TOEFL
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STRUCTURE
Adverb Clauses
Section 2: Structure & Written
Expression
TOEFL Preparation
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy, M.Hum.
Faculty of Economics
TOEFL
© Y o sa A . A lz u hd y U N YSTRUCTURE
© Y o s a A . A lz u h d y – E n g lis h D e p t.TOEFL
STRUCTURE
15 Adverb
Clauses
Section 2: Structure & Written
Expression
TOEFL Preparation
© Yosa A. Alzuhdy, M.Hum.
yosa@uny.ac.id
English Literature Study Program
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Ada dua format penggunaan Subordinators:
main clause + sub-clause S+Vb Subordinator S+Vb sub-clause, + main clause Subordinator S+Vb, S+Vb
Perhatikan hubungan logis kedua clause, dan fahami makna/fungsi berbagai subordinators.
He feels very tired since he has been working hard. (karena)
= Since he has been working hard, he feels very tired. (karena)
He has been working hard since he arrived here this morning. (sejak)
He came to the course although he felt very tired, (meskipun)
= Although he felt very tired, he came to the course. (meskipun) Compare: Sentence connector awal klmt berikutnya, atau stlh titik koma.
He felt very tired. However, he came to the course. ( Akan
tetapi)
He felt very tired; nevertheless, he came to the course.
(meskipun dmk)
He felt very tired, so he would take a rest for two hours.
He felt very tired because he had ploughed the rice field by
himself.
= Because he had ploughed the rice field by himself, he felt very tired.
Adverb Clause Connectors
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ADVERB CLAUSES
dependent clause yang menjelaskan kata kerja dari main clause, atau menjelaskan adjective atau adverb yang lain. Adverb clause diawali oleh Subordinate Conjunction
Beberapa jenis Adverbial clause:
1. Time Clause: while, when, since, as soon as, after, before, once, etc
Many people took fewer baths a day while the draught was going on.
=While the draught was going on, many people took fewer baths a day.
2. Place Clause: where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere
People prepare a tip for the service everywhere they want to dine.
3. Manner/Distance/Frequency Clauses: as, as+adverb+as, as if
People conserved water as often as they could. 4. Reason Clause: because, since, as
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ADVERB CLAUSES
5. Result Clause: so + adjective/adverb + that such + (adjective +) noun + that
Rainfall was so heavy yesterday that all streets were flooded. She always writes so neatly in her note that it looks like being printed.
The mud-flood is such a terrible experience that many people from Sidoarjo had to move away from their houses.
6. Purpose Clause: so that, in order that
Concerned citizens pay careful attention to their environment, so that they will not have to suffer extremely from the flood. 7. Concession Clause: although, even though, though
Although farmers need the rain, excessive downpour can ruin their crops.
8. Strong Contrast Clause: while, whereas
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yang mungkin/logis antara 2 kalimat
Perhatikan: bagaimana hubungan
berikut?
1. Amin was sick. He didn’t come to class yesterday.
Because
Amin was sick
,
he didn’t come to class yesterday.
Amin didn’t come to class yesterday
because
he was sick.
2. Amin was sick. He played football with his friends.
Although
Amin was sick
,
he played football with his
friends.
Amin played football with his friends
although
he was sick.
3. I can’t pay my bills. I haven’t received my paycheck yet.
[
until
]
I can’t pay my bills
until
I
receive
my paycheck.
4. Anita has gone to many places.
She always makes people happy in those places.
[
wherever
]
Wherever
Anita goes, she always makes people happy.
5. The movie was very good. I watched it three times. [so…
that]
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p.56
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8as
As/Since
though whereas
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Adv.Clause with
-ever
Compare: However sebagai sentence connector contrast. awal kalimat/klausa berikutnya: stlh titik, atau stlh titik koma.
He felt very tired. However, he came to the course. (Akan
tetapi)
She has eaten 3 bowls of bakso; however, she is still hungry.
(namun)
9
…anywhere there is enough room to place it.
…each time they are in Boston. Whatever way you use to solve the problem …
Wherever you can find room for that box, put it.
Whenever they’re in Boston, they stat at that hotel.
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Reduced Adverb Clauses
Present
participle
:
Vb-ing
to be + Vb-ing
= continuous
Past
participle
:
Vb3
to be + Vb3
= passive
Because
she was sick, she didn’t go to campus yesterday.
=
Because of
/
Due to
/
On account of
her sickness
, she
didn’t go…
10
Marker + Subj + to be + Vb-ing/Vb3/Adjective.
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11
…because it has fine reputation
…because there is air pollution
…although it is dangerous
when the war occurred
= due to /on account of
/as
/as
/as
/
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Examples
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2. Practice: Rewrite with the given
conjunction
1.
I can’t join the swimming club. I haven’t paid the tuition fee.
[until]
2.
We can’t leave yet. We have to wait for Amir. [until]
3.
The meal will be ready in ten minutes. We can eat. [as soon
as]
4.
I arrived in class at 9. The lesson began a minute later. [just
before]
5.
She has 3 exams tomorrow. She has to study all night.
[because]
6.
The tea is delicious. I think I’ll have another cup. [so…that]
7.
I can’t join the swimming club
until I pay the tuition fee
.
8.
We can’t leave
until Amir comes
.
9. As soon as the meal is ready
, we can eat.
10.
I arrived in class at 9,
just before the lesson began
.
11.Because she has 3 exams tomorrow
, she has to study all
night.
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p. 59
Exercise 15
14
Although
= When it is added to a liquid…
==
Do the rest
(plus additional)
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Please review again at home,
and
do the quiz/exercise
online.
See you next time…
