGEMENT. APECATC Workshop on Biomass Utilization held in Tokyo and Tsukuba Japan, . 19 –21 January 2005Setyanto, P. 2006. Varietas Padi Rendah Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca. Warta Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. 28(4): 12-13.

Setyanto,P. Burhan, H., Jatmiko, S.Y. 2008. Effectiveness of water regime and soil management on methane emission reduction from rice field. Prosiding seminar Nasional pencemaran lingkungan pertanian melalui ndekatan pengelolaan daerah aliran sungai (DAS) secara terpadu. 219-233.

Suharsih, P. Setyanto, A.K. Makarim. 2004. Emisi gas metan pada lahan sawah irigasi inceptisol akibat pemupukan nitrogen paday g p g p p p g p tanaman padi. PP Tanaman Pangan 22 (2) : 43-47

Swastika D. K.S, J. Wargiono, Soejitno, dan A. Hasanuddin. ANALISIS KEBIJAKA PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI PADI MELALUI EFISIENSI PEMANFAATAN LAHAN SAWAH DI INDONESIA. Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian. 5(1): 36-52

(36)