Watershed management_Lecture 36-40

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M odu le 9 – ( L3 5 – L3 7 ) :

“

h

”

“D r ou gh t M a n a ge m e n t

”:

D r ou gh t a sse ssm e n t a n d cla ssifica t ion , dr ou gh t

l

i

t

h i

d

h t

it i

t i

l

i

a n a lysis t e ch n iqu e s, dr ou gh t m it iga t ion pla n n in g.

3 7 D r ou gh t M it iga t ion

1 1 1 1

1

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L37

L37–

Drought Mit igat ion

L37

Drought Mit igat ion



Topics Cove r e d



Topics Cove r e d



Drought m it igat ion & m anagem ent ,

warning, m onit oring, m it igat ion &

planning

planning,



Keyw ords:

Drought m it igat ion; Managem ent & Drought m it igat ion; Managem ent & Planning

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I nt roduct ion



Mit igat ing drought : Taking act ions in advance of

drought t o reduce it s long- t erm risk



I nvolve a wide range of t ools: policies, act ivit ies,

plans, and program s

Com ponent s of a drought m it igat ion plan



Predict ion



Monit oring



I m pact assessm ent



Early- warning syst em s

A t i

l

t

d

l it h

it



Act ion plans t o deal wit h severit y



Relief & responses

3 3

(4)

I nt roduct ion

I nt roduct ion -- Mit igat ion

Mit igat ion



Mit igat ion act ions,

program s, & policies are

im plem ent ed

p

during and before drought

g

t o

reduce t he m agnit ude of risk t o hum an life,

propert y, and product ive capacit y.



Shift in public policy from drought relief t o

drought m it igat ion m easures.

f

d

l

h



I m port ant for adapt ing t o clim at e change,

rest oring ecological balance, and bringing

developm ent benefit s t o t he people

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Drought Mit igat ion

Drought Mit igat ion -- St rat egies

St rat egies

 Alt ernat ive cropping st rat egies, soil and w at er conservat ion

and prom ot ion of w at er harvest ing t echniques – exam ples for em ergency drought relief.

em ergency drought relief.

Main obj ect ives, t o com bat drought are:

 ( a) To develop nat ional st rat egies for drought preparedness

b h h h d l d d h

in bot h t he short and long- t erm , aim ed at reducing t he vulnerabilit y of product ion syst em s t o drought

 ( b)( b) To st rengt hen t he flow of early- w arning inform at ionTo st rengt hen t he flow of early w arning inform at ion t ot o decision m akers and land users t o enable nat ions t o im plem ent st rat egies for drought int ervent ion

( c) To develop & int egrat e drought relief schem es and m eans  ( c) To develop & int egrat e drought - relief schem es and m eans of coping wit h environm ent al refugees int o nat ional and regional developm ent planning

5 5

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Drought m it igat ion com m it m ent s



I m prove land and wat er m anagem ent –

Wat ershed based schem e – m ore effect ive

Wat ershed based schem e

m ore effect ive



Soil m anagem ent



Prom ot e agricult ural m anagem ent & provide

o

ot e ag cu t u a

a age

e t & p o de

t rainings



Develop st rat egies for drought preparedness



Mobilize Financing



Afforest at ion & reforest at ion

i i

f h

i i



Necessit ies of t he com m unit ies

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Drought Monit oring & Early Warning



Drought - Typically a slow - onset phenom enon

Oft en possible t o provide early w arning of an



Oft en possible t o provide early w arning of an

em erging drought



Early warning allows for a shift from react ive t o



Early warning allows for a shift from react ive t o

proact ive hazard m anagem ent

Drought m onit oring t echniques across t he world



China

-

St andardized

Precipit at ion

I ndex

t o

m onit or drought occurrence

U it d St t

M lt i l li

t i di

d



Unit ed St at es

- Mult iple clim at e indices and

indicat ors

7 7

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Drought Monit oring & Early Warning



Aust ralia -

Quant ifies precipit at ion percent iles



Africa

- Fam ine Early Warning Syst em ( FEWS NET)



Africa

Fam ine Early Warning Syst em ( FEWS NET)



Afghanist an, Pakist an and west ern part s of I ndia

-Sout h Asia Drought Monit or ( SADM)

g

(

)



SADM

- Based on rem ot e sensing dat a, drought

relat ed indices and GI S



FEWS NET

is m ainly focused on Africa, w here t he

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Drought Mit igat ion & Preparedness Measures

Mit igat ion Measures & Preparedness:



St ruct ural/ physical

( e.g., appropriat e crops, sand

dam s, engineering proj ect s)



Non- st ruct ural

( e.g., policies, aw areness et c..)



Preparedness:

Defined as pre- disast er act ivit ies

t hat are undert aken w it hin t he cont ext of disast er

risk m anagem ent and are based on sound risk

analysis

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Drought Mit igat ion & Preparedness Measures

Mit igat ion Measures & Preparedness:

 Most im port ant st eps in lessening t he effect s of drought t hough are soil and wat er conservat ion

t hough are soil and wat er conservat ion.

 By prot ect ing soil, it is bet t er able t o absorb precipit at ion, but it can also help farm ers t o use less wat er

 I t also creat es less wat er pollut ion by t he pest icides and fert ilizers present in m ost farm runoff.

Wat er conservat ion public use is oft en regulat ed Wat er  Wat er conservat ion - public use is oft en regulat ed. Wat er conservat ion devices like low- flow t oilet s, shower heads, and washing m achines

 Desalinat ion of seawat er, wat er recycling, & rainwat er

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Drought Mit igat ion & Prot ect ion

Mit igat ion Measures & Prot ect ion:

 Dam s - m any dam s & t heir associat ed reservoirs supply addit ional wat er in t im es of drought

addit ional wat er in t im es of drought .

 Cloud seeding - an art ificial t echnique t o induce rainfall.  Desalinat ion of sea wat er for irrigat ion or consum pt ion.

 Drought m onit oring - Cont inuous observat ion of rainfall levels & com parisons wit h usage levels- help prevent m an- m ade

drought drought .

 Eg: Analysis of wat er usage in Yem en - revealed t hat t heir groundwat er t able - at grave risk by over- use for Khat crop.  Monit oring of m oist ure levels - help predict increased risk for

wildfires, using such m et rics as Palm er Drought I ndex.

11 11

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Drought Mit igat ion & Prot ect ion

Mit igat ion m easures & Prot ect ion:

 Land use - planned crop rot at ion - m inim ize erosion & allow farm ers t o plant less wat er- dependent crops in drier years farm ers t o plant less wat er- dependent crops in drier years.  Out door wat er- use rest rict ion - Regulat e use of sprinklers,

hoses or bucket s on out door plant s, filling pools, & ot her

h k

w at er- int ensive hom e m aint enance t asks.

 Rainw at er harvest ing - Collect ion & st orage of rainwat er from roofs or ot her suit able cat chm ent s.

roofs or ot her suit able cat chm ent s.

 Recycled wat er - w ast ewat er ( sewage) t reat ed & purified for reuse.

T B ildi l di i i

(13)

Drought Mit igat ion & Preparedness Measures



Exam ples:



Groundw at er dam s-

St ore w at er underground



Groundw at er dam s

St ore w at er underground,

rat her t han on t he surface



Ex: " Mot her's Wat er Cellar" proj ect launched in

p

j

August 2000 by China Wom en Developm ent

Foundat ion - Now , provides readily accessible

f

pot able w at er for about one m illion people in rural

China

P

l t i

t

k

f

G

d

t

R

h



Percolat ion t anks-

for Groundwat er Recharge



Survival of about 15 m illion farm ers living in t he

sem i arid basalt ic plat eau in West ern I ndia

13 13

sem i- arid basalt ic plat eau in West ern I ndia

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Drought Mit igat ion

Drought Mit igat ion –

–

Groundwat er Dam s

 Groundw at er dam s - st ruct ures t hat int ercept or obst ruct nat ural flow of groundwat er & st ore wat er underground  Basic principle : inst ead of st oring t he w at er in surface

reservoirs, w at er is st ored in underground - less

cont am inat ion Ground surface

 No problem of subm ergence of land

Sub- surface dam :

G ou d su ace

Ri b d l l

 I nt ercept s or obst ruct s t he flow of an aquifer  Reduces variat ion of level of groundwat er t able

upst ream of t he dam .

Riverbed level

upst ream of t he dam .

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Drought Mit igat ion

Drought Mit igat ion –

–

Groundwat er Dam s

Sand st orage dam :

 Const ruct ed above groundg

 Sand & soil part icles t ransport ed during periods of high flow are allowed t o deposit behind t he dam

W t i t d i t h il d it ( fi )  Wat er is st ored in t hese soil deposit s ( figure)

 Sand st orage dam - const ruct ed in layers t o allow sand t o be deposit ed & finer m at erial be washed downst reamp

Ground surface

Groundwat er Table

Riverbed level

15 15

Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

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Technology for Drought Reduct ion

Field agricult ural t echnology:

 St raw or plast ic film m ulch, conservat ion t illage and rainwat er harvest ing

rainwat er harvest ing

 wat er saving t echnology such as hole irrigat ion, surge flow irrigat ion, m icro- irrigat ion and drip- irrigat ion

Wat er- saving t echnology of chem ist ry

 Drought - resist ant and wat er save t echnologies

For preserving soil m oist ure and reducing crop t ranspirat ion  For preserving soil m oist ure and reducing crop t ranspirat ion

Wat er st orage cellar, sea wat er desalinat ion, wast ewat er t reat m ent

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Te ch n ology for D r ou gh t Re du ct ion

China Met eorological Adm inist rat ion ( CMA)

Several r out ine product s for China and t he globe



Several r out ine product s for China and t he globe

are produced on a daily basis from

real- t im e

st at ion- based and sat ellit e- derived dat a

st at ion based and sat ellit e derived dat a



Available for free dow nloading from t he web page

of BCC

17 17

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I mpact Sectors

Mit igat ion act ions can be cat egorized according t o 11 im pact sect ors

 Wat er Availabilit y  Wat er Availabilit y,  Municipal Wat er,

 Wat er Short age/ Conservat ion Act ivit ies,  Agricult ural I ndust ry,

 Public I nform at ion and Educat ion,

h/ ldl f

 Fish/ Wildlife Preservat ion,  Healt h,

 Com m erce and Tourism / Econom y  Com m erce and Tourism / Econom y,

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M it iga t ive st r a t e gie s

Mit igat ive st rat egies be divided int o 9 cat egories:



Assessm ent Program s



Legislat ion/ Public Policy



Wat er Supply Augm ent at ion



Public Awareness/ Educat ion Program s



Technical Assist ance



Dem and Reduct ion/ Wat er Conservat ion Program s



Em ergency Response Program s

g

y

p

g



Wat er Use Conflict Resolut ion

, and



Drought Cont ingency Plans

19 19

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y

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Le gisla t ion / Pu blic Policy

Specific act ions t aken by Governm ent :

- Prepare posit ion papers for legislat ure on public

li

i

policy issues

- Exam ined st at ut es governing w at er right s for

possible m odificat ion during w at er short ages

- Pass legislat ion t o prot ect inst ream flow s

- Pass legislat ion providing guarant eed low - int erest

loans t o farm ers

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Ch a lle n ge s of D r ou gh t M on it or in g

 Met eorological and hydrological dat a net works are oft en inadequat e in t erm s of t he densit y of st at ions

 Dat a qualit y is also a problem because of m issing dat a or an  Dat a qualit y is also a problem because of m issing dat a or an

inadequat e lengt h of record

 High cost of dat a lim it s t heir applicat ion in drought

d d

m onit oring, preparedness, m it igat ion and response

 I nform at ion delivered t hrough early warning syst em s is oft en t oo t echnical and det ailed, lim it ing it s use by decision m akers t oo t echnical and det ailed, lim it ing it s use by decision m akers  Forecast s are oft en unreliable on t he seasonal t im escale and

lack specificit y, reducing t heir usefulness for agricult ure and ot her sect ors

ot her sect ors

 Drought indices are som et im es inadequat e for det ect ing t he early onset and end of drought

21 21

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Ch a lle n ge s of D r ou gh t M on it or in g



Drought

m onit oring

syst em s

should

be

int egrat ed,

coupling m ult iple clim at e, wat er and soil param et ers

and socio- econom ic indicat ors



For fully charact erizing drought m agnit ude, spat ial

ext ent and pot ent ial im pact

p



I m pact assessm ent m et hodologies

, a crit ical part of

drought m onit oring and early warning syst em s, are not

t

d

di

d

id l

il bl

st andardized or widely available



Hindering

im pact

est im at es

and

t he

creat ion

of

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D r ou gh t M a n a ge m e n t - M it iga t ion St r a t e gie s

 Drought warning syst em s - Availabilit y of I nput s  Judicious use of surface & groundwat er

Cloud seeding in Drought Prone regions  Cloud seeding in Drought Prone regions  Micro I rrigat ion Syst em s

 Post Harvest Managem entPost Harvest Managem ent

 Nut rit ional Aspect s of Food Securit y

 Wat er Conservat ion, St orage St ruct ures & Managem ent  Afforest at ion

 Crop I nsurance Capacit y building  Capacit y building

 Com m unit y part icipat ion

 Relief & responses - Public Dist ribut ion Syst em

23 23

e e & espo ses ub c s bu o Sys e

 Appropriat e drought m anagem ent plans - Guidelines

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Case St udy: Drought Analysis in Raj ast han

 Re f: St at e Level Analysis of Drought Policies and I m pact s in Raj ast han, I ndia, M.S. Rat hore, I WMI , 2005, Working Paper 93

 Raj ast hanRaj ast han- one of t he largest St at e of I ndia- area of 342,000 one of t he largest St at e of I ndia area of 342,000 km 2 ( 10% ) & populat ion of 56.5 m illion ( 5% ) & only 1% of I ndia’s wat er resources – econom ically backward.

Clim at e varies from arid t o sub hum id; average rainfall  Clim at e - varies from arid t o sub hum id; average rainfall

-574 m m - varies significant ly- west ern Raj ast han, average annual rainfall less t han 100 m m

 I n Raj ast han, about 50 drought years since 1901

 Det ailed analysis- in 9 out of 102 years were none of t he

dist rict s in t he St at e affect ed by drought s dist rict s in t he St at e affect ed by drought s.

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Drought Analysis in Raj ast han

 Drought I ndex ( DI ) = Drought I ndex ( DI ) ( P – X) / SD, P- annual precipit at ion, X-( P X) / SD, P annual precipit at ion, X

occurrence of a m et eorological drought in t he st at e is 47%

 Vulnerabilit y t o drought : bot h low- incom e and m iddle- incom e households are vulnerable t o drought s; I ndicat ors: forced

households are vulnerable t o drought s; I ndicat ors: forced m igrat ion, borrowings, food short age, change of occupat ion, forced unem ploym ent , falling healt h condit ions et c.

25 25

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Drought Analysis in Raj ast han

 Re f: St at e Level Analysis of Drought Policies and I m pact s in Raj ast han

Region

D r ou gh t pe r ce pt ion s & im plica t ion s:

Perceived as creeping phenom enon- onset & end difficult t o ident ify. Viewed as a t ransient phenom enon.

(27)

Drought I m pact s in Raj ast han

 Re f: St at e Level Analysis of Drought Policies and I m pact s in

Raj ast han, I ndia, M.S. Rat hore, I WMI , 2005, Working Paper 93

27 27

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Drought I m pact s in Raj ast han

 Re f: St at e Level Analysis of Drought Policies and I m pact s in

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D r ou gh t M a n a ge m e n t in Ra j a st h a n

 I nst it ut ions for drought m anagem ent: Task force & com m it t ees – St at e Govt . cont rolled

 Drought m onit oring & early w arning – I MD Weat her  Drought m onit oring & early w arning – I MD, Weat her Wat ch Group: Based on Rainfall dat a, wat er levels in reservoirs & crop prospect s.

h l d l

 Drought Mit igat ion Program m es: Rural developm ent Program m e – I nfrast ruct ure, new crop, wat ershed  Nat ional Wat ershed Developm ent Program m eNat ional Wat ershed Developm ent Program m e for for

Rainfed Areas ( NWDPRA) and I nt egrat ed Wat ershed Developm ent Program m e ( I WDP)

Drought Prone Area Developm ent Program m e ( DPAP)  Drought Prone Area Developm ent Program m e ( DPAP)  Desert Developm ent Program m e ( DDP)

 Em ploym ent Generat ion Program m e ( EGP)

29 29

p oy e Ge e a o og a e ( G )

(30)

Con clu din g Re m a r k s

 Main issues - policy form ulat ion and act ion: ( i) underst anding t he nat ure of drought , ( ii) m odifying percept ion & response t o drought , ( iii) changing

percept ion & response t o drought , ( iii) changing approach- relief t o m it igat ion of drought .

 I dent ificat ion of vulnerable areas and populat ion.

f d h b h d d d

 I m pact of drought is bot h direct and indirect on m ost of t he econom ic and social param et ers.

 Wat er availabilit y is t he keyWat er availabilit y is t he key

 Drought m onit oring & m anagem ent

 Rural developm ent & povert y alleviat ion program m es  Efficient m anagem ent of drought - depend on t he

(31)

Re fe r e n ce s

 ht t p: / / drought .unl.edu/ what is/ what .ht m

 Subram anya k( 2007) , Engineering Hydrology, Second edit ion, Tat a

McGraw - Hill McGraw Hill

 Aane Abebe Aw ass ( 2009) , “ Hydrological drought

analysis-occurrence, severit y, risks: t he case of Wabi Shebele River Basin, Et hiopia” Universit y Siegen

Et hiopia , Universit y Siegen.

 ht t p: / / wrm in.nic.in

 ht t p: / / www.fao.org/ nr/ w at er/ issues/ scarcit y.ht m l

 Drought m onit oring and early w arning: concept s, progress and

fut ure challenges ( 2006) , WMO- No. 1006 WMO

 “ How t o reduce Droughtg Risk’’, 1998, West ern Droughtg

Coordinat ion Council, Pr e pa r e dn e ss & M it iga t ion W or k in g

 Nat ional Disast er Managem ent Guidelines – Managem ent of

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Tu t or ia ls - Qu e st ion !.?.



Crit ically st udy t he Prevent ion, Preparedness&

Mit igat ion for drought m anagem ent as

suggest ed by Nat ional Disast er Managem ent

Guidelines ( w w w .ndm a.gov.in)



St udy t he necessit y of capacit y developm ent ,

relief and responses for drought m anagem ent

( Ref: Nat ional Disast er Managem ent Guidelines –

(33)

Se lf Eva lu a t ion - Qu e st ion s!.



I llust rat e com ponent s of drought m it igat ion plans.

D

ib it

f

d

ht

it

i

&

l



Describe necessit y of drought m onit oring & early

w arning.



Different iat e bet w een st ruct ural & nonst ruct ural



Different iat e bet w een st ruct ural & nonst ruct ural

m it igat ion m easures



I llust rat e groundw at er dam s & it s role in drought



I llust rat e groundw at er dam s & it s role in drought

m it igat ion



What are t he classificat ion of m it igat ion act ions

according t o im pact sect ors



What are t he challenges of drought m onit oring?

33 33 33 33

g

(34)

Assign m e n t - Qu e st ion s?.

g

Q



What are t he im port ant drought m it igat ion

st rat egies?

g



Com pare various m onit oring & early w arning

syst em s used in different count ries.



Discuss drought m it igat ion & prot ect ion.



Discuss t echnology for drought reduct ions.



What are t he cat egories of m it igat ion st rat egies.



Com m ent on drought m anagem ent & m it igat ion

(35)

Dr. T. I. Eldho Dr. T. I. Eldho

Professor, Professor,

Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, pp gg gg

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,

Phone: (022) –– 25767339; Fax: 2576730225767339; Fax: 25767302

http://www.