A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON TEACHING TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP TECHNIQUES OF READING (A Quasi-Experimental Study at 8th Grade of SMP N 5 Surakarta in the Academic Year 2012/2013).

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i A THESIS

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON TEACHING TOP-DOWN

AND BOTTOM-UP TECHNIQUES OF READING

(A Quasi-Experimental Study at 8th Grade of SMP N 5 Surakarta in the

Academic Year 2012/2013).

Submitted to the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education of Sebelas Maret University to Fulfill One of the Requirements for Getting the

Undergraduate Degree of Education in English

Arranged By:

MEITA DWI ASTUTI

K2209060

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY

SURAKARTA

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iii ABSTRACT

Meita Dwi Astuti. K2209060. A Comparative Study on Teaching Top-down

and Bottom-up Techniques of Reading (A Quasi-Experimental Study at 8th Grade of SMP N 5 Surakarta in the Academic Year 2012/2013). A thesis. Surakarta : Faculty of Teacher Training and Education of Sebelas Maret University, 2013.

The aims of this research are to find out: (1) whether there is a significant difference in reading comprehension achievement between the students taught the top-down technique of reading and those taught the bottom-up technique of reading; (2) whether the top-down technique of reading is more effective than the bottom-up technique of reading. This quasi-experimental study used 29 students for the experimental group and 29 students for the control group. The data were analyzed by using t-test formula. The computation of the

data shows that the t-observation (to) is 2.42, which is higher than the t-table (56,

0.05) : 1.960. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference in

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MOTTO

“Bismillahirrohmanirrohim”

“Today must be better”

(The writer)

“Akan selalu ada harga yang terbayar untuk sebuah usaha yang dilakukan”

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vii DEDICATION

This thesis is whole-heartedly dedicated to those who support me

keep struggling to get better future:

 My beloved parents,

„Bapak Maryanto, S.Pd. M.Si and Ibu Sri Mastuti, S.Pd.AUD

 My beloved sisters,

Vivien Febri Astuti, S.I.Kom and Oktavia Tri Astuti

 My boyfriend, Prasetyo Adi Nugroho

 My best friends, “seven ikans”  English Education SBI „09

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Praise be to Allah SWT who has given His blessing to the writer so that

she can complete writing this thesis. I would not be able to finish this thesis

without His blessing and also a helping hand of many others. Therefore, I would

like to express my very first gratitude and appreciation to Dr. Ngadiso, M.Pd and

Kristiandi, S.S. M.A, my first and second consultants, for all the guidance and

encouragement.

This thesis will never exist without the permission and approval from

Prof. Dr. H. M. Furqon Hidayatullah, M.Pd, the Dean of the Teacher Training and

Education Faculty, Dr. Muh. Rohmadi, S.S, M.Hum, the Head of the Art and

Language Education, and Endang Setyaningsih, S.Pd, M.Hum, the Head of

English Education Department of Teacher Training Faculty. My sincere gratitude

is also extended to all lectures in English Department UNS, for all the knowledge

and experiences shared.

My gratitude goes to Drs. Djoko Triasmono, M.Pd, the Headmaster of

SMP N 5 Surakarta, for the permission to conduct the research in SMP N 5

Surakarta, Agustin, S.Pd, M.Pd, the English teacher of SMP N 5 Surakarta, for

being the best supporter during the research, and of course the students of VIII A

and VIII B SMP N 5 Surakarta 2012/2013, for the participation.

My last special gratitude is for my family for their supports, caring,

prayer, and helps, my friends in English Education Department and Prasetyo Adi

for being my good companion.

Needless to say, this thesis is still far from being perfect. The writer will

accept gratefully every comment and suggestion. Hopefully, this thesis will give

benefit for everyone who concerns with the same research.

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ix

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ... 9

Review on Reading Comprehension ... 9

1. The Definition of Reading ... 9

2. Reading Comprehension ... 10

3. Sub skill of Reading Comprehension ... 12

4. The Techniques of Reading ... 13

5. Microskills and Macroskills of Reading ... 15

Review on Teaching Reading to Junior High School ... 17

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2. Teaching Reading to Junior High School Students 19

Top-down Technique ... 21

1. Definition of Top-down Technique ... 21

2. Teaching Steps of Top-down Technique ... 23

3. The Advantages of Top-down Technique ... 25

4. The Disadvantages of Top-down Technique ... 26

Bottom-up Technique... 27

1. The Definition of Bottom-up Technique ... 27

2. Teaching Steps of Bottom-up Technique ... 29

3. The Advantages of Bottom-up Technique ... 30

4. The Disadvantages of Bottom-up Technique ... 32

Rationale ... 33

Hypothesis ... 35

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 36

A. The Method of the Research ... 36

B. The Setting of the Research ... 37

C. The Subject of the Research ... 37

1. Population ... 37

2. Sample ... 37

3. Sampling ... 37

D. The Technique of Collecting the Data ... 38

1. The Instrument of Collecting the Data ... 38

2. Validity and Reliability ... 39

a. Validity ... 39

b. Reliability ... 40

E. The Technique of Analyzing the Data ... 41

1. Descriptive Statistics ... 41

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xi

d. Standard Deviation ... 43

e. Histogram and Polygon ... 43

2. Normality Test ... 44

3. Homogeneity Test... 44

4. T-test ... 45

F. Statistical Hypothesis ... 46

CHAPTER IV THE RESULT OF THE STUDY ... 47

A. The Description of the Data ... 47

1. Pre-test Scores ... 47

a. The Experimental Group ... 47

b. The Control Group ... 50

2. Post-test Scores ... 53

a. The Experimental Group ... 53

b. The Control Group ... 56

B. Prerequisite Testing ... 59

1. Pre-test Score ... 59

a. Similarity of two classes ... 59

b. Result of Normality Test ... 60

c. Result of Homogeneity Test... 61

2. Post-test Scores ... 61

a. Result of Normality Test ... 61

b. Result of Homogeneity Test... 62

C. Hypothesis Testing ... 62

1. First Hypothesis ... 62

2. Second Hypothesis ... 64

D. Discussion ... 64

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION, IMPLICATION, AND SUGGESTION ... 67

A. Conclusion ... 67

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C. Suggestion ... 68

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 70

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xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Research Schedule ... 75

Appendix 2: List of Students’ Name ... 76

Appendix 3: Syllabus of Reading for VIII Grade of Junior High School .... 78

Appendix 4: Lesson Plan ... 79

Appendix 5: Blueprint of Reading Try-out Instruments for Pre-test ... 170

Appendix 6: Blueprint of Reading Try-out Instruments for Post-test ... 187

Appendix 7: Reading Pre-test Instruments ... 204

Appendix 8: Reading Post-test Instruments ... 215

Appendix 9: The Validity of Reading Test (Pre-test Items) ... 227

Appendix 10: The Reliability of Pre-test Valid Items ... 238

Appendix 11: The Validity of Reading Test (Post-test Items) ... 240

Appendix 12: The Reliability of Post-test Items ... 250

Appendix 13: The Score of Pre-test ... 252

Appendix 14: The Score of Post-test ... 253

Appendix 15: Frequency Distribution ... 254

Appendix 16: Normality Test of Pre-test of the Experimental Group ... 259

Appendix 17: Normality Test of Pre-test of the Control Group ... 262

Appendix 18: Normality Test of Post-test of the Experimental Group ... 265

Appendix 19: Normality Test of Post-test of the Control Group ... 268

Appendix 20: Homogeneity of Pre-test ... 271

Appendix 21: Homogeneity of Post-test ... 273

Appendix 22: T-test Computation of Pre-test ... 275

Appendix 23: T-test Computation of Pre-test of the Experimental Group and the Control Group ... 276

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Appendix 25: T-test Computation of Post-test of the Experimental Group

and the Control Group ... 279

Appendix 26: Table of r Product Moment ... 281

Appendix 27: Table of the Standard Normal Distribution ... 282

Appendix 28: Table of Chi-Square Distribution ... 283

Appendix 29: Table of t Distribution ... 284

Appendix 30: Photographs ... 285

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Graphic Representation of Top-down Technique of Reading ... 23

Figure 1.2: Graphic Representation of Bottom-up Technique of Reading ... 28

Figure 4.1: The Histogram of the Distribution of Pre-test Scores of the

Experimental Group ... 49

Figure 4.2: The Polygon of the Distribution of Pre-test Scores of the

Figure 4.3: The Histogram of the Distribution of Pre-test Scores of the

Control Group ... 52

Figure 4.4: The Polygon of the Distribution of Pre-test Scores of the

Figure 4.5: The Histogram of the Distribution of Post-test Scores of the

Figure 4.6: The Polygon of the Distribution of Post-test Scores of the

Figure 4.7: The Histogram of the Distribution of Post-test Scores of the

Figure 4.8: The Polygon of the Distribution of Post-test Scores of the

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1: The Frequency Distribution of the Experimental Group Pre-test . 49

Table 4.2: The Frequency Distribution of the Control Group Pre-test ... 52

Table 4.3: The Frequency Distribution of the Experimental Group Post-test . 55

Table 4.4: The Frequency Distribution of the Control Group Post-test ... 58

Table 4.5: The Result of Normality Test for Experimental Group and

Table 4.6: The Result of Normality Test for Experimental Group and

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON TEACHING TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP TECHNIQUES OF READING (A Quasi-Experimental Study at 8th Grade of SMP N 5 Surakarta in the Academic Year 2012/2013).