PROSES
KELOMPOK
GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL :
THE COSEQUENCES OF BELONGING
GROUPS : A collection of persons who are
perceived to be bonded together in a coherent unit to some degree.
Perceived ENTATIVITY : The extent to which a group is being perceived as being coherent entity (Campbell,
1958) important because it determined What Makes a group is (really) a Group.
Exp: People line at a bank (score entativity = 2.40) People who live in the same neighborhood (4.78)
Sport Team (8,27)
Type groups usually identified
by their members
Intimacy group (family, relatives)
Task oriented group (committee, work
group)
Weak social relationship or Associations
Groups Function
(Roles, Status, Norms, Cohesiveness)
How precisely do groups affect their
members ?
through mechanism of :
Group Roles, Status, Norms &
Cohesiveness.
ROLES
: Sets of behaviors that
individuals occupying specific positions
within a group are expected to
STATUS
: Position or rank within a
group.
NORMS
: Rules within a group
indicating how its members
should or should not behaves.
COHESIVENESS
: All forces
GROUPS AFFECT INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE (SOCIAL FACILITATION to SOCIAL LOAFING)
Social facilitation: Effects upon
performance resulting from the presence of others.
Drive theory of social facilitation:
Performance If dominant responses
are correct in the present situation
If dominant responses are incorrect in the present situation
Enhanced tendency to perform dominant
responses Presence of others
(either as an audience or as
co-actors
Heightened Arousal
Zajonc’s
Drive
Theory of
From Drive to Attentional focus
How does the presence of others influence task performance ?
Evaluation Apprehension: Concern over
being evaluated by others. Such concern can increase arousal and so contribute to social facilitation
Distraction-conflict theory: A theory
suggesting that social facilitation stems from the conflict produced when individuals
attempt, simultaneously, to pay attention to other persons and to the task being
Social Loafing
(Letting Others Do the Work)
Additive Task: Task for which the group product is
the sum or combination of the efforts of individual members.
Social Loafing: Reduction in motivation and effort
when individuals work collectively in a group compared to when the work individually or as independent co-actors
Collective effort Model: An explanation of social
Cooperation, Competition &Conflict
Cooperation: Behavior in which groups work together to attain shared goals
Conflict : A process in which individuals or
groups perceive that others have taken or will soon take actions incompatible with their own interest
Social Dilemmas:
Situation on which each person can increase
his or her individuals gains by acting in one way, but if all (or most) persons do the same thing,
Factors influencing cooperations
(Reciprocity, Personal Orientations & Communication)
Reciprocity :
A basic rule of social life suggesting that individuals tend to treat others as these persons have treated them. reciprocal altruism.
Personal orientation : orientation of person
toward situation: cooperative, individualistic or competitive orientation ?
Communication; Individuals can use
communication to discuss the situation, try to seek best alternative solution through
The Discontinuity Effect :
Why Groups are more competitive than Individuals
There is a tendency that group are
competitive than individuals, because:
1) People tend to distrust other groups more
than other persons
2) Easy to convince people that it is
appropriate if a groups was selfish than individuals
3) In individuals setting they are easily
Conflict: Its Nature, Causes
and Effects
Conflict
Opposing interest Between the
two sides Belief by each side that other
will or has already taken Actions contrary to their
interest
Recogniton of these opposing interest
Actions that interfere
With others side’s
Major Causes of Conflict
Faulty attribution errors
considering the causes behind
other’s behavior
Faulty communication with anger Bias of Ideology our own group is
right, the other is wrong.
Personality traits or characteristic
Bargaining (negotiation)
A process in which opposing side exchange offers, counteroffers, and concession, either directly or through representative
Superordinate Goals
Culture & Conflict
Focus on Relation or Outcomes ?
Research finding indicate that individuals tend to focus more on relational factors in conflicts within their own cultural or ethnic group, but more on outcomes in conflict that occurs across cultural or ethnic
boundaries. These finding have important implication for efforts to resolve social
Perceived Fairness in Groups
Distributive justice (equity):
refers to individuals judgement about wether they are receiving a fair share of available reawards– a share proportionate to their
contributions to the groups ( or to any social relationship)
Procedural Justice :
The fairness of the procedures used to distribute available reawards among group members.
Interactional (interpersonal) justice:
The extent to which persons who distribute reawards explain or justify their decisions and
Conflict is Low Couples focus little attention On perceived unfairness
Conflict is High
Couples focus more attention On perceived unfairness
Decision Making in Group
Decision making:
Processes involved in combing and
integrating available information in order to choose one of several possible courses of action
Social Decision Schemes:
Rules relating the initial distribution of
Group Polarization:
The tendency of a group members, as a results of group discussion, to shift toward more extreme positions than those they initially held
Groupthink:
The tendency of the members of highly cohesive groups to assume that their
decisions can’t be wrong, that all members must support the group’s decision strongly,
Devil’s advocate technique:
A technique for improving the quality of
group decision in which one group member is assigned the task of disagreeing with and criticizing whatever plan or decision is under consideration
Authentic dissent:
A technique for improving the quality of
group decisions in which one or more group
members actively disagree with the group’s
