1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
FIQIH PARADIGM APPROACH
3.
FIQIH-PLUS PARADIGM APPROACH
I. INTRODUCTION
THREE PARADIGMS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ISLAM AND STATE:
1.THEOCRATIC PARADIGM: Islam as a Religion and State Example: Saudi Arabia, Iran, Pakistan
2. SECULAR PARADIGM: Separation of Islam and State Example: Turkey
3. FIQH PARADIGM: Mutual Legitimacy Islam and State Example: Indonesia
IDEOLOGICAL : Want to establish an Ideal State Example: 1. Theocratic Paradigm
2. Secular Paradigm
NON-IDEOLOGICAL : Islam and State are different Identities, but they develop mutual legitimacies
FIQH PARADIGM:
1. IS a Sunni Tradition: the validity of religious practices do not depend on political preference.
Example:
a. Some Shiites do not perform Friday prayer because the Imam is on Occultation
b. The followers of Hizbut Tahrir do not perform Friday prayer as there is no an caliphate
2. Islam and State are different identities, but they should develop mutual Legitimacies
a. The Existence of State is based on the power in the society, not because of Religion
c. Fiqh Paradigm does not consider important
the FORM OF STATE, but the FUNCTION OF STATE so that:
- Justified the Caliphate of Turkey Utsmaniyah - Justified the Netherland East Indies
- Justified the Japanese Occupation Administration - Justifies the Republic of Indonesia
d. The nature of life is not black and white
the fiqh knowledge combines
kalam
, fiqh, and sufism e. Life is based on the Principles of- moderation - equilibrium - toleration
f. Method:
ushul fiqh
andqa’idah fiqiyah
g. Slogan: Preserve the good things of the TRADITION and adopt the good things of the MODERNISATION
Muslim Modernists accused NU of the Pragmatist
because the latter did not struggle seriously for an
Islamic State.
As a religious organization, NU always considered
everything from religious point of view, namely Fiqh
Paradigm
Following Principles of the Fiqh (
qowa’idul Fiqiyah)
:
1. Muslim has an obligation of performing religious
duties , but it is just beyond his capabilities.
2. Accomplishment of Religious duties are measured
by their impacts
FIQH / RELIGIOUS PARADIGM = SPIRITUAL
PARADIGM
to create a good man as the representation of
khalifatullah
FIQH is broader than legal Islamic laws
Syariah is the science of all things, human and divine
: Syariah consists of material and spiritual knowledge
Life is a long way to search for truth, and
To implement it with patient as the norm intermingles with
context
Relative Truth
It needs for sciences to discern the truth hiding in the
context
Philosophy and Social Sciences
Islamic cosmology
FIQH-PLUS (SOCIO-CULTURAL)
PARADIGM
: Fiqh Paradigm + Structural Approach
Spiritual Approach = Cultural Approach ideologist
unbalance VIOLENCE
Wahid follows Karl Marx, but he is not a determinist
Not agree with revolutionary method
Life is following the law of nature, but Wahid still
believes in God’s intervention
Happiness is pursued by
1. Sciences : material achievement
2. Sufism : spiritual achievement
Socio-cultural : dialectic between individual and
society
Spiritual Achievement = Isra Mi’raj: Individual Happiness
Rahmatan lil ‘alamin: Happiness of all
Mahmud Syaltut
Religious Teachings:
1. Nazary (theoretical)
internal soul
an absolute
belief
2. ‘Amaly (syariah)
Islam spread to all quarter of the world not by military
forces,
But culturally
Socio-cultural Approach
Pribumisasi
: the way to negotiate NORMS and CULTURE
Dynamism: 1.
Pribumisas
i (Localization)
Not Syncretism
ABDURRAHMAN WAHID
1.
Islam and State:
a. Legal approach : Islamic State
b. Political Approach
democracy
2. The Pillars of Islam and The Pillars of Faith
Social Pillars (Fiqh Sosial)
3. Theology of Democracy : to negotiate NORMS and
CULTURE
- It is not an exclusive theology
- One statement can be understood differently by
different religious believers
Theology of Democracy enables Muslim to
Participate actively the Course of Modern Political
System
= to practice democracy is to practice a religious
teaching
Pancasila is an Open Ideology as a Agreement
amongst Different Societal Forces
It should develop Democracy
. The Pancasila State is the final form of the State
for Indonesian Muslims
The existence of different Religions follow the principle of
relationship
Each Religion can claim its absolute truth because it is
internal commitment
It does not need to find the final truth in the public life
It is important to negotiate for the common good
