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“
“
There is no sensible reason to design and prepare for a
There is no sensible reason to design and prepare for a
better engineered landfill if it is not operated in a better
better engineered landfill if it is not operated in a better
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Overview
Overview
20.1 Management
20.1 Management
20.2 Capacity building Operators
20.2 Capacity building Operators
20.3 Operational aspects (filling/covering)
20.3 Operational aspects (filling/covering)
20.4 Leachate treatment
20.4 Leachate treatment
20.5 Landfill gas
20.5 Landfill gas
20.6 Monitoring systems
20.6 Monitoring systems
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Key decisions (1)
Key decisions (1)
Technical resources and skills available?Technical resources and skills available?
Required skills: waste management, civil engineering,Required skills: waste management, civil engineering,
hydrogeology, geotechnical engineering, hydrology
hydrogeology, geotechnical engineering, hydrology
Acquisition options: building in municipal organisation,Acquisition options: building in municipal organisation,
contracting to consultants, outsourcing to waste management
contracting to consultants, outsourcing to waste management
contractors
contractors
Financial resources made available?Financial resources made available?
20.1 Management
20.1 Management
20.1 Management
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Key decisions (2)
Key decisions (2)
Type of equipment to be used for placement and
Type of equipment to be used for placement and
compaction?
compaction?
Specialised equipment (compactor): high density, saves
volume, but higher investment and maintenance cost
Common equipment (agriculture, road construction): lower
density, but cheaper and easier to service
20.1 Management
20 – Operation and Maintenance
20 – Operation and Maintenance 20.1 Management20.1 Management
Equipment
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Key decisions (3)
Key decisions (3)
Scavengers allowed on site?
Scavengers allowed on site?
Health and safety hazards exist for both
scavengers
and landfill employees
Informal recycling is disruptive to landfill operation
due to interference with the work and fires
20.1 Management
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20.2 Capacity building of operators
20.2 Capacity building of operators
Disposal plan
Disposal plan
Key element of designKey element of design
Describes appropriate sequence of filling to achieve final Describes appropriate sequence of filling to achieve final
land form
land form
Purpose is to minimise environmental impact and at thePurpose is to minimise environmental impact and at the
same time minimise necessary construction works
same time minimise necessary construction works
20.2 Capacity building of operators
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20.2 Capacity building of operators
20.2 Capacity building of operators
Disposal plan (cont’d)
Disposal plan (cont’d)
…
… can be achieved by:can be achieved by:
minimising area being filled (12-18 months)minimising area being filled (12-18 months)
accelerating restoration of filled parts accelerating restoration of filled parts
minimising double handling of excavated materialminimising double handling of excavated material
allowing progressive installation of gas and water controlsallowing progressive installation of gas and water controls
permitting optimum development of access and haul permitting optimum development of access and haul
roads
roads
20.2 Capacity building of operators
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20.2 Capacity building of
20.2 Capacity building of
operators
operators
General principles
General principles
Waste should be compacted in thin layers (Waste should be compacted in thin layers (~ 30 cm up to 2 m. ~ 30 cm up to 2 m.
thick)
thick)
Compacted waste should be covered on daily basisCompacted waste should be covered on daily basis No biodegradable waste should be deposited in waterNo biodegradable waste should be deposited in water Open burning of waste should not be permittedOpen burning of waste should not be permitted
Inspections for vermin should be frequent and measures taken Inspections for vermin should be frequent and measures taken
to prevent infestations
20.2 Capacity building of operators
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20.2 Capacity building of
20.2 Capacity building of
operators
operators
General principles
General principles
Litter should be collected regularly from around the siteLitter should be collected regularly from around the site
Drainage ditches should be kept free of blockagesDrainage ditches should be kept free of blockages
Site acces roads should be regurarly inspected and if Site acces roads should be regurarly inspected and if
necessary
necessary
repaired
repaired
Keep records of all waste deliveries to the siteKeep records of all waste deliveries to the site
Environmental monitoring should be performed on routine Environmental monitoring should be performed on routine
basis
basis
Public should be excluded from the site for their own safetyPublic should be excluded from the site for their own safety
20.2 Capacity building of operators
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20.3 Operation aspects
20.3 Operation aspects
Covering/Filling
Covering/Filling
Three general ways of landfilling depending upon
Three general ways of landfilling depending upon
topography and landscape:
topography and landscape:
1.
Trench
2.
Ramp
3.
Area
20.3 Capacity building of operators
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20.3 Operational aspects
20.3 Operational aspects
Trench landfilling
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3.4.3 Operational aspects
3.4.3 Operational aspects
Ramp landfilling
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3.4.3 Operational aspects
3.4.3 Operational aspects
Area landfilling
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3.4.3 Operational aspects
3.4.3 Operational aspects
Settlement
Settlement
…
…
can compromise the after use, especially when
can compromise the after use, especially when
uneven
uneven
settlement damages the final cover
settlement damages the final cover
Speed and amount vary with initial compaction
Speed and amount vary with initial compaction
MSW can reach a density of 1.0 tonne per m³
MSW can reach a density of 1.0 tonne per m³
Waste placement 0.5 tonne per m³: 50% expected
Waste placement 0.5 tonne per m³: 50% expected
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Waste acceptance requires:
Waste acceptance requires:
access roads
reception facilities (office including heating, lighting,
drinking water, toilet and wash facilities)
registration facilities (volumetric estimation or
weighbridge, administration system
3.4.3 Operational aspects
3.4.3 Operational aspects
Basic landfill site infrastructure
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20.3 Operational aspects
20.3 Operational aspects
Basic landfill site infrastructure
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20.3 Operational aspects
20.3 Operational aspects
Daily cover
Daily cover
Reduces attraction of birds and rodents Reduces attraction of birds and rodents
Reduces suitable habitat for vermin and fliesReduces suitable habitat for vermin and flies
Provides better surface for vehiclesProvides better surface for vehicles
Reduces exposure to atmospheric conditionsReduces exposure to atmospheric conditions
Reduces wind-blown litterReduces wind-blown litter
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20.3 Operational aspects
20.3 Operational aspects
Daily cover
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20.3 Operational aspects
20.3 Operational aspects
Planning supply of cover material
Planning supply of cover material
Rarely a site can supply all soil material required for bunds,Rarely a site can supply all soil material required for bunds,
daily, temporary and final cover: check what is available
daily, temporary and final cover: check what is available
Some waste materials (contaminated soil, ashes, constructionSome waste materials (contaminated soil, ashes, construction
and demolition waste) is suitable for daily cover: plan provisions
and demolition waste) is suitable for daily cover: plan provisions
for temporary storage
for temporary storage
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20.4 Leachate
20.4 Leachate
Groundwater polution
Groundwater polution
… is one of the major concerns in landfill design
…
is one of the major concerns in landfill design
…
…
is caused by leachate entering the subsoil
is caused by leachate entering the subsoil
Quantity and quality of leachate depend upon local
Quantity and quality of leachate depend upon local
climate, nature of wastes, and measures to prevent entry
climate, nature of wastes, and measures to prevent entry
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20.4 Leachate
20.4 Leachate
Water balance
Water balance
rain fall evapotranspiration
infiltration
discharge
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20.4 Leachate
20.4 Leachate
Two classical approaches
Two classical approaches
“Attenuate and disperse” design: a certain amount of
“
Attenuate and disperse” design: a certain amount of
leachate entering into the subsoil is considered
leachate entering into the subsoil is considered
acceptable, soil processes reduce the impact
acceptable, soil processes reduce the impact
“
“
Containment”design: a natural or synthetic barrier
Containment”design: a natural or synthetic barrier
inhibits
inhibits
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20.4 Leachate
20.4 Leachate
Attenuate and disperse
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20.4 Leachate
20.4 Leachate
Drainage system attenuate and
Drainage system attenuate and
disperse
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20.4 Leachate
20.4 Leachate
Containment design (sanitary
Containment design (sanitary
landfilling)
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20.4 Leachate
20.4 Leachate
Containment design (sanitary
Containment design (sanitary
landfilling)
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20.4 Leachate
20.4 Leachate
Drainage system (sanitary landfill)
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20.4 Leachate
20.4 Leachate
Drainage system (sanitary landfill)
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20.4 Leachate
20.4 Leachate
Leachate treatment
Leachate treatment
Leachate can not be discharged untreated
Leachate can not be discharged untreated
Treatment can be necessary in first approach, but a must
Treatment can be necessary in first approach, but a must
in second approach
in second approach
Amounts of leachate can be reduced by recirculation
Amounts of leachate can be reduced by recirculation
Treatment options are municipal waste water treatment
Treatment options are municipal waste water treatment
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20.4 Leachate
20.4 Leachate
Leachate treatment (lagoon)
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20.4 Leachate
20.4 Leachate
Leachate treatment (wetland)
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20.4 Leachate
20.4 Leachate
Leachate treatment (activated
Leachate treatment (activated
sludge)
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20.5 Landfill gas
20.5 Landfill gas
Degradation of organics produces landfill gas (LFG)
Degradation of organics produces landfill gas (LFG)
LFG contains mainly methane and carbon dioxide
LFG contains mainly methane and carbon dioxide
Methane is potentially explosive and a greenhouse gas
Methane is potentially explosive and a greenhouse gas
Carbon dioxide is potentially asphyxiating
Carbon dioxide is potentially asphyxiating
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20.5 Landfill gas
20.5 Landfill gas
Landfill gas control
Landfill gas control
LFG risks can be reduced by means of a gas
LFG risks can be reduced by means of a gas
collection system
collection system
Options: passive venting and flaring or active
Options: passive venting and flaring or active
20.5 Landfill gas
20.5 Landfill gas
Gas well installation
20.5 Landfill gas
20.5 Landfill gas
Gas well construction
20.5 Landfill gas
20.5 Landfill gas
gas drainage
20.5 Landfill gas
20.5 Landfill gas
LFG extraction
20.5 Landfill gas
20.5 Landfill gas
LFG extraction (without
LFG extraction (without
compressor)
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20.6 Monitoring systems
20.6 Monitoring systems
Purpose: demonstrate functioning of protection measures
Purpose: demonstrate functioning of protection measures
Groundwater: boreholes and sampling points
Groundwater: boreholes and sampling points
Landfill gas: inspection of vegetation or boreholes and
Landfill gas: inspection of vegetation or boreholes and
sampling points
sampling points
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20.7 Social aspects
20.7 Social aspects
Scavengers
Scavengers
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Conclusion
Conclusion
Landfill operation has many similarities with civil engineeringLandfill operation has many similarities with civil engineering
design, but requires additional skills in the project team
design, but requires additional skills in the project team
Disposal plan and proper site management reduce futureDisposal plan and proper site management reduce future
operational and environmental problems
operational and environmental problems
Design includes building or acquiring skills, equipment, wasteDesign includes building or acquiring skills, equipment, waste
placement, cover material, leachate containment, leachate and
placement, cover material, leachate containment, leachate and
landfill gas control and monitoring
