• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Country report on rice

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Membagikan "Country report on rice"

Copied!
36
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

C

i

Country report on rice 

cultivation practice:

Indonesia

cultivation practice:

Indonesia

Iman Rusmana

Iman Rusmana

Bogor

 

Agricultural

 

University

Expert

 

Meeting

2

3

 

June

 

2011

Bangkok,

g

,

 

Thailand

 

(2)

INDONESIA

Population : 230 mill, 4

th

in the world

17 300 islands

INDONESIA

17.300 islands

Sumatera

Kalimantan

Papua

Sumatera

Sulawesi

Java

Bali

Java

Java :

60 % of population,

60 % f f

d

d

ti

2

60 % of food production

13 % of land

(3)

General Information

General Information

General

 

Information

General

 

Information

Figure

 

of

 

Indonesia

Population

: 230 million

Pop growth rate : 1 35%/year

Pop growth rate : 1.35%/year

Total land area : 190 million ha

Agriculture sector in Indonesia

Provides job opportunities to 20 million

j

households

Contributes 66% to GDP

Contributes 66% to GDP

Rice productivity : 5.01 ton/ha

Rice consumption : 137 kg/cap/year

Rice consumption : 137 kg/cap/year

(4)

250,000,000

200,000,000

n

100 000 000

150,000,000

p

ula

tio

50 000 000

100,000,000

Po

p

0

50,000,000

0

1971 1980 1990 1995 2000 2010

Y

Year

(5)

Area of Rice Cultivation and Production in 2005-2010

70

13.5

60

13

ton)

tion

 

40

50

12.5

m

illion

 

t

cultiv

at

n

 

ha)

30

12

ction

 

(m

o

f

 

Rice

 

c

(millio

n

10

20

11.5

Pr

odu

c

Ar

ea

 

o

(

Area

 

(ha)

Production (ton)

0

10

11

Production

 

(ton)

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Year

(6)

Rice Variety

Rice Variety

Rice

 

Variety

Rice

 

Variety

Form 1943 up to 2007

:

Form 1943 up to 2007

:

190 rice varieties of wetland were released

30 rice varieties of dryland were released

30 rice varieties of dryland were released

Mostly cultivated:

IR-64

Ciherang

Ciliwung

IR-64

Ciherang

Ciliwung

Way Apo Buru

IR 42

Widas

Memberamo

Cisadane

IR 66

Memberamo

Cisadane

IR 66

(7)

3500000

4000000

Rice

 

Variety

 

mostly

 

cultivated

 

in

 

Indonesia

3000000

3500000

n

 

(ha)

2000000

2500000

u

ltiv

at

io

n

1000000

1500000

rea

 

of

 

C

u

0

500000

1000000

A

r

0

Rice

 

Variety

(8)

1 6 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.1

2.4

1.8

1.6

1.1

1.1

IR

64

Ciherang

3.3

Ciliwung

Way

 

Apo

 

Buru

31.4

8

IR

 

42

Widas

Memberamo

Cisadane

21.8

IR

 

66

Cisokan

Percentage

 

of

 

Rice

 

Variety

 

Cultivated

 

in Indonesia

Cisokan

Cibogo

(9)

Methane emission and rice productivity of

p

y

several rice varieties

(10)

Rice

 

Cultivation

 

Practices

Rice

 

Cultivation

 

Practices

Map

 

of

 

Soil

 

Distribution

 

in

 

Indonesia

Map

 

of

 

Soil

 

Distribution

 

in

 

Indonesia

D

lk li

t

t i l

W t

id

t

t i l

Dry, alkaline parent material

Wet, acid parent material

10 10

(11)

Distribution of rice soils in Indonesia

Distribution of rice soils in Indonesia

(12)

Wetland

 

Distribution

 

by

 

Island

11.61%

12.62%

5.44% 0.80%

41.13%

11.61%

Java

Sumatera

28.39%

Sulawesi

Kalimantan

Bali &Nusa tenggara

Bali

 

&Nusa

 

tenggara

Total area of wetland in Indonesia in 2008 was 8.01 million

hectare

(13)

Wetland Area (ha) by Type of 

Irrigation

3005016

Irrigation

Irrigated

 

5008720

wetland

Non

 

irrigated

 

wetland

Percentage of Wetland Area by 

Type of Irrigation

62.50%

37.50%

Irrigated

 

wetland

Non

 

irrigated

g

 

wetland

(14)

64.4 66.4

67.3

70.0

80.0

Rice

 

Production

50.0

60.0

o

n

2009

2010

2011 (

di ti

)

34.9

29.5

36.4

30.0

36.4

30.9

30.0

40.0

Million

 

to

2011

 

(prediction)

10 0

20.0

30.0

0.0

10.0

Java

Out of Java

Indonesia

Java

Out

 

of

 

Java

Indonesia

(15)

12 000 000 10,000,000 12,000,000

o

n)

Rice

 

production

 

in

 

2009

6,000,000 8,000,000

ction

 

(t

o

2 000 000 4,000,000

Pr

odu

c

0 2,000,000 h   D. tar a ara t a   u m   b   i ta n kulu ung ung uan art a ara t gah arta mur ten a l  i ara t m ur ara t

gah tan mur tara gah tan agar talo arat uku tara arat pua

N ang gr o e   Ace h 2 .   Suma te ra   U t 3 .   Suma te ra   B a 4.   R   i   5.   J   a   m Suma ter a   Sela 7.   Beng k 8.   Lamp u .   Bangk a   Belit u 0 .   Riau   K e pula u 11.   D. K .I.   Jak a 12.   Ja w a   B a 13.   Ja w a   Te n g 4.   D. I.   Yo gy ak a 15.   Ja w a   Ti m 16.   Ban 17.   B   a sa   Te n gg ar a   B a a   Te n gg ar a   Ti m K aliman ta n   B a aliman ta n   Te n g aliman ta n   Sela K aliman ta n   Ti m 4.   Sulaw e si   U t .   Sulaw e si   Te n g   Sulaw e si   Sela Sulaw esi   Te n gg 28.   Gor o n t 2 9.   Sulaw e si   B a 30.   Mal u 3 1.   Maluk u   U t 32.   Pa pua   B a 33.   Pa p 1.   N 2 3 6.   S 9 1 0 1 18.   Nu s 19.   Nus 20.   21.   K a 22.   K a 23.   K 2 25 . 26. 27.   S 2 3

Province

Province

(16)

14000000

Rice

 

production

 

in

 

2010

 

(by

 

Province)

10000000

12000000

ton)

6000000

8000000

o

duction

 

(t

2000000

4000000

Rice

 

pr

o

0

2000000

ceh

ar

a

ara

t

iau

m

bi

tan

ulu

u

ng

u

ng

iau

art

a

ara

t

gah

art

a

m

ur

ten

B

ali

ara

t

m

ur

ara

t

gah

tan

m

ur

ar

a

gah

tan

a

ar

talo

ara

t

u

ku

ar

a

ara

t

p

ua

A

c

Suma

ter

a

 

Ut

Suma

ter

a

 

b

a

R

Ja

m

ma

te

ra

 

Sela

t

Bengk

Lamp

u

B

angk

a

 

Belit

u

K

epulauan

 

R

DKI

 

Jak

a

Ja

w

a

 

B

a

Ja

w

a

 

Te

n

g

DI

 

Yo

gy

ak

a

Ja

w

a

 

Ti

m

Ban

t

B

Te

n

gg

ar

a

 

B

a

Teng

gar

a

 

Ti

m

aliman

ta

n

 

B

a

m

an

ta

n

 

Te

n

g

m

an

ta

n

 

Sela

t

liman

ta

n

 

Ti

m

Sula

w

esi

 

Ut

ula

w

esi

 

Te

n

g

u

lawesi

 

Sela

t

awe

si

 

Te

n

gg

Gor

o

n

t

Sula

w

esi

 

B

a

Mal

u

Maluk

u

 

Ut

Pa

pua

 

B

a

Pa

p

S

S

Su

B

K

Nusa

 

Nusa

 

T

K

a

Ka

lim

Ka

lim

Ka

l

S

Su

Sul

a

(17)

2500000

Area

 

of

 

Rice

 

Cultivation

 

in

 

2010

 

(by

 

Province)

2000000 2500000 a) 1500000 Cultiv at ion   (h a 500000 1000000 Ar ea   of   Rice   0 500000 t g g t r t r t r o t t Aceh u ma te ra   Ut ar a u ma te ra   bar at Riau Jambi m ate ra   Sela ta n Bengk u lu Lampun g angk a   Belitun g e pulauan   Riau DKI   Jak art a Ja w a   Bar at Ja w a   Te n ga h DI   Yo gy ak art a Ja w a   Timu r Ban ten Bali Teng gar a   Bar at e ng ga ra   Timu r iman ta n   Bar at m an ta n   Te n ga h m an ta n   Sela ta n man tan   Timu r Sulaw esi   Ut ar a law e si   Te n ga h law e si   Sela ta n we si   Te n gg ar a Gor o n tal o Sulaw esi   Bar at Maluk u Maluk u   Ut ar a Pa pua   Bar at Pa pua Su Su Su m Ba Ke Nusa   T Nusa   Te Ka l Ka lim Ka lim Kali S Su Su Sula S

(18)

P fil

f h

t i 2008 2010

Profile of harvest in 2008-2010

(19)

Rice Cultivation Practices

Rice Cultivation Practices

Rice

 

Cultivation

 

Practices

Rice

 

Cultivation

 

Practices

Wetland

:

Flooded wetland is still the dominant of rice

production in Indonesia

SRI (System of Rice Intensification):

The Agriculture ministry of Indonesia plans to

increase the use of the SRI:

- 2011 : 100.000 ha

- 2012 : 200.000 ha

- 2015 : 1,5 million ha

(20)

Study of SRI in Indonesia

LOCATION

CONVEN

S.R.I

Reference

YIELD INCREASES

NATIONAL AVE. 4.8 T/HA

TIONAL

(TONS/HA)

CENTRAL

 

LOMBOK

O

O

11.2

Sato

Sa o ( 00 )

 

(2007)

SUMBAWA

 

14.3

Sato

 

(2007)

GARUT

13.5

Sato

 

(2007)

SUKABUMI

12 6

Sato (2007)

SUKABUMI

12.6

Sato

 

(2007)

SUKABUMI,

 

NOSC

5.38

6.85

Ardi

 

and

 

Iswandi

 

(2008)

S.E.T.C.

 

PANDAAN

EAST

 

JAVA

5.5

10.5

Herodian

et

 

al

,

 

(2008)

BOGOR,

,

 

5.0

7.5

Sugiyanta (2008)

WEST

 

JAVA

g y

(

)

PADANG,

 

W.

 

SUMATRA

9.67

11 0

Musliar

 

(2007

2008)

11.0

2008)

(21)

S.R.I

  

RICE

 

CULTIVATION

 

AT

 

THREE

  

LOCATIONS

 

IN

 

WEST

 

JAVA

RICE

 

CULTIVATION

TANJUNG

 

SARI

SUKABUMI

DEPOK

NO.

 

OF

 

TILLERS/HILL

CONVENTIONAL

30.30

 

a

30.30a

17.3a

INORGANIC

 

S.R.I

41.15b

41.15b

26.45c

YIELD

COMPON

ORGANIC

 

S.R.I

29.60a

29.60a

20.95b

MIXED

39.40b

39.40b

18.7ab

ENTS

39.40b

YIELD

 

(TON/HA)

RICE

 

CULTIVATION

TANJUNG

 

SARI

SUKABUMI

DEPOK

CONVENTIONAL

3.59

4.58

INORGANIC S R I

INORGANIC

 

S.R.I

4.35

5.32

ORGANIC

 

S.R.I

3.55

4.72

MIXED

3.

 

96

4.97

(22)

Correlation between SRI and Methane emission

METHANE

 

EMISSION

 

FROM

 

SUKARAJA

 

(SUKABUMI)

 

(Iswandi

 

et

 

al

. 2009)

TREATMENTS

2

 

WAT

4

 

WAT

6

 

WAT

8

 

WAT

10

 

WAT

AVERAGE

TREATMENTS

mg

 

C

CH4

 

m

2

 

h

1

T0

 

=CONVENTIONAL

 

2021.2

2021.2

9939.3

9939.3

1.95

1.95

5.48

5.48

2.49

2.49

2391.1

T1=IN

ORGANIC

 

S.RI.I

0.00

0.00

1.00

3.77

1.05

0.76

T2=IN

ORGANIC

 

S.RI.I

0.00

279.4

5.07

1.98

0.43

55.2

T3=

 

MIXED

0.00

1517.3

3.50

1.25

5.82

(23)

S.R.I. REDUCED

CH

4

EMISSION

FROM RICE

FIELD

(24)

N2O

  

EMISSION

  

SUKABUMI

TREATMENTS

6

 

WAT

8

 

WAT

10

 

WAT

µg

 

N

N20/m2/h

T0=

 

CONVENTIONAL

173.35

158.78

36.06

T1=

 

IN

ORGANIC

 

S.R.I.

4128.40

489.75

42.32

T2

 

=

 

ORGANIC

 

S.R.I.

359.20

35.74

100.84

T3=

 

MIXED

230.13

165.11

10.24

6

 

WAT

8

 

WAT

N20 EMISSION AT TANJUNGSARI

TREATMENTS

µg

 

N

N20/m2/h

T0=CONVENTIONAL

63.88

423.91

ORGANIC

FERTILIZER

T1=IN

ORGANIC

 

S.R.I.

97.14

1247.84

T2=ORGANIC

 

S.R.I

509.96

769.28

REDUCED N20

EMISSION

(25)

Total microbes and number of beneficial soil microbes

under conventional and S R I rice cultivation methods

under conventional and S.R.I. rice cultivation methods

at Tanjung Sari and Bogor (Iswandi et al. 2009)

Treatments

Total

Microbes*

(x10

5

)

Azotobacter*

(x10

3

)

Azospirillum*

(x10

3

)

PSM*

(x10

4

)

(x10

5

)

Conventional (T0)

2.3a

1.9a

0.9a

3.3a

Inorganic S.R.I (T1)

2.7a

2.2a

1.7ab

4.0a

Organic S.R.I (T2)

3.8b

3.7b

2.8bc

5.9b

Inorganic S.R.I + BF (T3)

4 8c

4 4b

3 3c

6 4b

Inorganic S.R.I + BF (T3)

4.8c

4..4b

3.3c

6.4b

(26)

N2 fixation and CH4 oxidation activities of methanotrophic

bacteria isolated from rice field in West Java

No

Isolate

N

2

fixation activity

(nM/hour/ml

CH

4

oxidation

activity

Isolate

(nM/hour/ml

culture)

activity

(uM/day/ml culture)

1

BGM1

10,90

39,53

2

BGM3

7 10

56 62

2

BGM3

7,10

56,62

3

BGM5

10,80

75,85

3

BGM5

10,80

75,85

4

BGM9

15,30

59,60

Research in progress: Application of methanotrophic

bacteria as biofertilizer in rice cultivation (Conventional, SRI

and organic farming)

(27)

Management of Rice Residues

Management of Rice Residues

Management

 

of

 

Rice

 

Residues

Management

 

of

 

Rice

 

Residues

Estimation of biomass production on land use in

Estimation of biomass production on land use in

Indonesia

(28)

i

f i

d

i

Nutrient

 

content

 

of

 

rice

 

straw

 

and

 

grain

(29)

Total

 

area

 

of

 

rice

 

cultivation

 

with

 

and

 

4,000,000

without

 

rotation

 

crops

 

in

 

Indonesia

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

irrigation

2,000,000

2,500,000

,

,

e

a

 

(ha)

irrigation

1,000,000

1,500,000

Ar

e

0

500,000

rice

 

cultivation

 

with

 

crop

 

Rotation

rice

 

cultivation

 

without

 

(30)

Total area of rice cultivation with and

2500000

Total

 

area

 

of

 

rice

 

cultivation

 

with

 

and

 

without

 

rotation

 

crops

 

2000000

2500000

irrigation

 

(Java)

1500000

2000000

(ha)

Non

 

Irrigation

 

(Java)

1000000

Ar

ea

 

(

Irigation

 

(outside

 

Java)

500000

non

Java)

 

irrigation

 

(outside

 

0

rice

 

cultivation

 

with

 

crop Rotation

rice

 

cultivation

 

without crop Rotation

(31)

Soil organic carbon

f i t

ifi d l

l

d i

of intensified lowland rice areas

in Indonesia

1200

s

••

73% low soil organic

73% low soil organic

matter content (<2%),

matter content (<2%),

23%

di

i

23%

di

i

800

1000

S

am

p

le

•• 23% medium organic

23% medium organic

matter content (2

matter content (2--3%)

3%)

•• 4% have more than 3% of

4% have more than 3% of

400

600

o

f S

o

il

S

•• 4% have more than 3% of

4% have more than 3% of

soil organic matter

soil organic matter

due to the intensive

due to the intensive

0

200

No

.

o

due to the intensive

due to the intensive

weathering process, high

weathering process, high

rainfall and temperature,

rainfall and temperature,

land use change and

land use change and

0

< 2.0

2.0 - 3.0

> 3.0

Soil Organic Carbon

land use change, and

land use change, and

inappropriate management

inappropriate management

practices without returning

practices without returning

organic matter

organic matter to the field

to the field

(32)

Soil Organic Carbon

Soil Organic Carbon

Soil

 

Organic

 

Carbon

Soil

 

Organic

 

Carbon

Case study in West Java

Comparison of soil carbon sequestration between organic

and conventional rice fields in the top 10 cm soil depth

p

p

(33)

Comparison of soil carbon content profile between organic

and conventional rice fields in the top 30 cm soil depth.

p

p

(34)
(35)

References:

Anas, I., R. Widyastuti, T. R. Hutabarat, D. Nareswari , I. A. Hakim, A. Ningtyas, S. K. Santoso, W. Agusmiati, M. Ulfah and Eka. N. Sari.2009. Recent finding from SRI study. Laboratory of Soil Biotechnology, Department of Soil Science and Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

B d P S i ik 2011 PRODUKSI PADI JAGUNG DAN KEDELAI (ANGKA SEMENTARA TAHUN 2010 DAN ANGKA

Badan Pusat Statistik. 2011. PRODUKSI PADI, JAGUNG, DAN KEDELAI (ANGKA SEMENTARA TAHUN 2010 DAN ANGKA RAMALAN I TAHUN 2011). No. 18/03/Th. XIV, 1 Maret 2011

Departemen Pertanian. 2007. Agenda Nasional [2008 –2015] dan Rencana Aksi [2008 –2009] Pengurangan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Sektor Pertanian. Departemen Pertanian Indonesia.

IAERI 2001. Emisi dan mitigasi gas CH4 dan N2O dari pengolahan tanah,varietas dan pemberian bahan organik dalam pola tanam padipalawijapada lahan sawah tadah hujan. Laporan tahunan 2001

IAERI. 2001. Pengaruh varietas padi terhadap besarnya emisi gas CH4 pada lahan sawah irigasi vertisol. Laporan tahunan 2001. Komatsuzaki, M and M. F, Syuaib, 2010. Comparison of the Farming System and Carbon Sequestration between Conventional and y p g y q Organic Rice Production in West Java, Indonesia. Sustainability 2, 833-843; doi:10.3390/su2030833

Litbang Deptan. 2007. Varietas unggul padi sawah 1943-2007. Informasi Ringkas Teknologi Padi . 1-10

Rachman, A. S. Rochayati, D. Setyorini. 2009. Soil fertility management technology. Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Developmentp

Sabiham, S. and B. Mulyanto. 2005. BIOMASS UTILISATION IN INDONESIA: INTEGRATION OF TRADITIONAL AND MODERN PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC MATTER MANAGEMENT. APECATC Workshop on Biomass Utilization held in Tokyo and Tsukuba Japan, . 19 –21 January 2005Setyanto, P. 2006. Varietas Padi Rendah Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca. Warta Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. 28(4): 12-13.

Setyanto,P. Burhan, H., Jatmiko, S.Y. 2008. Effectiveness of water regime and soil management on methane emission reduction from rice field. Prosiding seminar Nasional pencemaran lingkungan pertanian melalui ndekatan pengelolaan daerah aliran sungai (DAS) secara terpadu. 219-233.

Suharsih, P. Setyanto, A.K. Makarim. 2004. Emisi gas metan pada lahan sawah irigasi inceptisol akibat pemupukan nitrogen paday g p g p p p g p tanaman padi. PP Tanaman Pangan 22 (2) : 43-47

Swastika D. K.S, J. Wargiono, Soejitno, dan A. Hasanuddin. ANALISIS KEBIJAKA PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI PADI MELALUI EFISIENSI PEMANFAATAN LAHAN SAWAH DI INDONESIA. Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian. 5(1): 36-52

(36)

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

Capaian Program Tersedianya dana untuk jasa service kendaraan dinas /operasional 1 Tahun. Masukan Jumlah Dana

Ide dasar dari konsep otomata yang diterapkan adalah, bahwa dengan mengetahui atau melacak pola difraksi yang didapat dari file gambar, maka dapat diketahui pula kedalaman b

Sedangkan dalam pemenuhan sasaran tersebut masih ada permasalahan dari perusahaan dimana dalam pengiriman olie kemasan drum ke beberapa daerah pemasaran belum adanya perencanaan

Kuliah Kerja Nyata (KKN) adalah sebuah program yang berorientasi pengabdian kepada masyarakat oleh mahasiswa dengan pendekatan lintas keilmuan dan sektoral pada

Pembangunan tata pemerintahan diarahkan pada upaya semakin meningkatkan kualitas SDM aparatur, melanjutkan pembangunan sarana dan prasarana pendukung

TERSEDIA Bibit Durian Pendek Buah tinggi 1 METER KAKI LIMA harga sangat terjangkau, Stok terbatas JIKA ANDA INGIN yang PERTAMA Memiliki LANGSUNG. kiirim pesan ke INBoX fb saya ini

Peserta tes Seleksi Jalur Mandiri akan dinyatakan diterima menjadi Mahasiswa Baru UPN ”Veteran” Jawa Timur pada salah satu program studi yang pilihan berdasarkan

Setelah melihat hasil penelitian maka gambaran rata-rata jawaban responden sebesar 75,56% dari skor ideal, hal ini menunjukan perlunya peningkatan kinerja mengajar guru