Marital Conflict, Javanese Women Coping Strategy Aside From Legal Approach In Divorce Decision Making

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Journal of Positive School Psychology http://journalppw.com 2022, Vol. 6, No. 12, 1379-1386

Marital Conflict, Javanese Women Coping Strategy Aside From Legal Approach In Divorce Decision Making

Devi Puspitasari¹, Jatie K. Pudjibudojo², Hartanti³

1 Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Surabaya, Indonesia. E-mail: devipuspitasari31@gmail.com

2 Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Surabaya, Indonesia. E-mail: jatie@staff.ubaya.ac.id

3 Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Surabaya, Indonesia. E-mail: hartanti@staff.ubaya.ac.id

Abstract:

Divorce in Javanese people is a humiliating event, considered as a disgrace not only for the divorcee but also for their extended family. That kind of shame caused decision making process for Javanese women become difficult, although they might have marital violence but not too many of them reported it legally. This research aimed to understand marital conflict and coping strategy in divorce decision making among Javanese women. Research method used here is phenomenologist qualitative on eight women that filed their divorce for at least six months before interview conducted, were employed, and had children. Data collected with semi-structured interview, analysed by Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). This research found that:

marital conflict and coping strategy for Javanese women participants filed divorce influenced by Javanese ethics. Javanese ethics also caused these Javanese women participants had a confusing divorce situation because norms that they believe in its community was forcing them to stay in that marriage, though it might be full of violence, without making any legal action. These Javanese women participants had courage to take divorce decision when coping strategies, they had done were no longer enough to handle the stress caused by marital conflict.

Keywords: Marital Conflict; Coping Strategy; Javanese Women; Divorce Decision Making

1. Introduction

Marriage is a physical and soul bond unification based on love between man and women as husband and wife, with purpose to build happy family. Someone can be happy through marriage (Bailey & Fernando).

According to Souls by & Bennet (2015), married person has higher psychological well-being than those unmarried because they get deeper social support from their spouse. Marriage in Javanese society is part of life essence, which means that God has given his “wisdom words” for man to

reproduce. Marriage is a sacred event and it has aspect of new form (child). Marriage can last if spouse share love in friendship, decisions, goals, and togetherness to care for feeling of closeness. In reality, many marriages did not happen as expected. The emergence of problems in marriage can trigger conflict which is a common event in every dyadic relationship because of differences in individual values based on cultural background and experience. Such conflicts can cause estrangement in spousal relationships and have a negative impact on marriages.

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Devi Puspitasari 1380

Conflict is a term used to define disagreement, incompatibility, fighting, arguing, competing, fighting, clashing and war (Wani, 2011). Marital conflict happened between husband and wife due to sexual disagreements, differences in parenting style, emotions, religion and even differences in interests and values (Igbo, Awopetu & Ekoja, 2015). If spouse was always faced with marital conflict and was unable to work together as a team, they will have difficulty in overcoming more complex marital problems. The worst situation in marriage is when a husband and wife are not capable to handle conflict from time to time, then it can lead to divorce (Markman, 2010;

Sadarjoen, 2005).

Dissolution of marriage can be caused by death or divorce and on a court decision (Law No.1 of 1974 regarding Marriage). In Indonesia, based on data quoted by www.detik.com from the Supreme Court’s (Mahkamah Agung - MA) website in 2021, divorce case from 2018 to 2020 shows an increase. In 2018 there were 444,358 divorce cases and in 2019 it increased to 480,618.

The data shows that the number of divorce cases filed by women is higher every year than divorces filed by men. In 2019, the number of divorce cases file by women was 355,842, while divorce cases filed by men were 124,776 cases. The High Religious Court (Pengadilan Tinggi Agama - PTA) recorded that the divorce rate in East Java throughout 2020 reached around 18,034 cases. East Java is one of the provinces with the highest divorce rate in Indonesia. In Surabaya, divorce cases from January to November 2021 reached 5,198 cases consisting of 4,020 divorced cases filed by women while 1,667 divorced cases filed by men (www.jpnn.com).

Society in giving their judgement to a person cannot be separated from cultural and religion aspects. Culture becomes a moral

standard, which means if someone does something that violates the provisions of religion or local culture, it is often called immoral. Divorce in Javanese society considered as inappropriate behavior and violates morals because based on religion it is prohibited, while from a cultural point of view it is considered negative. Patriarchy in Javanese culture also causes the widows label to be considered low. In every divorce, women are blamed, considered to be unable to maintain the marriage, which cause their moral burdens are heavier than men (Sakina

& Siti, 2013). The patriarchal practice that is still quite strong in Javanese society causes that filing for divorce for most women is a very difficult decision because they are often blamed and "judged" for not being able to maintain a marriage (Muhayani, 2012).

Javanese women in making the decision to divorce will likely experience emotional challenges because of the burden of their role in the family and also the norm that considers widows as a disgrace. Javanese women experience confusion, worry and doubt that will affect their lives. This situation is just like stated in the initial interview (not from the research participant):

“what would people think of me if I were a widow, I am a doctor, meet a lot of people…I will be ashame if there is anyone know while actually I cannot stand the marriage anymore, having a husband but just like I don’t have one, got beaten too”

-Dian, 44 years old, mother of 2 son- Domestic violence according to Law No. 23 of 2004 regarding the Elimination of Domestic Violence is any act against a person, especially a woman, that results in physical, sexual, psychological misery or suffering, and/or neglect of their household,

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1381 Journal of Positive School Psychology

including threats to commit acts, coercion, or deprivation of liberty against the law in the domestic sphere. In fact, Javanese women who experience domestic violence (psychological, physical, sexual, neglected in their household) choose not to report to the authorities because they are ashamed to spread disgrace in their family. The divorce decision making for Javanese women puts them in situation where they need to choose;

being stigmatized as a widow or staying in a marriage that is full of violence.

Research on divorce decision making among women in Indonesia, especially in Java, is still limited. Javanese women in making divorce decisions are influenced by individual value factors related to culture and wisdom in considering children and families (Rizki, Yuliardi & Andayani, 2011). Javanese women in making the decision to divorce have considerations of children, social status, family, threats, and anxiety on living alone (Puspitasari, Pudjibudojo & Hartanti, 2021). The decision to divorce is not a decision caused by one event but the accumulation of conflicts that happen, which make Javanese women need time to firmly file for divorce from 1 month – 2 years (Puspitasari, Pudjibudojo &

Hartanti, 2021).

Based on descriptions above, making a decision to divorce for Javanese women is not an easy thing because of the stigma of divorce itself and widowhood in society, but the phenomenon is that the divorce lawsuit rate is getting higher. Therefore, the researcher wants to understand the conflict and coping strategies of Javanese women in making divorce decisions.

2. Method

The method used in this research is phenomenological qualitative with an interpretive paradigm. Researcher chose the

interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) approach because it was considered capable of interpreting how each participant gave meaning to their experiences (Kahija, 2017; Langdridge, 2007; Smith, Flowers, &

Larkin, 2009). The main focus of IPA is to report on participants' meaning of their unique experiences. The participants in this study were eight Javanese women who had been divorced maximum of six months before the interview, were employed and had children. Criteria for Javanese women are 1) the original Javanese descent or born from the previous generation; 2) use Javanese language from generation to generation with various dialects in their daily life; 3) residing in East Java and Central Java; 4) still doing and practicing their Javanese tradition. Data collection technique used interviews and observations conducted in several cities in the province of East Java, which are Sidoarjo, Kediri, Blitar and Madiun.

3. Analysis and Result

The analysis technique used in this research is interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), through six stages, which are 1) interpretation of the transcript; 2) initial recording; 3) formulation of emergent themes; 4) formulation of superordinate themes; 5) patterns between cases/between experiences of participants and; 6) arrangement of the entire superordinate theme.

3.1. Marital Conflict

Marital conflicts that occur in participants are all forms of domestic violence (psychological, physical, sexual, and economic neglect), conflicts with in-laws' families and role conflicts. The following is an overview of participant’s conflicts in this study:

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Table 1. Participant’s Conflict in Research

Initial Age Latest

Education Occupation

Number of Children

Duration of Divorce

Conflict Experienced

Ani 39 Bachelor Self-

Employed 2 6 months Husband’s affair Betty 32 Master Psychologist 1 6 months Economic

dishonesty Cinta 36 Bachelor Police

Officer 3 3 months Husband’s affair

Dini 37 High

School

Factory

Worker 1 2 weeks Husband’s affair

Eny 26 Bachelor Early Year

Teacher 1 4 months Marriage

abandonement Fifi 28 Bachelor

High School Teacher

1 1 month Physical domestic violence

Gita 28 High

School Housemaid 1 3 months Husband’s affair Hani 35 High

School Waitress 2 2 weeks Husband was a drug addict

Participant’s psychological forms of domestic violence including husband's infidelity, insults, physical insults, and threats. Physical domestic violence by husbands are beating, kicking, and strangulation. Sexual domestic violence in the form of a husband's request to have anal sex and forced to do something that causes discomfort during sexual intercourse. Forms of domestic abandonement are limited income, leaving the family for several months without material support, and also neglect. Role conflict occured because participants work full time outside the house and their husbands still demanded that they finish their household chores. Participants experienced a double burden by acting as

employee outside the house, the backbone of the family, wife, and also as a mother, while the husband did not help at all.

3.2. Coping Strategy

Marital conflict creates negative experiences that affect participant’s cognitive, psychological, physical, social and economic aspects. They tried to overcome their marital conflict by doing coping strategies. Coping strategy are ways to manage external and or internal demands that burden one's ability. The following is a summary of the impact and coping strategies carried out by the participants:

Table 2. Conflict Impacts and Participant’s Coping Strategies

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Initial Conflict

Impact (cognitive, psychological, physical, social and economical)

Coping Strategy (problem focused)

Coping Strategy (emotion focused)

Ani Husband’s affair

Low self-concept, labelling,

helplessness

Put on appealing appearance to satisfied

husband’s sexual needs

Did nothing, Accepted all of husband’s treatments, self injury

Betty Economic dishonesty

Low self- concept, labelling

Gave ultimatum to husband to be honest

Did nothing, Ignorance

Cint a

Husband’s affair, Physical domestic violence

helplessness

Put on sexy appearance, reported to husband’s superior

Covered her bruises and pretending to be happy, did nothing

Dini Husband’s affair Cognitive distortion

Focus on working, still served the husband

Did nothing, Ignorance

Eny Marriage abandonement

helplessness

Confrontation, asked husband to do the domestic chores

Did nothing, Accepted all of husband’s treatments

Fifi

Physical domestic violence

- Confrontation Did nothing,

Ignorance, Sleep

Gita

Husband’s affair, Physical domestic violence

Resisted by self- defence, still obeyed husband

Accepted, did nothing

Hani

Husband was a drug addict, Husband’s affair

Put make up on, family’s backbone

Did nothing, Accepted all of husband’s treatments

Coping strategies carried out by participants included problem focused and emotion focused. Problem focused coping is overcoming the impact of conflict directly on the problem, which by directly confronting the husband, applying make-up and looking attractive so that the husband

does not cheat, and working double-duty because she is the backbone of the family.

Emotion focused is overcoming the impact of conflict that only involves emotions, which by accepting all treatments from their husband, avoiding conflict, running away

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from physical domestic violence, and hurting themselves.

4. Discussion

4.1. Javanese Ethics

Participants ever since their childhood through adulthood were raised with Javanese ethics, which is Javanese cultural values that govern the overall norms and judgments used by Javanese people to find out how human should live their lives (Magnis-Suseno, 1985). Javanese ethics direct human to the path of safety and peace of mind that in every situation human should be patient so as not to cause conflict and show respect for others according to their degree and position (El-Jaquene, 2019).

Javanese ethics are internalized in participant’s lives that human must avoid conflict and the "requirement" of women to be gentle, uphold family values, manage emotions, endure suffering and be loyal (Handayani, 2008).

Participants who experienced domestic violence (psychological, physical, sexual, abandonement) rarely reported it to the authorities. Participants felt ashamed and worried that they would be considered spreading disgrace to their husbands because in Javanese ethics there is this term “mikul dhuwur mendem jero” (bear highly hoard deeply), which means that the wife must protect her husband's good reputation and cover up his disgrace. Javanese women are also worried about being gossiped about and being blamed for not being able to serve their husbands, therefore even though they are subjected to violence such as being beaten, kicked, strangled, abandoned, they usually keep silent and better to avoid conflict so as not to be subject of violent.

Javanese ethics influence participants in carrying out coping strategies for their marital conflict. Participants were very careful to avoid verbal conflicts with their husbands. They considered speaking loudly and rudely to maintain an argument as inappropriate because it would lead to greater conflict and disharmony (Sulastri, 2019). When participants feel that the problem focused coping strategy is not working, they carry out an emotion focused coping strategy with patience, acceptance (nrimo), compliance (rilo) and surrender (sumarah) (Sulastri, 2019). Patience is also followed with belief that the husband will change and good fate will come. Nrimo (acceptance) is acceptance, responds to all problems appropriately even though one is full of disappointment. Attitude of Rilo (compliance) is a willingness to let go of one’s belonging if it is not their destiny (Magnis-Suseno, 1983). The ability to be patient, nrimo and rilo does not mean passive, but rational, keep trying and submit oneself to God which is called sumarah (Sulastri, 2019).

After all forms of coping strategies are carried out and the husband's behavior does not show any change for the better, the desire for divorce appears. Participants who have a desire to divorce do not immediately file it seriously because the emotion focused coping strategy continues to be carried out by hoping that the husband will return and change his behavior for the better. Over time there is no change and the husband is getting wilder, then the participants who already feel tired of dealing with conflict and implementing coping strategies, file for divorce.

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4.2. Javanese Ethics and Domestic Violence

Javanese women who experienced domestic violence (psychological, physical, sexual, abandonement) can make a legal report through the authorities to get protection. In fact, Javanese women harbored and kept their husband's behavior aside because they felt ashamed of the disgrace, they also did not want the conflict to get bigger.

Javanese’s patriarchy and ethics influence Javanese women in responding to the domestic violence they have experienced.

Participants feel ashamed, worried, and anxious if they dare to report domestic violence, they will also be blamed and considered incapable of being a wife who have to serves their husband, incompetent so that they deserve that violence. Patriarchy legitimizes violence against women, and what is more interesting is that they who actually "willing" to experience violence are not women who are "weak" economically.

Working women, who are economically empowered, do not necessarily have the courage to fight or report, because of the community's "judgement" regarding the disgrace they have experienced is more frightening than the violence itself

5. Conclusion

Javanese women experienced negative impacts due to the marital conflicts that they have faced. These negative impacts include cognitive, psychological, physical, social and economic aspects. Coping strategies in dealing with participant’s conflict are problem focused and emotion focused.

Participants carried out problem focused and emotion focused coping strategies simultaneously or alternately. The changes in coping strategies are done solely just to survive the conflicts that they constantly experience in their marriage. Problem focused and emotion focused coping

strategies influence each other all the time, could facilitate and hinder each other. Tired of facing conflict without any changes in husband's behavior caused the participants to finally dare filed a divorce. Legal reports that should be a means of protection were not carried out, because they are considered to be a personal disgrace and for their family based on Javanese ethics

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Editorial Team

Alimova Sabokhat Gaziyevna Doctor of philosophy (PhD), in economics

Assistant professor

Tashkent medical akademi, Uzbekistan Email Address: saboxat.alimova[at]mail.ru Kurbanova Shakhnoza Irkinovna

Doctor of philosophy (PhD), Medicine, Associate Professor

Tashkent Medical Academy, Uzbekistan

Email Address: shahnoza.kurbanova5[at]gmail.com Sadullayeva Hosiyat Abdurakhmonovna

Doctor of philosophy (PhD), Associate Professor of the Environmental Hygiene Department at Tashkent Medical Academy

Uzbekistan

Email Address: x.sadullayeva71[at]gmail.com Samigova Nargiz Raimovna

Doctor of philosophy (PhD), Medicine, Associate Professor

Tashkent Medical Academy, Uzbekistan Email Address: nargizsam[at]rambler.ru Guzal Faxritdinovna Sherkuzieva Doctor of philosophy (PhD), Medicine, Associate Professor

Tashkent Medical Academy, Uzbekistan.

Email Address: guzal.sherquzieva[at]gmail.com Salomova Feruza Ibodullayevna

Doctor of Medical sciences (DSc), Head of the Department of Environmental Hygiene at Tashkent Medical Academy, Uzbekistan

Email Address: fsalomova[at]mail.ru Guzal Tulkinovna Iskandarova Doctor of sciences

Medicine (DSc), Professor

Tashkent Medical Academy, Uzbekistan Email Address: guzaltulkinovna[at]mail.ru Dr A.P Singh

University of Cardiff

Email Address: drapsingh321@gmail.com S. G. Ahmed

Professor of computational Engineering Faculty of Engineering

Zagazig University Egypt

sgamil@zu.edu.eg

Dr Davronova Dildora Saidovna

An associate professor of Uzbekistan State University of World Languages Specialty: DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PhD)

Email Address: dildora7575[at]mail.ru

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The Role Of Synchronous Distance E-Learning In Raising The Level Of Achievement Of Distance Learners During The Coronavirus Pandemic (https://journalppw.com/index.php /jpsp/article/view/14695)

Lubna Mohammed Alshamrani 278-302

Resilience In University Students: Propositive Actions As Curricular Axes For Resilience And Permanence At The University Of Pamplona - Colombia (https://journalppw.com /index.php/jpsp/article/view/14696)

Ruby Jaimes Ramírez , Andrea Carolina Araque Chacón and Rene Vargas Ortegón 303-315

Social Reintegration Approach As Deradicalization Reformation Policy For Terrorism Convicts In Correctional Institutions (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article /view/14714)

Fajar Purwawidada , Krismiyarsi Krismiyarsi , Mashari Mashari , Sarsintorini Putra 316-329

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Muslim Family Law Ordinance 1961: Modernists And Traditionalists’ Perspectives (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14715)

Dr. Sarfraz Hussain Ansari , Dr. Naila Maqsood , Dr. Rafaqat Islam 330-338

Rule Of Law, Human Rights, And Democracy: An Analysis Of Key Principles, Issues, And Challenges (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14716)

Dr. Zahid Ullah , Dr. Syed Raza Shah Gilani , Nadia Noreen, Ijaz Ahmad , Bushra Zaib, Sayyed Junaid Shah , Zakir Ullah , Kashmala Asad Khan

339-352

ISLAMIC COUNTRIES SUFFERING FROM A WAVE OF TERRORISM AND VIOLENCE:

REASONS, CAUSES AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14728)

Dr. Mian Mujahid Shah , Dr. Abzahir Khan , Dr. Karim Dad , Dr. Shakeel ur Rahman , Dr. Muhammad Abdul Haq , Dr.

Sumia Inayat 353-361

Determining The Impact Of Resilience On Psychological Distress And General Health Of Shelter Women (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14729)

Ms. Syeda Zahra Gillani , Dr. Syeda Razia Bukhari , Ms. Komal Riaz , Ms. Ayesha Nisar 362-372

Enhancing The 21st Century Reading Comprehension Skills Through Use Of Picture Among 3rd Graders: An Experimental Research (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article /view/14732)

Nadia Ali , Ms. Shumaila Dad , Dr. Ayesha Rehman , Dr. Ijaz Ahmad TatIah 373-380

Employing The Concept Of Exoticism In The Interior Spaces Of Shops (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14733)

Ph.D. Ahmed Sultan Khalaf , Shatha Abdalameer Abbas 381-390

Examining The Relationship Between Online Advertisement And Customer Loyalty Via The Underlying Role Of Ad Clicks And Web Trust (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article /view/14738)

Nadia Durrani , Muhammad Ibrahim Khan , Fahad Sultan , Ghayyur Qadir , Syed Haider Khalil , Syed Mohsin Ali Shah 391 - 406

Social Media And Mean World Syndrome: Effects Of Violent Facebook Posts On Women (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14742)

Ms. Saima Iqbal , Dr. Sumera Batool , Dr. Saima Kausar , Naveed Iqbal , Ms, Hina Malik 407-428

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Linking Clinical Governance And Budgetary Mechanism To Public Health Outcomes: A Study Of Tertiary Healthcare In Punjab (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article /view/14744)

Nabila Khan , Dr. Rubeena Tashfeen 429-447

Factors Affecting Customer Retention In Islamic Banks: A Case Study Of Pakistan (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14746)

Ejaz Aslam , Farhad bhati , Muhammad Ishfaq , Malik Shahzad Shabbir 448-457

The Impact Of Corporate Governance On Dividend Policy Of Pakistan Stock Exchange Listed Companies (A Case Of Cement Sector) (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article /view/14747)

Dr. Azhar khan , Dr. Maimoona Saleem , Fazaila Shad , Fawad Khattak 458-471

Ecological Criticism Based On Gender Prejudice: The Elements Of Social Ecofeminism In The Novel The Grass Is Singing (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14748)

Muhammad Bilal , Nasim Ullah Khan, Saeed Ur Rahaman, Inam Ullah, Saman Bar 472-484

Influence Of Animal And Plant Source Dietary Lipids On The Growth Performance And Proximate Composition Of Major Carps (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article /view/14754)

Amara Akhtar , Sajjid Abdullah , Arifa Mehreen , Muhammad Ahmed Saqib , Qurat-ul-ane Gillani ,Muhammad Anwar Iqbal , Qurat-ul- Ahmad ,Muhammad Tahir

485-508

Nursing Students’ Knowledge, Ethical Sensitivity, And Intention Of Care During The Covid 19 Pandemic In South Korea (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14756)

Do-Young Lee , Joo-Young Lee 509-516

Innovation Absorption And Empowerment Adoption Of Competency Formulation And Productive Performance Of Coffee Farmers In Bener Meriah Regency

(https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14757)

Ahadi Arifin , Hendra Raza , M. Ziauddin , Em Yusuf IIS 517-537

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Developing South Middle Timor Local Wisdom Based Geometry Learning Material To Improve Students’ Learning Outcome (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article /view/14758)

Vera Rosalina Bulu 538-551

Manners Learning Through Hengad’do (Nose Kissing) And Waje Ngara (Cherished Name) Unique Tradition Of Sabunese In Sabu-Raijua Regency (https://journalppw.com/index.php /jpsp/article/view/14759)

Petrus Ly, Marsi D Bani, Erwin Bria, Leonard Lobo 552-564

A Linguistic Analysis Of Religious Content: A Comparation Of Class 10th Textbooks In Punjab And Sindh (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14760)

Dr. Samina Sarwat , Bushra Bano , Dr. Muhammad Imran , Amanullah Phulpoto , Waheed Shahzad 565-575

The Effectiveness Of Learning Drama Based On Mandar Local Wisdom Of High School Students (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14769)

Ernawati , Husain Syam , Muhammad Rapi 576-585

The Diminishing Pax-Americana: Can The US Escape Declinism From Hegemonic Triumphalism (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14770)

Dr Hassan Farooq Mashwani , Shahida Iqbal , Naeem Tahir Baig 586-603

Conversion Of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article /view/14772)

Andrey Sopuev , Kanat Mamakeev , Ruslan Zhortuchiev , Adilet Kadyrov , Mayram Ernisova , Rizamat Apsamatov 629-634

Impacts Of Outdoor Recreation, On Health & Wellness Of The People (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14773)

Romana Ambreen , Dr. Waqar Ahmad , Dr. Yousaf Ali , Dr. Muhammad Israr , Abdul Manan 635-642

The Connection Between Screen Time And Emotional Trauma: A Case Study Of Bruneian 3-Year-Old Children (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14774)

Ooi Boon Keat , Mohammed H. AlAqad, Ahmad Mustaqim, Muezzah Hakemah binti Misli, Shabina Rehman, Monica Rajaretnam

643-652

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The Rising Trend Of Switching To Organic Products: Identifying Underlying Factors Of Shifting Trend On Organic Cosmetics In Pakistan (https://journalppw.com/index.php /jpsp/article/view/14775)

Syeda Nabeerah , Syeda Quratulain Kazmi , Rozina Imtiaz 653-667

Optimizing A Cooperative Teaching-Learning Of Students Team Achievement Division On English Mastery Of Javanese Native Children (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article /view/14776)

Regita Sekar Arrum , Djatmika , FX Sawardi 668-677

The Effectiveness Of Connectivism Based Area Learning Models To Improve Creativity And Social Skills In Arts And Craft In Elementary School Students (https://journalppw.com /index.php/jpsp/article/view/14777)

Tri Linggo Wati , Mustaji , Andi Mariono 678-689

The Influence Of Gender Sensitive Obstacial Care Models On Pregnant Women (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14778)

Indra Supradewi , Maryanah , Ni Gusti Made Ayu Agung Budhi 690-699

Tort Liability Of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Transmission, A Comparative Study

Between Civil Law And Rulings Of Islamic Jurisprudence (https://journalppw.com/index.php /jpsp/article/view/14779)

Dr: Mohammad Hamdan Abdeen Asran 700-720

Factors Influence Muslim Students' Motivation To Use Online Academic Support Services Within Islamic Higher Education In Indonesia (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article /view/14780)

Askar Askar , Adawiyah Pettalongi , Nurdin Nurdin 721-736

The Role Of Organizational Commitment In Mediating The Influence Of Ethical Leadership On Employee Engagement: Evidence From Public Organizations In Indonesia

Ridwan Badallah , Murjani Kamaluddin , Nurwati , Endro Sukotjo , Zaludin 737-749

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Quality Of Life: A Comparative Study Of People’s Perception Towards Plotted And Flatted Residential Units (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14782)

Ms. Pooja Singh , Dr. Ritu Gulati 750-764

Analysis Of The Implementation Of Corruption Detection Using Hu-Model In State Financial Management Institutions (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14783)

Haryono Umar , Siti Safaria , Welda Mudiar , Rahima Br Purba 765-778

A Review Of Supreme Court Of Indonesia Decision Number 1014 K/Pid/2013 On Notary Responsibilities In Making Deeds (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14784)

EDY LISDIYONO & SETIYOWATI 779-792

The Aesthetic Integration Of The Creation And Singing Creation Of Ancient Chinese Poetry And Art Songs (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14785)

Zhang huiqin , Chen chengkang 793-804

Role Of Artificial Intelligence During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Literature Review (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14786)

Dr Kriti Singh , Dr Juhi P Pathak , Mr Swarnendu Roy 805-831

The Role Of Digital Curriculum And Off-Campus Learning (MBKM) To Face Industry 4.0:

Evidence In Indonesian Gen-Z Students (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article /view/14787)

Kusni Ingsih , Sih Darmi Astuti , Tito Aditya Perdana , Fery Riyanto 832-853

Meaning-Activity Interpretation Of Coping Self-Efficacy In The Situation Of The COVID-19 Threat (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14788)

Magomed-Eminov Madrudin Samshudinovich , Karacheva Ekaterina Anatoltevna , Kvasova Olga Grigoryevna , Magomed-Eminova Olga Ilyinichna , Prichkodko Ivan , Ol'ga O.Savina

854-865

Effectiveness Of Cognitive Restructuring And Positive Reinforcement Techniques In The Reduction Of Test Anxiety Among Public Secondary School Students In Benin City, Nigeria (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14789)

Osasere Owens Sogolo, Ph. D , Oyaziwo Aluede, Ph. D , Justina Afen- Akpaida, Ph. D , Henry O. Imhonde, Ph. D , Obaze Osumah, Ph. D , Edowaye Osemeikhian, Ph. D

866-878

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Cooperative Learning As An Innovative Method In Teaching Science At Elementary Level (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14795)

Hafiza Gulnaz Fatima , Hina Akbar , Bazgha Saleem Khan , Hina Amin , Shahid Mobeen Ali Anjum 879-889

Adoption Of Virtual Social Networks: Expansion Of The Technology Acceptance Model By Integrating Trust And Perceived Risk (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article

/view/14796)

Ronald Delgado Ayaviri , Cristian Oswaldo Guerra-Flores , Armin Guido Ayaviri Nina , Danilo Fernando Fernández Vinueza , Olga Maritza Rodríguez Ulcuango

890-908

Modeling And Optimization Of Strengthening Creativity: An Empirical Study Using A Pop-Hr Approach (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14797)

Nurhayati , Sri Setyaningsih , Dian Wulandari 909-922

Characteristics Of Artistic Skills (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14798)

Karimova Sanobarkhan Mirzaevna , Goziev Alisher Nematovich 923-926

Expression Of The Relation Of Localization Through Word Forms (https://journalppw.com /index.php/jpsp/article/view/14799)

M. Ergashova, Kokand SPI 927-934

Ellipsis And Anti-Ellipsis In The Erkin A’zam’s Works (https://journalppw.com/index.php /jpsp/article/view/14800)

Toshkhujaeva Shoirakhan Ganievna , Rakhimov Sarvarjon Akramjon ogli , Abdusamatova Naimakhan Madaminjon qizi 935-940

Innovative Designs For The Dean's Office Inspired By Islamic Geometric Decoration To Solve The Problem Of Achievement Motivation (https://journalppw.com/index.php /jpsp/article/view/14801)

Aliaa Ali Mohammed Abbas Mokhtar 941-964

Developing Study Habits And Skills Of University Student And Their Relationship To Some Psychological And Educational Variables According To The Readiness Law Of Thorndike (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14803)

Mohammed Othman Al Mihaisi 965-981

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Exploring Employees’ Perception Towards The Public Relation Practitioners Practice: Jimma Zonal Government Offices In Focus (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article

/view/14814)

Hamza Hasen 982-1001

Understanding The Concept Of Lesbianism: From Lifestyle To Social Phenomenon (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14815)

K. Rupa shree , Dr. N. Gayathri 1002-1012

Dysfunctional Family And Its Effect On Mental Health Of Children In Jordan Sonnenblick’s The Secret Sheriff Of Sixth Grade (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14816)

Swetha B , Dr. N. Gayathri 1013-1020

The Impact Of Covid-19 On The Dynamics Of The Family System In Pakistan From Islamic Perspectives (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14826)

Dr. Asim Iqbal , Miss Amrina Khan , Miss Razia Nisar , Dr Muhammad Munir , Kamran Ahmed 1021-1030

Attitude Towards Learning Chemistry: A Case Of Secondary School Students In Pakistan (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14827)

Muhammad Siddique , Dr. Munawwar Ahmed , Dr. Momina Feroz , Waqas Shoukat , Shazia Jabeen 1031-1055

Research On The Legal Response To Pet Keeping Management (https://journalppw.com /index.php/jpsp/article/view/14835)

Zeyu Zhang , Ming-Hsun Hsieh 1056-1076

Heads Transformational Leadership Style And Its Relationship With Job Satisfaction Of University Teachers (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14836)

Sana Rafique , Sadaf Naz , Khurram Elahi , Muhammad Azhar Khan 1077-1087

Maxillofacial Trauma And Its Management Presenting In Tertiary Care Hospital In Lahore During Covid-19 Pandemic (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14868)

Alveena Nawaz , Faiqua Yasser , Mahwish Khan , Isna Zahid , Zainab Fatima Zaidi , Komal Naveed 1088-1102

Linguistic Phenomena In The Interpretation Of Moniyat Al-Talibin In The Interpretation Of Al-

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Quran Qur’an Al-Mubeen By Sheikh Jaafar Al-Subhani: Grammatical Weakening As A Choice (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14869)

Alaa Hussein Hassab; Prof. Dr. Yacoub Yousef Khalaf Al-Yasiri 1103-1110

Education Sustainable Development Content About System Thinking, Normative

Competency, Problem Solving Competency: A Curriculum Analysis (https://journalppw.com /index.php/jpsp/article/view/14873)

Dr. Safia Rehmat Ullah , Dr. Tariq Mahmood , Dr. Muhammad Younas Mughal 1111-1124

Impact Of Teachers’ Expectations On Optimism, Achievement, And Aspiration Of Secondary School Students (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14874)

Muhammad Uzair-ul-Hassan , Iram Parveen , Dr. Shafqat Ali 1125-1133

Principles For The Application Of Signs Of The Hour In Modern Times (An Analytical Study) (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14886)

Muhammad Mugheerah Luqman , Dr. Shahzada Imran Ayub , Mashhood Ahmad , Muhammad Shafiq 1134-1144

The "Philosophy Of Goodness" In The Light Of The Ideas Of Muslim Philosophers (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14892)

Dr. HM Azhar Usama , Dr. Muhammad Yasir Madni , Dr. Umm-e-Laila , Dr. Bareera Hameed , Zahid Farooq 1145-1153

Investigating The Crime Of Embezzlement Of Managers From The Perspective Of Criminological Theories (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14902)

Zarifeh Rezazadeh Hamidieh 1154-1166

The Representation Of Female Alienation In Saudi Arabia As A Cultural Phenomenon (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14917)

Muhammad Javaid Anwar , Muhammad Akram , Muhammad Naveed Anwar , Usman Kaleem , Muhammad Ansar , Muhammad Sami

1167-1178

Teaching Methodology As A Cause Of Secondary Level Students’ Learning Difficulty In Chemistry (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14918)

Dr. Fahd Naveed Kausar , Quart Ul Ain Khan , Anosha Haroon 1179-1193

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An Investigation Of Public Relations Practices And Challenges: A Case Of West Wollega Zone Government Communication Affairs Office (https://journalppw.com/index.php /jpsp/article/view/14924)

Hamza Hase , Yohanis Tafara 1194-1223

Effect Of Environmental And Behavioral Factors On Students’ Dropout During Transition From Secondary To Higher Secondary At Public Sector (https://journalppw.com/index.php /jpsp/article/view/14925)

Jam Muhammad Zafar , Tanzeela Ajmal , Naseer Ahmad Shahid , Naeem Ullah 1224-1232

The Impact Of Educational Videos On The Academic Performance Of University Students In Distance Learning (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14933)

Baber Ali , Dr. Fawad Baig 1233-1249

A Model For Developing Potential Of Executive In Food Production In The Eastern

Economic Corridor (EEC) In The Digital Age (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article /view/14934)

Dr. Jutharat Pinthapataya 1250-1260

Development And Utility Of M-Health Enabled Nutrition Informatics Intervention For Self- Care Management Of Type 2 Diabetes In Home Settings (https://journalppw.com/index.php /jpsp/article/view/14935)

Abhijeet Prasad Sinha BSc, MPH, MBA , Manmohan Singhal M Pharma , Ph.D., Mansi Gupta BPT, MSW , Ashish Joshi, MD, MBBS, PhD

1261-1279

Analysis Of Sincerity That Influences Consumer Psychology In The Advertising Text Of South Korean And Indonesian Products From A Pragmatic Maxim Perspective

Lee Seung Hoon , Syihabuddin , Dadang Sudana , Wawan Gunawan 1280-1298

Feeling Frequently Depressed Seeing Other Children Without Sickle Cell Disease: An Emotional Experience Of Family Caregivers Of Children Living With Sickle Cell Disease (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14937)

Titilola A. Adebowale (Ph.d) , Aliya S. Mambetalina , Kehinde C. Lawrence (Ph.D) 1299-1310

Scientific And Theoretical Interpretation Of The Concept Of Tax Potential (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14938)

Musagaliev Ajiniyaz Jumagulovich

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1311-1319

Profitability, Firm Size And Tax Avoidance (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article /view/14939)

Anna Sumaryati, Dian Prawitasari 1320-1326

The Effect Of Overconfidence Managerial And Corporate Governance On Internal Financing: Evidence From Manufacturing In Indonesia (https://journalppw.com/index.php /jpsp/article/view/14940)

Buyung Sarita , Abdurrahman Shaleh , Liwaul , Zaludin 1327-1337

The Role Of Organizational Commitment In Mediating The Influence Of Ethical Leadership On Employee Engagement: Evidence From Public Organizations In Indonesia

Ridwan Badallah , Murjani Kamaluddin , Nurwati , Endro Sukotjo , Zaludin 1338-1350

Saudi-Iran Strategic Competition In Middle East: An Analysis (https://journalppw.com /index.php/jpsp/article/view/14942)

Najaf Ali , Dr. Muhammad Azhar , Dr. Muhammad Ilyas Ansari , Ali Raza d Umar Bashir 1351-1365

The Perception Of Synchronous Model Of Marlins For Maritime English In An Indonesian Maritime Higher Education (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14943)

Sunarlia Limbong ; Baso Jabu ; Muhammad Basri 1366-1378

Marital Conflict, Javanese Women Coping Strategy Aside From Legal Approach In Divorce Decision Making (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14944)

Devi Puspitasari , Jatie K. Pudjibudojo , Hartanti 1379-1386

Communication Competence In Drafting Headlines A Study In Measuring The Level Of Stylistic And Semantic Processing (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article /view/14945)

Dr. Ayad Khaleel Ibrahim 1387-1402

Trends Of College Of Basic Education Students Towards The Use Of E-Books In Learning In Kuwait (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14946)

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Dr. Abdul Aziz Dakhil Al-Anzi 1403-1422

The Impact Of The Working Environment And Learning Science In The Electronic Learning Systems Used In Education From The Point Of View Of The Faculty At The Faculty Of Basic Education In Kuwait (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14947)

Dr. Ahmad Alfailakawi 1423-1444

Investigating The Role Of E-Learning Management Systems In The Learning Process From The Point Of View Of The Faculty At The Faculty Of Basic Education In Kuwait

Dr. Ahmad Alfailakawi 1445-1467

Educational Images As An Educational Tool And Its Relationship To The Process Of Thinking Among Students At The Faculty Of Basic Education In Kuwait

Abdul Aziz Dakhil Al-Anzi 1468-1491

The Effect Of Personality Teacher Pancasila And Civic Education On The Social Character Forming Of Students At Sma Negeri 14 Medan (https://journalppw.com/index.php

/jpsp/article/view/14950)

Sampitmo Habeahan , Akdel Parhusip , Dominggos Soares Tampubolon 1492-1497

An Exploratory Study Of Tamil Film Popularity Amidst Youngsters In Kerala, India (https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/14951)

Patricia Michelle Mathias , Melvin Jacob 1498-1519

Drivers for SMEs Sustainability: A Review and Research Agenda (https://journalppw.com /index.php/jpsp/article/view/14952)

Ehab Aktham Kassab , Norshahrizan Nordin , Mohammad Harith Amlus , Badlishah Ahmad 1520-1540

Housewives’ Psychological Well-Being From Qur’anic Perspective: The Case Of Women's Roles In Improving Family Economic Welfare In Bugis And Mandar Communities

Muhammad Yusuf 1541-1550

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