Language Choice Used by Students of English
Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State
Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities
State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By: SURYADI
Reg. Number A03212066
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITYOF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
ABSTRACT
Suryadi. A03212066. 2016.“Language Choice Used by Students of Engish Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya” A Thesis. English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic UniversitySunanAmpel Surabaya. Advisor:Dr. A. Dzo’ul Milal, M.Pd
Keywords: Multilingualsm, Language choice, Social factors, Code mixing-Code switching.
Firstly, this study aimed to showsthe patterns of Language Choice Used by Students of Engish Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.Secondly, this study aimed to find out thereasons (social factors) for using language choice by them.
In this study the writer used theories from Holmes (2013) and Chaer and Agustina (2004) as the main theories. The method usedwasqualitative method. The data collection techniqueswereusing interview and observation in the fields.The writer got the data from the students of English Department especially for Madurese and Javanese students of English Department. This method used to answer the phenomenon of language choice occured among them.
The study concluded that the students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities are multilingual society which used more than two languages.Due with this, they should use language choice in their daily communication. At least there are three languages catagories useb by them, they are; vernacular language (Javanese/Madurese), national language(Indonesian), and foriegn language (English Language). They use language choice influnced by some social factors such as; participants, topic, setting and function.
INTISARI
Suryadi. A03212066. 2016. “Language Choice Used by Students of Engish Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya” skripsi. Jurusan Bahasa Inggris di Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora UIN SunanAmpel Surabaya. Pembimbing:Dr. A. Dzo’ul Milal, M.Pd
Kata Kunci: Multibahasa, Pemilihan Bahasa, Factor Sosial, Campur Bahasa-Alih Bahasa
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan beberapa pola pemilihan bahasa yg digunakan oleh mahasiswa jurusan Bahasa Inggris di Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya.penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menemukan beberapa alasan (faktor sosial) mereka menggunakan pemilihan bahasa.
Dalam pembahasan ini penulis menggunakan teori dari Holmes (2012) dan Chaer and Agustina (2004) sebagai landasan teori. Untuk memecahkan problematika ini penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara dan observasi di lapangan.Penulis mendapatkan data dari mahasiswa jurusan bahasa Inggris khususnya bagi mahasiswa dari Madura dan Jawa. Metode ini digunakan untuk menjawab fenomenapemilihan bahasa diantara mereka.
Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa mahasiswa jurusan bahasa Inggris di Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora merupakan masyarakat multibahasa yang menggunakan lebih dari dua bahasa. Karena itu, mereka harus menggunakan pemilihan bahasa dalam komunikasi sehari-hari.Setidaknya ada tiga katagori bahasa yang digunakan oleh mereka. Yaitu; bahasa daerah (Jawa/Madura), bahasa nasional (Indonesia), dan bahasa asing (Inggris). Mereka melakukan pemilihan bahasa dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor sosial seperti; lawan bicara, topik, tempat, fungsi.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Inside Cover Page……….. i
Inside Title Page………. ii
Declaration Page………. iii
Dedication Page……… iv
Motto....………. v
Thesis Advisor’s Approval Page……….. vi
Thesis Examiners’ Approval Page……… vii
Acknowledgements……… .. viii
Table of Content………... x
Abstract………. xiii
Intisari……… xiv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study……… 1
1.2 Statements of the Problem……….. 6
1.3 Objectives of the Study……….. 7
1.4 Significance of Conducting Study………... 7
1.5 Scope and Limitation……….. 8
1.6 Operational Definition………... 10
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Bilingualism ………... 11
2.2 Multilingualism…..……….. 12
2.3 Language Choice …...……….. 14
2.5 Domain ………... 17
2.6 Speech Community………... 18
2.7 Code Mixing and Code Switching ……… 19
2.8 Previous Studies………. 21
CHAPTER III METHOD OF THE STUDY 3.1 Research Method...……… 24
3.2 Subject and Location……….……….... 25
3.3 Instrument………... 26
3.4 Data and Sources of Data………... 26
3.5 Technique of DataCollection………..……….. 27
3.6 Data Analysis... 28
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Findings……….…… 30
4.1.1 The Patterns of Language Choice……...….……… 32
4.1.1.1 English Language... 33
4.1.1.2 Indonesian Language…...……….………... 37
4.1.1.3 Javanese Language………...……... 42
4.1.1.4 Madurese Language.………... 45
4.1.1.5 Code Switching………... 49
4.1.1.6 Code Mixing ... 51
4.1.2.2 Easier To Understand ... 57 4.1.2.3 Showing Intimacy ... 58 4.2 Discussion ... 59
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Conclusion ... 62 5.2 Suggestion ... 63
REFERENCES………... 65
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter is concerned about an overview of the language choice used by students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. This contains of background of the study, research question, research objectives, and significance of the research, scope and limitations, and definition of key terms.
1.1 Background of the Study
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Ramelan stated in his book (Ramelan, 1992:25),” language and
society are two components that cannot be separated and influence each
other. In human’s life language is very essential. It can be used to express
the rules of communication”. Everyone has known that language is very
essential for human life, because language is the connector between the speaker and the hearer and it is the only one tool of communication that all of human beings use.
M Blank in (J Aitchison, 2007:147) said that human develops language in order to cope with everyday needs. Dealing with Blank, Holmes (2001:2) states that human uses language to ask for and give people information. While, Wardhaugh in his book (2006:1) states that language is what the members of particular society speak. Through these theories, the writer took two points that language has two important functions from a social point of view. First, it has important role in conveying information about the speaker’s means to another’s. Second, it establishes social relationship. This is as what Trudgill (1976:13) said that language is not simply a means of communication, information about the weather or any other subject. It is also very important means of establishing and maintaining relationship with other people. Simply, it can be underlined that language is very important for human life and it covers
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Based on the statement above, it can be stated that language becomes necessary for every human around the world. However, human using language differently depends on the region or the domains they live. British use English as their language, Arabian use Arabic language, Indonesian use Indonesian language, Japanesse use Japanese language. Small regions like Java have Javanese, Madura has Madurese, Sunda has Sundanese and there are still many other languages in Indonesia as a local language.
Indonesia is a country whose territory is very vast. Its population consists of various ethnic groups with a variety of regional languages, as well as various cultural backgrounds. Because of these reasons, Indonesia is called a country rich in cultures. One of the richness of Indonesian culture is the area of language. Based on the data from www.badanbahasa.kemendikbud.go.id, in 2015 there are about 7.102 languages spread around the world, while, in Indonesia it was registered that 707 languages are used by 221 million societies. It means that Indonesia approximately 10% of all languages in the world.
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ways to communicate with each other. It is related to Grosjean’s (1982:
vii) statement in (Fathi, 2006:7), who said that “half the world’s
population is bilingual”. Moreover, According to Thomason, bilingualism
arises as a result of language contact. It may be stable, where the patterns of multilingualism are of long standing; or transitional, where bilingualism looks like a stage on the way to monolingualism towards the dominant language (Thomason 2001: 4).
Multilingualism is a condition when people use more than two languages to interact with other people by turns (Chaer and Agustine, 2004:85). In other words, students of English Department in State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya are multilingual society because they use more than two languages in daily activities, they are; Vernacular Language, National Language, and Foreign Language. This condition demands them to choose one of an understandable language to communicate with another person.
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bilingual or multilingual people should choose one language (do language choice) in communication.
Holmes (2001:21) states, there are some factors that influence a person to use language choice, they are; to whom you are talking to, the social context of the talk, the function, and the last is the topic of the talk. In other sides, Sumarsono (2009:201) states, there are three kinds of language choice in sociolinguistic field; they are code switching, code mixing, and language variation. First, code switching is the speaker influenced by participants, topic, and situation. Second, code mixing is almost the same with code switching but it is usually appears in phrase and word. The last is variation within the same language, it is combining the same language between formal and informal form.
Hence, writer was interested in researching the language choice phenomenon occurred toward multilingual group society. Because the multilingual society is more complicated for choosing suitable language than monolingual or bilingual society
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Language) in daily communication. Second, students of English Department are multilingual academic society. So, they should consider the context before choosing a language when communicatete to another, such as; the place (class or out of class or), situation (formal or non-formal), the addressee (lecturers or friends).
Based on the data gotten from the Head of English Department, per 30thMarch 2016 there are 590 people from different region which still listed as the students of English Department State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. However, the students from Java and Madura were more dominant than another, this can be seen in the daily activities of them, that Javanese and Madurese languages were used in often, besides of Indonesia and English. Dealing with this condition, in order get the maximum data, the researcher limited the subject of this study just from Madurese and Javanese students only.
1.2Statement of the Problems
Based on the explanation stated in introduction or background of the study above, the researcher formulates the statement of the problems as follow:
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1.2.2 What are the reasons for used language choice among the students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya?
1.3Objectives of The Study
Related to statement of the problem above, the objectives of the study are:
1.3.1 To identify the patterns of language choice used by students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya
1.3.2 To reveal the reasons for the use of language choices used by students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya
1.4Significance of Conducting the Study
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Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. The result of this study was expected to give the following benefits as below:
1.4.1 Theoretically
The writer expects this research could give the meaningful contribution to the studies in linguistic field, especially to enlarge the knowledge about language choice as part of sociolinguistic. Through this research the writer also expects can give information to the readers about language choice phenomenon among the students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya, especially for students of English Departments who study about it.
1.4.2 Practically
Practically, this research was expectsto give information about language choice phenomenon occurred to the students of English Department. As the multilingual society, students of English Department should choose the suitable language when they had conversation, based on the social factor. Finally, the writer hopes this study could become reference for the readers, especially for students who are interested in this topic and want to conduct further research.
1.5Scope and Limitation
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This study takes place in the Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. The scope of this study is the students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya which are from Java and Madura.
1.5.2. Limitation
To avoid broader explanation in this research, here the writer limit the data of the research on the language choice used by students of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities, State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Hence, the writer decided to limit the data sources by the utterances of the English Department students which taken through questionnaire, interview, and observation in the field.
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1.6Operational Definitions
Toavoid any misunderstanding and misinterpretation about the basic concepts of the study, here the researcher explained the definition and key terms are stated below:
1.6.1 Language choice: the use of one language in one situation and another language in another situation depending on the prevailing social context. In addition Holmes (2013:22) states language choice is choosing a language that usually appears in many speech communities.
1.6.2 English Department students: Students of Faculty of Arts and Humanities at State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya who Take English Department
1.6.3 Multilingual: A condition when people use more than two languages to interact with other people by turns (Chaer and Agustine, 2004:85).
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter discusses the theories which the researcher used as the guidance of conducting this research. Here the researcher quotes some opinions considered relevant to his study and present them here. The contents of this chapter are; Bilingualism and Multilingualism, Domain, Language Choice, Social Factor, Code Mixing and Code Switching, and Previous Studies.
2.1. Bilingualism
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Every human has a language to communicate with others, even they are able to use more than one language when they communicate. A person using more than one language in their communication is called as bilingual. Jendra states “people who are not monolinguals but speak two
languages everyday are named bilingual” (Jendra, 2010, p. 68). Everyone
can be bilingual; it depends on the ability in using a language. Even, someoneis not aware that they are bilingual although every day they communicate with more than one language. For example; when they speak to lecturer they use English, when they interact with their parents they usually use their mother language (vernacular), when we enjoy with our friends which come from different region we use national language and so on. Hence, every people can be bilingual.
Based on the language acquisition, people are divided into three categories; monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual. Monolingual is a person who knows only one language. Meanwhile, people who are able to use two languages is named as bilingual, multilingual is a people who are able to use more than two languages.
2.2. Multilingualism
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community has more than two languages to speak and to communicate each other. While Holmes (2013:76) defines that multilingual is an ability to use more than two languages in communication for certain purpose.
There are some factors why person can be bilingual or multilingual, such as Nationalism, Mobilization, Culture, Education, or Religion. Mobilization can make a bilingualism condition when an immigrant has to interact with native, they will learn the native language. Nationalism movement shows a necessity of a national language to unite a whole nation or a necessity to have legal language of a country like Indonesia. The original language of Religion should be learned by the people who want to develop the knowledge about it. Like Islam learning Arabic language. People who want to develop Islam well should learn Arabic language.
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2.3. Language Choice
People use language choice when they interact each other, in their daily life, they will make language choice to make communication easier. Grosjean (1982:127) said that in thedaily interaction with other, people are constantly changing the variety of language they use. People used language choice in their communication because same people may not understand their language. So, many people decided to use language choice in their communication to make the addressee understand what they said.
Based on Holmes (2013:22) language choices is a choice of language interaction that happens in many speech communications. It means that in someone communication, it usually find some people make a language choice in their communication. Moreover, in multilingual communities will find people using more than two languages. The useof more than one language by the speaker in communication indicates that they make language choice. In other words, they will choose one language or combine the languages when interact with each other.
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According to Somarsono (2009:201), there are three kinds of language choice in sociolinguistic field these are; code switching, code mixing, and variation in the same language. First code switching, the speaker influenced by some factors; participants, topic and situation. Second code mixing, it appears in phrases and words. The last is variation within the same language, it is combining the same language between formal and informal form. It is related with Fasold statement (as cited in Chaer and Agustina, 2004:153)that language choice has three kinds of choices, these are: code switching, code mixing, and language variation.
The phenomena of language choice also occur toward the students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. The students choose the language in some varieties. For instance, the students use English in formal situation, or they use Indonesia in non-formal situation. Even when enjoying with friends, they use speech community or vernacular language. They use those languages in different domain such as in the classroom, canteen, out of class, or other places which encourage them to choose their language.
2.4. Social Factors
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some factors influence them for choosing language. These factors can appear from the people itself or influenced by some factors outside (environment, culture, education, and so on). Jendra (2010:71) states, the skill of choosing the language is classified as a communicative competence and basically developed by observing factors found in social context where the language is used.
Holmes (2013:9) states, there are certain social factors which influence the language choice. The social factors reflected in the language they choose to use. The factors are;
1. The participants: Who you are talking and who is speaking (Students-Lecturer)
2. The setting: The social context of the talk or where they speak (Class, Meeting)
3. The function: The reason why there are speaking (Informative, Social)
4. The topic: The topic of the discussion or what is the talking about (Subject,)
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choice depending on the situation and their reason. Therefore, when person makes a language choice, it must be influenced by some factors.
Furthermore, Ervin Trip (in Grosjean, 1982:127) said that a speaker in any language community who enters diverse social situation normally has a repertoire of speech alternative which switch with situation. Through two definitions above it can be said that Community also influences people in making language choice. Hence, he presents four main factors that account to change in code or variety. They are: setting and situation, the participant in the situation, the topic, and the last is the function of interaction.
2.5. Domain
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Vernacular language used in regional domain, and Foreign language used in international domain.
Based on the theories above, it can be said that domain is one of the factors that influence people to choose their language. However in this research the writer focused into two domains; they are formal (during class) and non-formal (out of class) domain.The writer choose it because the objects of this research were the students of University.
2.6. Speech community
Every group society usually has speech community which used among the group members activities. According to Wardhaugh (2006:119) speech community is member of group who speak the same language, dialect or variety. Talking about the speech community means we are talking about the group. However, usually People make group because some reasons, the reasons are; Social, Religious, Economy, Family, Cultural, Studies and so on.
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2.7. Code Mixing and Code Switching
Everybody must have a basic ability of communication, which calls it as communicative competence. Communicative competence refers to knowing when to speak, when not to, and what to talk, with whom, when, where, and in what manner. In a word communicative competence is related to language and language use.
All people have the genetic capacity to learn any language as has been proposed by the modern linguistics. Meanwhile, language may appear to be human’s guide to reality. In other words, language structures
human are view of reality. Consequently, human’s view of the world depends on the particular language they have learned. As speaking creature humans have built words and live in this world as they live in a world of things and persons. They use words as a device to control their own behavior and the behavior of other persons.
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languages or varieties in a speech act. But obviously in code-switching, each language or variety still has each autonomous function and without function as a code, otherwise in code mixing are not.
Code mixing is two or more languages within one of them should be primary language which have a function and the other language just pieces, or phrase without any function. Nababan (1993: 32) explains that code mixing is the situation in which people mix two or more languages or language style in the speech act. In Indonesia, this code mixing often happens in daily conversation people usually speak Indonesia mixed by their regional language.
While, Code switching is a phenomenon which almost occurs in every place in which there is bilingual or multilingual society. Code switching occurs when the speaker shift from one language to another or when the speaker switches from one code to another. Fishman in Chaer and Agustina (2004:108) states some factors influenced people used code switching, there are; the speaker or hearer, the language, when, and what the purposes of the speaking.
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Switchingis the switching language code from internal language to foreign language
Both Code mixing or code switching is using two languages and the language of a person uses depends on the language and social background. People speak differently according to their background and that is frequently possible to relate aspects of person’s speech to his places of
origin education even occupation among others.
2.8. Previous Studies.
The previous studies is intended to avoid any duplication, it is also used to enlarge knowledge about linguistic field especially language choice. Some researcher conducted the same research about language choice. The first previous study was conducted by Khifthi Chairina Durriyah (2014), student at Islamic state university Sunan Ampel Surabay. The title is “Language Choice Used Students of Islamic History and
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speak, in informal domain students use local language, the students use national language in formal domain to interact with lecturers or friends in the classroom.
The second previous study is written by Igo Surya wijasa H.S (2008), student of State University Surabaya. The title is”A study of Language Choice among Arabic Descendants in Surabaya, East Java”. The researcher focused on language choice used among Arabic descendent in Surabaya. He collects data from Kampung Arab Ampel through descriptive qualitative method. The result of this study is almost Arabic descendants of Surabaya used Indonesian language on their daily life.
The third is “Language Choice Used by Street Sellers in Bunderan
GKB (Gresik Kota Baru) Gresik” written by Fitria Andani (2014), student at state Islamic university Sunan Ampel Surabaya. This study conducted to analyze the phenomena of language choice that is used by street sellers who sell in bunderan GKB. The found of this study reveal that social context has influenced the street sellers in making their language choice. The social factors were participant, setting, topic, function and purpose.
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CHAPTER III
METHOD OF THE STUDY
This chapter would like to explain about the method that used to analyze the data. In this study the researcher used the qualitative research method as the major of analysis. This chapter provide about: Research Method, Subject, Instrument, Data and Sources of Data, Data Collection, and Data Analysis.
3.1. Research Method
Based on the statement of the problems and significant of the research, the researcher would use descriptive qualitative research as the primary tool in this research to answer the statement of problems. Afterwards, the method of this research was descriptive method. The writer used the method because, the qualitative research is a procedure of valuation which gets the description data and the collected data is analyzed descriptively. According to Catherine Marshal (1999:2) qualitative research is an approach to the study of social phenomena.
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paradigm. The phenomenological approach is called by natural setting, because the context of this research is in natural area
The quotation above explained about the qualitative research method that this method was also the same as naturalistic research, because the object of this method is human or something that is influenced by human, the object of study is studied naturally. Dornyei (2007:124) wrote that in qualitative research there are no explicit restrictions on what can be considered ’data’, although qualitative data can come from many
sources, it is usually transformed into textual form.
3.2.Subject and Location
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3.3. Instrument
In conducting this research, the writer used instrument which could help the writer to get data. Here the writer used two kinds of instrument in collecting the data, these are: observation and interview.
3.4. Data and Sources of Data
Data is a component of the study, in meaning, no data means no study. The data ofa study should be valid or true to avoid error information and conclusion. The data in this study included about how the daily conversation among the students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. The data was the language used by them; it was taken through their utterances when they spokeeachother. It included of sentences, words and also phrase.
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3.5. Technique of DataCollection
Technique of collecting the data is how to collect the data needed to answer the research problem formulation (Sudarto, 1997:177). Therefore, it is needed a right data collection technique. Here, the researcher formulated two techniques to collect the data, theywere observation and interview.
a. Observation
To collect the data, the researcher used participative active observation. Participative means the researcher enjoyedduring getting the data along the respondents. This observation was done to reveal the language choice phenomenon among the students of English Departments at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Suanan Ampel Surabaya. Here the researcher observed and noted students utterances about language choice, the place taken was in the classroom and in out of class.
b. Interview
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students of English Dapartment. There were two students from second, fourth, sixth, and eighth semester. Furthermore, to get the valid data result of interview, the researcher recorded all conversation among the participants.
3.6 Data Analysis
Kasiram (2010:164) said that data analysis technique is way of analyzing research data. The researcher did some techniques to analyze thedata wich were collected. In conducting this research, there were the steps of the method in analyzing the data, they are:
1. Identifying the data, that is about the language choice used by students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya. To uderstand the data, theresearcher reads the result of recordings and interviewscarefully.
2. Coding and grouping the data of language choice into two catagories; the patterns of language choice and the reason for used language choice by students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
3. Analyzing the data by using the suitable theory with the data analysis.
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CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the finding and discussion of the study. Generally, data are presented in the form of words, phrases, abbreviations, and the sentences related to the language choice used by students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Particularly, this chapter proposed to identify the patterns and to reveal the reasons of the use of language choices used by English Department Students at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Suntan Ample Surabaya.
4.1 Findings
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The phenomenon of language choice among the students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya is not only showed by one students only, but almost by all students of English Department. At least there are three language categories they choose as their daily language communication, those are; Foreign (English) language, National (Indonesian) language, and Vernacular language (Javanese/Madurese). They use these languages based on the context of the speech. Furthermore, students of English Departments at Faculty of Arts and Humanities also use code mixing and code switching when communicate each other. Dealing with this, they have some reasons for using the language choice in thier communication.
As written in the previous chapter, it is clear that the objectives of this reseach are to identify the patterns and the reasons of language choice used by students of English Departmen at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya based on the theories that have been explained in the chapter 2.
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4.1.1 The Patterns of Language Choice Used by Students of English
Departement at Faculty of Arts and HumanitiesState Islamic
University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Based on the language competence, people are divided into three categories, they are; Monolingual (speak one langauge), Bilingual (speak two languages), and Multilingual (speak three languages or more). The writer found that almost all the students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya are multilingual societies. They use more than two languages when they communicate with anothers. This condition demand them to choose an appriorate language when they have communication with another, thus, language choice becomes phenomenon among them.
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4.1.1.1English Language
English language is an international language that is used almost in all nations in the world as mean of communication.As an international language used by people almost around the world, English plays an important role. It can be said that English is usually used as medium in many kinds of roles, such as; policy, social, scientific, technology, trade and so on.
Students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya are the group society using english as the tool of communication. Dealing with their department, English become one of daily language always used among them. They must use English because it is one of an eduacational medium among them, especially during the course running on or when discussing the material. They used english to develop what they have got in the course.
Here the excerpt of English language pattern used by students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic Univeristy Sunan Ampel Surabaya;
Example 1: the conversation between student and lecturer
S: “How about the final test Ms?”
L: “Yach, we will get final test next week. I offered you to choose one of the three kinds final test. 1. Oral test, 2. Test in the class, 3. Take home
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S: “I’m” (three students raising hand)
From the excerpt above, it can be understanded that student (S) asked for final test time to his lecturer using English language, the lecturer (L) answered the question in English also. The communication as written above usually occured in the classroom or formal situation, such as during group presentation or material discussion. however, students of English Department might also use English language out of class when they speak to their friends from same depertment. Because of that, it can be said that almost all students of English Department also use English language in thier communication. The example above taken at 16th May 2016 after intro to linguistic class presentation.
Here are the data result of English language patterns used by students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. They choose English depending on some factors as the presented in the table below;
Region &
Semester
Language competence
Participants Setting Topic Function Language
During class Material Presentation
&
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8 Indonesia
Madurese
Javanese
Table 4.1: English Language Patterns Used by Students of English Departement at Faculty of Arts and Humanities
The table above explain the petterns of English language used by students of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities from second semester untill eighth semester, both madurese students and javanevese students. Generally, students of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities used English during class or in formal situaton. They usually use english during group presentation or when discussing the courses materials with their lecturer or their classmates. Event though, they might use English sometimes out of class or non formal situation when they talk about material or personal conversation.
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4.1.1.2 Indonesian Language
Indonesian language is the national language of Indonesian country, It has been declared since 28th October 1982, when it was Indonesian Youth Movement Day or known as “Sumpah Pemuda”. Indonesian language become the only one
official language in this country used by almost all Indonesian society. Indonesian society usually use Indonesian language in the formal situation such as in the school, office, hospital, other formal institutions, and so on.
Students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities are the group of society used Indonesian language as the tool of communication in their daily activity. In their daily activity, students of English Department are prefer to choose Indonesian language tha another languages. They choose Indonesian language because all citizen of Indonesian country must understand and be able to use the language well. As the consequence, they use Indonesian language almost in every conversation, such as in the class or out of class, formal or non formal situation,
Here the excerpt of the Indonesian language pattern used by students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya;
Example 2: the conversation between two students before class
presentation
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S2: “Saya dek, sekarang”
S1: “Kelompok berapa pean mas?” S2: “Kelompok sepuluh saya”
The excerpt above show that Indonesian language phenomenon occured toward students of English Department in non formal situation. The first student (S1) is Javanese student, while second student (S2) is Madurese. They were talking about the material before class was beginning, both Madurese and Javanese students used Indonesian language as the tool of communication. As seen in the conversation above, S1 asked about the group presentation using Indonesian, S2 answered the S1’s question using Indonesian also. They use it
because they know that everyone must understand and can use Indonesian language. The excerpt above was taken at 23th May 2016 when students were waiting for the lecturer.
However, Indonesian language phenomenon among the students of English Department is not only in non formal situation but also occured in formal situation or during course is running on. As the excerpt below;
Example 3: the conversation among the students during group
presentation.
S1: “Ada lagi yang mau tanya?”
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S1: “Ok, sementara ada dua pertanyaan dulu. First; explain more about Psycholinguistic, second; the differences between Psycholinguistic and
Neurolinguistic?. siapa yang mau jawab?”
The excerpt above shows that Indonesian language phenomenom also occured toward students of English Department during class presentation. The first student (S1) is one of the member of group presentators, while another students (Ss) is the listener. The conversation above occured in question section, Ss explain about the question to his group member using Indonesian language. The converstion like above (Indonesian pattern) also used in formal situation among the students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities. It was taken at 16th May 2016 during group presentation in the classroom.
Here are the data result of Indonesian language patterns used by students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. They choose Indonesian language because of some factors as the explanation in the table below;
Region &
Semester
Language competence
Participants Setting Topic Function Language
Choice
All people Formal&
Non formal
Personal Material
Information Indonesia
Java
Information Indonesia
Madura
Information Indonesia
Java
All people All place Personal
Material
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8 Indonesia
Madurese
Javanese
Material Discussion
Table 4.2: Indonesian Language Patterns Used by Students of English Departement at Faculty of Arts and Humanities
The table above explain the patterns of Indonesian language used by students of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities from second semester untill eighth semester, both madurese students and javanevese students. Based on the data analysis, the researcher found that generally sstudents English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities use Indonesian language almost to all people in any place. They use indonesian language when they were talking about meterial, having meeting, consulting the subject, or just speaking with their friends. They used it to the lecturer and their friends, both during class or not, formal or non formal
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4.1.1.3 Javanese Language
Javanese language is a language that is usually used by Javanese poeple or someone who lives in Java island. Poeple from Java use Javense language to show the respectability and intimacy to the adressee which from Java. It happened towards the Javanese students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities when they communicate with their friends which also come from Java. Javanese language was become phenomenom among the students of English Deparment besides English and Indonesian language especially for Javanese students.
From the data result, Javanese students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities preferer to use Javanese language when they are enjoying or just speaking with their old friend which from comes same ragion. The example provides as the excerpt below:
Example 4: the conversation among the Javanese students
JS1: “Mas Baim, mene melok bukber ya?”
JS2: “Loh, nandi Dha?”
JS1: “Nang Al-Jihad Mas, Program e SD (Social Development). Mas
Harold melok ya?”
JS3: “Mene yo?”
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JS3: “Iyo, Insya Allah”
In the example 4 as the excerpt above, it can be seen that the conversation among three Javanese students (JS). JS1 talked to the JS2 using Javanese language, JS2 answered using Javanese language. In the other sides, JS1 also used Javanese when he turned the communication to the JS3. This is the evidence that Javanese students use Janavene language when they commuunicate to the Javanese students also or someone who understand Javanese language. This conversation was taken at lobby Multimedia B Building Faculty of Arts and Humanities at 13th Juni 2016. Students of English Department used Javanese language as the friendship symbol among them who come from the same region (Java).
Here are the data results of Javanese language patterns used by students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. They choose Javanese language because of some factors as the explanation in the table below;
Region &
Semester
Language competence
Participants Setting Topic Function Language
Choice
Out of class Personal Information Javanese
Madura
Personal Information Javanese
Java
Personal Information Javanese
Java
Non formal Personal Information Javanese
Madura
Personal Information Javanese
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From the data repertoires as in the table above, it can be understood how the patterns of javanese language used by students of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities from second semester untill eighth semester especially for Javanese students. Based on the data analysis, the writer found that some Students English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities also use Javanese language when they communicate with others. They usually use Javanese language out of class or in non formal situation when they communicate with thier old friend which comes from same region (Javanese students) or poeple who understand Javanese language.
Moreover, the phenomenom of Javanese language among the students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities not olny occured toward Javanese students olny, but also used by students outside Java, such as Madurese students. The repertoires in the table above show that Madurese students also use Javanese language in thier communication. Dealing with this explanation, the writer concludes that the phenomenon of Javanese language among the students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities is used by Javanese students or someone who understand about Javanese language.
4.1.1.4 Madurese Language
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language to show the respectability and intimacy to the adressee which also from Madurese, like what was done by Madurese students in English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities. Because of that, Madurese language becomes phenomenon among the students of English Deparment besides English, Indonesian, and Javanese language, especially for Madurese students.
From the data result, Madurese students of English Department At Faculty of Arts and Humanities preferer to use Madurese language when they are enjoying or just speaking with their old friend which from same region. The example is as follow:
Example 5: the conversation between two madurese students
MS1: “Kak, kaamma ah?” (Where will you go)
MS2: “Mak dangak ngopi” (Go to mak dangak, got coffe)
MS1: “Dentos rapah kak abereng” (Go with me, wait minutes)
MS2: “Ok, ayoo” (Ok, lets go)
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conversation above was taken at 26th May 2016 in front of the classromm multimedia B Building Faculty of Art and Humanities.
Here are the data result of Madurese language patterns used by students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. They choose madurese language because of some factors as the explanation in the table below;
Region &
Semester
Language competence
Participants Setting Topic Function Language
Choice
Personal Information Madurese
Madura
Personal Information Madurese
Personal Information Madurese
Table 4.4: Maduresse Language Patterns Used by Students of English Departement at Faculty of Arts and Humanities
From the data explanation as in the table above, the writer concluded how the patterns of Madurese language used by Madurese students of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities from second semester till eighth semester. Based on the data analysis, the writer found that some students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities also use Madurese language when communicate with another. They usually use Madurese language out of class or in non formal situation when they communicate with thier old friend which from Madurese or poeple who understand madurese language.
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used by Madurese students or someone who understand about Madurese language.
4.1.1.5 Code Switching
Code switching is a situation when pople choose to switch language in a communication. The phenomenon of code switching also occured toward the students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities. When the writer observed the students of English Department both during the class or out of class, the researcher saw that the students switched one language into another one in thier communication. the following excerpt show the phenomenon of code switching by student of English Department
Example 1:
“Ok, ada dua pertanyaan ya, fisrt: Explain more about Psychoinguistic
simply, second, The differences between Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics.
Siapa yang mau jawab”
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Meanwhile, the phenomenom of code switching among the students of English Department also occured in out of class, like the conversation below;
example: 2
JS1: “Koen presentasi kelompok piro kemarin?”
JS2: “Aku kelompok terakhir presentasi”
Based on the data analysis, the writer concludes that there are two kinds of code switching used by students of English Departments State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya; Inner Code Switching and Extern Code Switching;
a. Inner Code Switching: is the swicthing language code between two internal languages (first and second language)
b. Extern Code Switching: is the switching language code from internal language to foreign language
No Form Examples
1
Inner Code Switching “Yo wes lah. tunggu aja dulu”
2
Extern Code
Switching
“The differences between psycholinguistic and neurolingutsic, siapa yang mau
jawab”
Table 4.5: Inner code switching and Extern code switching
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Department at Faculty of Art and Humanities swicthed not only native language into foreign language, but also native (first) language into native (second) language
Moreover, Student of English Department used both extern code switching or inner code switching dependng on the social context. Inner code switching usually occured when the speakar and the listener are from the same region, like Javanese student with Javanese or Maduresse with Maduresse. While the extern code switching usually occured toward the students from different region, it is like Javanese students with Madurese students.
4.1.1.6 Code Mixing
Code mixing is a situation where people choose to mix or combine languages in a communication. Code mixing is almost the same with code switching, the differences are just in the form of the word structure. Code mixing appears in the form of word or phrase, while code swicthing appaers in the form of sentence.
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Example 2:
JS:“Bro, aku keluar dulu yo?”
MS:“Nang ndi?”
JS:“Lantai telu”
In the conversation above, Javanese Students (JS) talked to the Madurese Students (MS) using code mixing, He mixed Indonesian language with Javanese language. The phenomenon of code mixing among of students of English Department is commonly occured in any conversation.
Based on the data, the researcher found two kind of code mixing used by students of English Department State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya, these are;
a. Code Mixing in the Form of Word: Code mixing in the form of word is an act of inserting a different langauge into a base language.
b. Code mixing in the Form of Phrase: Code mixing in the form of phrases is an act of inserting a different language in the form of phrase
No Form Examples
1
Code mixing in the form of word
“Koen presentasi kelompok piro kemarin”
2
Code mixing in the form of phrase
“Ok, ada dua pertanyaan ya, fisrt explain
about psycholinguistics”
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The two examples above is the result from observation in the field when the student of English Department doing communication with another. From the observation in the field the researcher concludes that there are two kind of code mixing used by students of English Department at Faculty of Art and Humanities; code mixing in the form of word and code mixing in the form of phrase.
4.1.2 The Reasons of Languange Choice Used by Students of English
Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University
Sunan Ampel Surabaya
This part explain about some reasons of language choice phenomenom occured toward students of English Department, why they use different language when they communicate with another in their daily activity. The reasons here mean the factors which influence students of English Department to choose an appropriate language when they communicate with another. as the explanation before that this research use Holmes thoeries (2013). The factors will be exlplain as below;
4.1.2.1 Social Factors
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are they speaking, topic; what are being talking about, function; why are they speaking.
From the data result, language choice used by students of English Department are influenced by fourth social factors above. These factors determined them to use what the language should be choose. Because of that, the differences of social factors caused difference language choice.
1. Participants
Participants are people who are involved in the communication, the participants in this research are the lecturer, Javanese students, Madurese students, and all students around English Departemet. People using language choice in their communication because another one may not understand their language. Thus, many poeple decide to use language choice in their communication to make the adressee understand on what they said. Moreover, in multilingual society such as students of English Department, might be found poeple using more than two languages. They should choose an appropriate language or combine some languages when interact with another.
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region, they may use Javanese for Javanese students or Madurese for Madurese students.
No Region Participant Language choice
1 Javanese Students Lecturer English
Indonesia
Friend from Same region
Javanese
Indonesia
Friend from different region
Indonesia
2 Madurese Students Lecturer English
Indonesia
Friend from Same region
Madurese
Indonesia
Friend from different region
Indonesia
Table 4.7: language choice influenced by participants
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2. Setting
Setting is the social context where the language appears. It includes of location where the language choice may occur, such as home, workplace, school and other places. However, this research just takes the data in one place that around the Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. As the previous explanation, the setting here both is formal-non formal or daring class-out class.
From the data, students of English Department make language choice also influenced by setting. For instance; when they were enjoying time with their friends they might use vernacular or Indonesian language. In other sides, when the conversation was in formal situation, they might use English language. It is the evidences that setting influences students in making language choice.
3. Topic
Topic here is the main idea/title of the communication. It must for all people being in a communication to have the topic of what they were talking about, such as personal, material, or another. The topic is one of social factors in making language choice which also influences someone to choose an appropreate language when they communicate.
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in other side when they talking about the materials they may use English or Indonesian language.
4. Function
This is the last social factors of language choice. As explained before, function means; why are they speaking ? or what are the purpose of the talks. It is sure, when people communicate, they must have purposes. This research difines function are the purposes of communication when students of English Department make language choice.
Based on the data analysis, the function of language choise used by students of English Department is to help the speaker delivering the message to the listener well. Thus, When the listener knows the speaker’s language, it make the communication will be running well. Moreover, the function of language choice by students of English Department becomes the symbol of friendship among them.
In the other word, based on the data result, the researcher found another factors influenced students of English Departement in making language choice. The factors are as below;
4.1.2.2. Easier To Understand
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interact with another. because of no one can interact without using language. Students of english department are multilingual society which used more than two languages in ther communication. Because of that they should be decide an appropreate language when communicate with another, in order the listener understand what they said.
Based on data result, the writer found that some students of English Department make a language choice in their communication because of some people may not understand their language. So, they make language choice to make the participants is easier to understand what they are talking about. For example; javanese students may use indonesian language when they communicate with madurese students who do not know javanese language.
4.1.2.3.Showing Intimacy
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As the explanation before, students of English Depertment prefer to use vernacular language when communicate with their old friend which is from same region. They do it to show intimacy among them.
4.2 Discussion
People do not know about the other nation language, they can be done brown (Sir Ali bin Abi Thalib). People need language to interact with others. Without language, people could not do something more. It is the function of language for human life. language becomes so importanct for human life to know with others. So, the language is very important tool tomakes human life easier to communicate with other people.
This research analyzed about language choice used by students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities Islamic State University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. In this research, the writer found a phenomenon of language choice which was done by one group society, they are students of English Department. Students of English Department are called as multilingual society because they used more than two language. At least there four language used by students of english department, they are; english, indonesian, javanese, and madurese.
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conversation. At least there are two major points that should be considered by students of English Department when they make language choice, they are; the patterns of language they use, and the reasons why they use the language.
Based on the data result as have been explained in the finding part, there are some patterns of language choice used by students of english department, they are English patterns, Indonesian patterns, Javanese patterns, Madurese patterns, and code mixing code switching patterns. They have their own reasons why they use language choice in their communication. The reason has been explained detailly in the previous part.
Through this research, the writer hopes can reveal a language choice phenomenom occured in multilingual society and its problems.Through this research , the researcher hopes that he can reveal and show to the readers especially to researcher self about the using of language choice used by English Department Students at State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. The result of this study is expected to be able to give the following benefits as below:
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
This chapter outlines the conclusion and suggestion which covered the summary of the finding from the phenomenon of language choice used by students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
5.1 Conclusion
People use language to cope thier daily needs. They use language as the tool of communication when they interact with others in their daily life. Indonesia which is very popular with its cultures, tourism places and various languages has a special and different language in each region. Regional language is as well as based on the background of each place. From these different languages, poeple should make language choice when they communicate with others. especially for bilingual or multilingual society.
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that the data of this research was taken from some students of English Department at Faculty of Arts and Humanities Islamic State University Sunan Ampel Surabaya which from java and madurese.
furthermore, After analyzing the data results, the writer concludes two phenomenon of language choice founded in this research. First is about the patterns of language choice used by students of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities Islamic State University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. They are; language choice in English Pattern, Indonesian Pattern, Javanese Pattern, Madurese Pattern, and Code Switching Code Mixing.
The second is the reasons of students of English Departement at Faculty of Arts and Humanities Islamic State University Sunan Ampel Surabaya in making language choice. The prominent reasons for they used language choice are social factors, such as; participants (who is speaking and who are they speaking to), setiing (where are they speaking), topic (what are being talking about), function (why are they speaking). Besides that, the writer also found another reasons for they use a language choice, the reasons are; to showing intimacy and to make the adresse easier to understand.
5.2 Suggestion
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