Information Systems
Information Systems
Foundations of Information Systems
Vladimir Zwass
Vladimir Zwass
Decision Support & Executive Information Systems
First Edition
First Edition
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
MS PowerPoint 4.0 Presentation
MS PowerPoint 4.0 Presentation
MS PowerPoint 4.0 Presentation
MS PowerPoint 4.0 Presentation
1. Discuss the types of problems that can be solved with the assistance of decision support systems (DSS).
2. Explain what are the models used in DSS.
3. Compare and contrast the “what-if” and goal-seeking modes of DSS use.
4. Explain the relationship among the three principal components of a DSS.
MS PowerPoint 4.0 Presentation
MS PowerPoint 4.0 Presentation
MS PowerPoint 4.0 Presentation
6. Specify three levels of DSS technology.
7. Identify and compare the three approaches to building a DSS.
8. Define group decision support systems (GDSS) and specify their main features.
9. Define executive information systems (EIS) and describe what can be accomplished using them.
When Should You Use the Decision Support
Approach?
When Should You Use the Decision Support
Approach?
• Decision Support Systems (DSS)
– Interactive information systems
– Analytical Models
– Access to Databases
– These systems support the decision making process
– DSS are flexible
– Personal DSSs may be developed
» End User tools
When Should You Use the Decision Support
Approach?
When Should You Use the Decision Support
Approach?
• The Problems that DSSs Help Solve
– The principal domain is support of decision making
» Semistructured problems
• Needing Computer Support
» Unstructured problems
• Providing factual grounding
Capabilities of Decision Support Systems
Capabilities of Decision Support Systems
• A model is a representation
– Developed for a specific purpose
– An abstraction
– A simplification
Intelligence
Design
Choice
Implementation
Look for Problem or Opportunity Define and Analyze the Problem to Be Solved
Develop Alternative Solutions
Select a Satisfactory Solution
Implement and Track the Solution Review
Capabilities of Decision Support Systems
Capabilities of Decision Support Systems
• Scenario Generation and Goal Seeking With a DSS
1. What-If Mode- Developing scenarios for solution with the assistance of information systems (DSS) 2. Goal-Seeking Mode- Establishing the input
Capabilities of Decision Support Systems
Capabilities of Decision Support Systems
• Using DSS in the Decision Making Process
1. Intelligence- A search of the environment is made to find and define the problem or an opportunity 2. Design- Several alternative solutions are
developed
3. Choice- Alternatives are compared
4. Implementation- Solution is implemented and tracked, and improvements made
• Note: Each of these steps may require backing up
Capabilities of Decision Support Systems
Capabilities of Decision Support Systems
• Features of DSS
1. Support decision making in ill-structured situations when problems are not able to be computerized
2. Help to rapidly obtain quantitative results needed to reach a decision
3. Operate in the ad hoc mode to meet the needs of the user
Capabilities of Decision Support Systems
(Continued)
Capabilities of Decision Support Systems
(Continued)
6. Facilitate the implementation of decisions 7. Support group decision making
8. Be user friendly
Capabilities of Decision Support Systems
Capabilities of Decision Support Systems
• Limitations of Using Spreadsheets as DSS Models 1. Limited in data handling capabilities
2. Cannot work with large databases
3. Don not allow for the construction of more complex models
4. Modifications are difficult to keep updated when used by numerous people (Can lock the
Components of DSS
Components of DSS
1. Data Management Subsystem 2. Model Management Subsystem
Components of DSS:
The Data Management Subsystem
Components of DSS:
The Data Management Subsystem
• Supplies data to which the models can be applied
• Database extract procedures are specified by a specialist
• Data warehouses support organizational DSS
Components of DSS:
The Model Management Subsystem
Components of DSS:
The Model Management Subsystem
• Maintain the libraries of models
• Explore the influence of various factors on outcomes (a process known as sensitivity)
• What-if analysis
Components of DSS:
The Dialog Management Subsystem
Components of DSS:
The Dialog Management Subsystem
• Supports the use in applying models to data
• Multiple forms of input and output
Capabilities They Offer
Capabilities They Offer
Data
Management Data Management
for Retrieval
Data Extraction from Internal and External Databases
Model Management
Creation,
Maintenance, and Use of Models Dialog Management Menus, Icons, Natural Language, Graphics
DSS on a Computer Platform
DSS on a Computer Platform
Human Decision Maker
Human Decision Maker
What DSS Can Do For You: Classification of DSS
What DSS Can Do For You: Classification of DSS
1. Data access systems
• User friendly ad hoc access
• Open a database
2. Data analysis systems
• Analyze historical and current data, either on demand (ad hoc) or periodically
• Summarizing the firm’s performance
3. Forecast oriented data analysis systems
• Develop product plans, market segment forecasts, sales forecast, and analysis of competitive systems
What DSS Can Do For You: Classification of DSS:
(Continued)
What DSS Can Do For You: Classification of DSS:
(Continued)
5. Systems based on representational models
• Dependence between a controllable variable and an outcome
• Probabilistic results • Risk analysis models
6. Systems based on optimization models
• Developed by management scientists to determine optimal allocation of resources or best possible schedules
7. Systems with suggestion models
Building a Decision Support System
Building a Decision Support System
1. Specific DSS
• Actual system that a manager works with during the decision process
• DSS must be customized to the environment with extensive modifications
Building a Decision Support System (Continued)
Building a Decision Support System (Continued)
2. DSS Generators
• A software package
• Capabilities are programmed into the generator
3. DSS Tools
Building a Decision Support System:
How a DSS is Developed
Building a Decision Support System:
How a DSS is Developed
• 1. The Quick Hit Approach
1. Most DSS come into being this way
2. Most DSSs are built for the personal use of decision maker
3. Initiative is from the individual manager making the DSS either built by the manager or a less
formal DSS group
4. Use a DSS generator- spreadsheets
Building a Decision Support System:
How a DSS is Developed
Building a Decision Support System:
How a DSS is Developed
• 2. Traditional Life Cycle Development 1. Large software systems
2. Detailed system planning and analysis,
progressing through the design stages followed by coding and testing, and then implementation 3. Process is lengthy with no partial system to work
before the system is complete
4. Complex systems for many users with
Building a Decision Support System:
How a DSS is Developed
Building a Decision Support System:
How a DSS is Developed
• 3. Iterative Development
1. Develop a prototype of the system
2. Creation of a prototype and its progressive refinement
3. The development of the system is completed the future user
Problem Definition by Users and Developers
Development of Initial Prototype Prototype/DSS Evaluation Prototype/DSS Modification Validation and
Documentation of DSS Are Current
Requirements Satisfied?
no
Group Decision Support Systems
Group Decision Support Systems
• Designed to support group communication and decision processes within a group
Group Decision Support Systems
Group Decision Support Systems
• Creativity in Group Decision Making
– Brainstorming- A group decision making technique to generate ideas
– Synectics- A group decision making technique where only the best ideas are further considered
– Nominal Group Technique- Addresses the needs of groups in which there are opinions, defensive
arguments; participants work alone, and then circulate their ideas for evaluation
Group Decision Support Systems
Group Decision Support Systems
• Capabilities of GDSS
– Share information
– Exchange ideas
– Compare alternative solutions with the use of models and data
– Vote and negotiate in order to arrive at a consensus
– Need software modules acting as tools
– Members of a group work simultaneously and
anonymously
• Capabilities of GDSS
– Share information
– Exchange ideas
– Compare alternative solutions with the use of models and data
– Vote and negotiate in order to arrive at a consensus
– Need software modules acting as tools
Group Decision Support Systems
Group Decision Support Systems
1. Level 1 GDSS- Facilitate communication among group members
– Technology to communicate- decision rooms, remote conferencing, or both
2. Level 2 GDSS- Communication capabilities and support
Group Decision Support Systems: Characteristics
Group Decision Support Systems: Characteristics
1. Communication components including electronic mail, teleconferencing, or computer facilities
2. Facilities for prompting and summarizing the votes and ideas of participants
3. Features of anonymity of interactions, layout of the
decision rooms, the dialog subsystem, should encourage the formation of a cohesive group with active participation 4. Include models for group decision making processes
5. Obtain the protocol for group decision making processes for later analysis
Executive Information Systems
Executive Information Systems
1. Provide internal and external information to top managers in a highly summarized and convenient form
2. EIS provide immediate and easy access to
information reflecting the key success factors of the company and its units.
3. “User seductive” or user friendly interfaces that present information through color graphics or video so that trends may be grasped at a glance
Executive Information Systems (Continued)
Executive Information Systems (Continued)
5. Both current status and projections should be available from EIS.
6. An EIS should allow tailoring to the preferences of the users
Executive Information Systems
Executive Information Systems
1. EISs primarily assist top management in uncovering a problem or an opportunity.
2. Analysts can subsequently use a DSS to suggest a solution to the problem.
3. EIS relies on access to the data. EISs may work on the extraction principal, as DSSs do, or they may be given access to the actual corporate
databases or warehouses.
Executive Information Systems
Executive Information Systems
• Developing EIS
– Track Critical Success Factors (CSF)
» Vital indicators of performance
» Usinf the drill-down capability, more detailed information
can be obtained
– Strategic Business Objectives
» Identified
» Prioritized
» Defined
» Planned
» Report on CSFs
» Thereby an EIS is not too closely aligned to a particular
Contrasting EIS and DSS
Contrasting EIS and DSS
• DSS are primarily used by middle and lower level managers to project the future
User Task Primary Support Areas
EIS Executive
Analyst/ Middle Manager
Flow of Problems
DSS
Problem/Opportunity Discovery and
Assessment
Seeking Problem Solution:
Decision-Making Process
Monitoring and Control,
Strategic Planning
Key Terms in Chapter 10
Decision Support System (DSS)
Ill-Structured Problem Model
“What-If” (scenario) analysis Goal Seeking
Decision-Making Process
Data Management Subsystem Model Management Subsystem Dialog Management Subsystem Accounting Model
Representational Model Optimization Model
Suggestion Model DSS Generator
Decision Support System (DSS)
Ill-Structured Problem Model
“What-If” (scenario) analysis Goal Seeking
Decision-Making Process
Data Management Subsystem Model Management Subsystem Dialog Management Subsystem Accounting Model Representational Model Optimization Model Suggestion Model DSS Generator Quick-Hit Development Life-Cycle Development Iterative Development (Prototyping) Prototype
Group Decision Support System (GDSS)
Brainstorming Synectics
Nominal Group Technique Delphi Technique
Executive Information System (EIS)
Critical Success Factors (CSF) Strategic Business Objectives Methodology Quick-Hit Development Life-Cycle Development Iterative Development (Prototyping) Prototype
Group Decision Support System (GDSS)
Brainstorming Synectics
Nominal Group Technique Delphi Technique
Executive Information System (EIS)