ECM 001C.

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EDUCATING COASTAL MANAGERS

PROCEEDINGS OF THE RHODE ISLAND WORKSHOP

March 4-10, 1995

W. Alton Jon es Cam p u s

Un iversity of Rh od e Islan d

Ed itors

Brian R. Crawfo rd

J. St an ley Co bb

Ch o u Lo ke Min g

Co ast al Reso u rces Man agem en t Pro ject

Co ast al Reso u rces Cen t er Un iversit y o f Rh o d e Islan d

Bu reau fo r Glo bal Pro gram s, Field Su p p o rt an d Research Cen t er fo r t h e En viro n m en t an d Nat u ral Reso u rces

U.S. Agen cy fo r In t ern at io n al Develo p m en t

COASTAL RESOURCES CENTER

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ED UCATING COASTAL MANAGERS:

P ROCEED INGS OF TH E

RH OD E ISLAND W ORKSH OP

Ma rch 4-10, 1995

W. Alt on Jones Ca m pus

The Universit y of Rhod e Isla nd

Ed it ors

Brian R. Craw fo rd

J. Stan ley Co bb

Ch o u Lo ke Min g

Pu blish ed by th e Co astal Reso u rces Man agem en t Pro ject , Co ast al Reso u rces Cen ter, Th e Un iversit y o f Rh o d e Islan d , an d Bu reau fo r Glo bal Pro gram s, Field Su p p ort an d Research , Cen ter fo r En viro n m en t , U.S. Agen cy for In t ern atio n al Develo p m en t

Fu n d in g fo r th e p rep aratio n an d p rin tin g of th is d o cu m en t was p ro vid ed by t h e Co ast al Reso u rces Man agem en t Pro ject , a Co op erat ive Agreem en t bet ween th e U.S. Agen cy fo r In tern a-tio n al Develo p m en t an d t h e Un iversity o f Rh o d e Islan d .

For biblio grap h ic p u rp o ses th is d o cu m en t m ay be cit ed as:

Crawfo rd , B.R., Co bb, J.S., Ch o u , L.M. (ed s.). 1995. Ed u cat in g Co ast al Man agers: Pro ceed in gs fro m th e Rh o d e Islan d Wo rksh o p . Co ast al Reso u rces Man agem en t Pro ject, Coast al Reso u rces Cen ter, Th e Un iversity o f Rh o d e Islan d , an d Cen ter for th e En viro n m en t , U.S. Agen cy fo r In tern ation al Develo p -m en t. Narragan set t, RI, USA. 184 p .

An electro n ic versio n o f t h is d o cu m en t is available t h rou gh th e Co ast al Reso u rces Cen ter’s Wo rld Wid e Web Site <h tt p :/ / bro okt ro u t/ gso su n 1.gso .u ri.ed u > o r d irect ly by an on ym o u s FTP at <ftp :/ / bro o kt ro u t .gso.u ri.ed u / p u b>.

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ACKNOW LED GMENTS

Th e Worksh op on Ed u catin g Coastal Man agers was bu ilt on th e great efforts of th e m an y organ ization s an d in d ivid u als th at h ave con tribu ted to th is top ic. Th eir grou n d breakin g work is gratefu lly ackn owled ged .

Man y in d ivid u als con tribu ted to th e organ ization of th e worksh op . Beth Fu ller coord in ated th e logistics, travel, an d ad m in istrative d etails p rior to an d d u rin g th e worksh op . CRC’s ad m in istrative su p p ort staff, Cin d y Moreau an d Wen d y Th iel, also con tribu ted to th ese efforts. Mich elle Mou lton typ ed an d retyp ed d rafts an d rep orts an d with stu d en t assistan t Ch ris Fox h elp ed set u p th e worksh op secretariat office an d h an d led airp ort tran sp ortation . URI’s In tern ation al Stu -d en t Services assiste-d with U.S. visas. Th e staff of th e W. Alton Jon es Con feren ce Cen ter p rovid ed fin e m eals an d an overwh elm in g sh ow of h osp itality, m akin g th e con feren ce a m em orable exp erien ce for all. Th e orga-n iziorga-n g com m ittee iorga-n clu d ed two d istaorga-n t m em bers, Ch ou Loke Min g in Sin gap ore an d Max Agu ero in Ch ile wh o, alon g with URI m em bers Brian Crawford , Stan Cobb, Niels West, an d Robert Miller, h elp ed to d eterm in e worksh op objectives an d th e agen d a an d id en tify p ar-ticip an ts via fax, p h on e, an d th e In tern et. Th e In tern et itself d eserves a m en tion sin ce it h elp ed sp eed an d re-d u ce th e cost of com m u n ication s. Jackleen re-d e La Harp e cop yed ited th e en tire p roceed in gs.

Th e p articip an ts’ h om e in stitu tion s p rovid ed tim e for th em to atten d th e worksh op an d , in several cases, con tribu ted to th e cost of travel. UNEP, th rou gh th e Priority Action Program s Region al Activities Cen tre, con tribu ted travel fin an cin g for several p articip an ts. Th e U.S. Agen cy for In tern ation al Develop m en t, Bu reau for Global Program s, Field Su p p ort an d Research , Cen ter for En viron m en t, p rovid ed th e bu lk of th e fin an cin g m akin g th is worksh op p ossible.

Most im p ortan tly, we th an k all th e p articip an ts wh o worked so h ard an d wh ose efforts resu lted in th e p rep aration of th e backgrou n d p ap ers, rap p orteu r’s rep orts, an d th e Call to Action . Th ey braved th e en d of New En glan d ’s win ter at th e W. Alton Jon es Cam p u s, an d brou gh t a warm th of sp irit th at m elted away th e

last of win ter’s ice from th e p on d s. It is ou r sin cere h op e th at all th e p articip an ts wh o con tribu ted a wealth of id eas an d recom m en d ation s retu rn ed h om e with an in vigorated sen se of d eterm in ation for takin g action . Collectively th ese action s will h elp ad van ce th e goal of en h an ced cap acity for ed u catin g coastal m an agers an d , u ltim ately, an im p roved q u ality of life for all p eop le an d sp ecies in h abitin g coastal region s of th e world .

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FOREW ORD

In March 1995, th e Coastal Resou rces Man agem en t Project, a coop erative effort of th e Un ited States Agen cy for In tern ation al Develop m en t (USAID) an d th e Un iversity of Rh od e Islan d ’s Coastal Resou rces Cen -ter, sp on sored a five-d ay worksh op on ed u catin g coastal m an agers. Particip an ts reviewed existin g ed u ca-tion al p rogram s, d efin ed th e n eed s of th e p rofession , an d su ggested strategies for bu ild in g th e cap acity of u n iversities to con tribu te to n ation al, region al, an d in -tern ation al in itiatives in coastal m an agem en t.

Th e p articip an ts recom m en d ed a strategy organ ized arou n d (1) sh ort-term train in g p rogram s to en h an ce th e skills of tod ay’s active p ractition ers, an d (2) en -h an ced u n iversity cu rricu la to p rod u ce n ew coastal m an agers with greater th eoretical an d p ractical exp er-tise in th eir field . W h ile sh ort-term train in g is avail-able, th e secon d elem en t n eed s greater atten tion , as m ost u n iversities in d evelop in g cou n tries sim p ly d o n ot h ave th e resou rces n eed ed to stren gth en th eir own p eop le an d p rogram s.

Ed u cation al cap acitybu ild in g is a lon g an d exp en -sive p rocess. Cu rren t d evelop m en t p h ilosop h y an d fu n d in g p riorities p reclu d e large-scale u n iversity stren gth en in g efforts. However, variou s ap p roach es to im p rovin g u n iversity p rogram s in coastal m an agem en t were su ggested by worksh op p articip an ts. Am on g th ese were th e d evelop m en t of n etworks of u n iversities in -volved in coastal m an agem en t an d p artn ersh ip s be-tween u n iversities, coastal m an agers, govern m en t agen cies, NGOs, an d th e p rivate sector. In tellectu al n ou rish m en t from real-life exp erien ces of th ese p racti-tion ers will in su re p rogram s th at are d yn am ic an d re-sp on sive to im m ed iate n eed s in th e com m u n ities th ey serve.

Th ese Proceed in gs are d irected at in d ivid u als d esign -in g or en gaged -in ed u cation an d p rofession al tra-in -in g for in tegrated coastal m an agem en t. Th is in clu d es u n i-versity facu lty an d exten sion p erson n el, as well as train ers from NGOs an d tech n ical in stitu tion s. Th e id eas p resen ted sh ou ld also h elp gu id e ad m in istrators an d d ecision m akers in u n iversities, n ation al govern -m en ts, an d th e in tern ation al d evelop -m en t co-m -m u n ity toward p rom otin g cap acity-bu ild in g for in tegrated coastal m an agem en t. Th e d ocu m en t p rovid es a wealth

of id eas an d in form ation to assist ed u cators in th e d e-sign of coastal m an agem en t ed u cation an d train in g p rogram s an d to su p p ort d evelop m en t of in stitu tion al stren gth en in g strategies.

Recip ien ts are en cou raged to write to th e Coastal Re-sou rces Man agem en t Project with views on th ese rec-om m en d ation s an d on h ow th ey are con tribu tin g to th e ed u cation of coastal m an agers.

David Hales, Deputy Assistant Adm inistrator Cen ter for th e En viron m en t

U.S. Agen cy for In tern ation al Develop m en t Wash in gton , DC 20523-1812

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

In th e p ast d ecad e, th e n eed for coastal m an agem en t h as becom e in creasin gly obviou s. In 57 cou n tries, p lan s for m an agin g coastal areas h ave been d evelop ed . In m an y fewer, th ese p lan s are bein g im p lem en ted . Th e n eed for well-ed u cated p ractition ers wh o can both p lan an d im p lem en t coastal m an agem en t strategies is a critical issu e in m u ch of th e world . As p oin ted ou t in Agen d a 21, Ch ap ter 17 of th e Earth Su m m it, bu ild in g cap acity in in d ivid u als an d in stitu tion s is n ecessary if coastal m an agem en t is to be su stain ed :

“Coastal States should prom ote and facilitate the organiza-tion of educaorganiza-tion and training in integrated coastal and m arine m anagem ent ...”(17.15)

“International organizations ... should support (the capac-ity-building efforts of) coastal States, ... devoting special attention to developing countries”(17.16)

Su ch cap acity bu ild in g m u st em p h asize th e kn owl-ed ge an d skills req u irowl-ed by th e effective p ractice of coastal m an agem en t. In tegrated coastal m an agem en t (ICM) is a n ew field , an d th ere are on ly a few ed u ca-tion al p rogram s, p rim arily in d evelop ed n aca-tion s, th at ad d ress th e top ic. Form al ed u cation al p rogram s an d su stain ed train in g op p ortu n ities in d evelop in g n ation s are ju st startin g to em erge. Th is worksh op focu sed on strategies for in itiatin g or stren gth en in g u n iversity ed u -cation for coastal m an agers.

Th is volu m e con tain s th e backgrou n d p ap ers p re-p ared for th e worksh ore-p , rare-p re-p orteu r’s rere-p orts from th e p len ary session s, as well as su m m aries of th e id eas p ro-d u cero-d in workin g session s. Th e p roceero-d in gs are ro-d i-rected at in d ivid u als with an in terest in u n iversity level ed u cation an d p rofession al train in g in th e field of coastal m an agem en t. Th is in clu d es u n iversity facu lty an d exten sion p erson n el, as well as train ers from NGOs an d train in g in stitu tes. Th e d ocu m en t p rovid es a wealth of id eas an d in form ation to assist ed u cators in th e d esign of ICM ed u cation an d train in g p rogram s as well as th e form u lation of in stitu tion al stren gth en in g st rat egies.

PURPOSE OF THE WORKSHOP

Th e p u rp ose of th e worksh op was to brin g togeth er acad em ics an d exp erien ced coastal m an agem en t p ro-fession als to d efin e th e n eed s of th e p roro-fession , review existin g p rogram s, an d su ggest ways in wh ich u n iversi-ties can m eet th e growin g d em an d for coastal m an age-m en t p rofession als. Worksh op p articip an ts exaage-m in ed th e kn owled ge, skills, an d attitu d es req u ired of coastal m an agers in variou s geograp h ic region s of th e world an d con sid ered ap p roach es to in corp orate th ese re-q u irem en ts in cu rricu la.

Th e followin g q u estion s were d ebated by th e p articip an ts:

• W h at are th e train in g an d ed u cation al n eed s of CRM p rofession als?

• W h at are th e cu rren t p rogram s, cu rricu la, an d ap p roach es d evelop ed for th e ed u cation of coastal m an agers?

• How can u n iversities d evelop th e cap acity to p re-p are in d ivid u als for careers in coastal m an agem en t?

• W h at are th e op p ortu n ities to fu n d cap acitybu ild -in g -in itiatives for ed u cation -in coastal m an agem en t at u n iversities?

WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS

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Educatio n . Several years ago, th e Association of Sou th -east Asian Nation s (ASEAN)/ USAID Coastal Resou rces Man gem en t Project (CRMP) worksh op on Coastal Area Man agem en t Ed u cation in th e ASEAN Region (Ch u a, d ation s for su bseq u en t action s (UNDP/ UNDOALOS, 1993). Th is led to th e d evelop m en t of an Action Plan for Hu m an Resou rces Develop m en t an d Cap acity Bu ild in g for th e Plan n in g an d Man agem en t of Coastal an d Marin e Areas an d th e establish m en t of th e UN sp on sored TRAIN-SEA-COAST Network (see p ap er by S. Vallejo). A recen t worksh op in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Can ad a, also looked at com p on en ts of a core cu rricu -lu m , an d th e stan d ard s th at wou ld h elp m ake coastal m an agem en t a recogn ized d iscip lin e, an d th e costs associated with establish in g p rogram s (CZ Can ad a

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evel-○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ exp licit d egrees in coastal m an agem en t. However, th ere is d em an d for in d ivid u als with ICM skills workin g in m ore trad ition al p osition s.

Particip an ts p red icted th at in th e Un ited States, th e level wh ere m ost ICM activity is occu rrin g.

In East Africa, Asia, an d th e Pacific region s, th e level officials, bu sin esses, an d resou rce-u ser grou p s. Th is grou p felt th at, in m an y cases, su ch ed u cation is n eed ed at a bach elor’s level rath er th an at th e m aster’s level. Th ey id en tified th e n eed to ed u cate n ot on ly th e coastal m an ager, bu t a wh ole ran ge of tech n ical an d sectoral sp ecialists wh o con tribu te to su ch p rogram s. Th e latter d o n ot req u ire as m u ch d ep th in ICM as th e

Status an d Tren ds in Un iversity ICM Pro gram s. More th an a d ozen coastal m an agem en t p rogram s h ave been d evelop in g cou n tries are likely to start to establish d egree an d service-orien ted p rogram s to m eet th e will be effective. It was also felt th at ed u cation al p rogram s sh ou ld seek to ach ieve a balan ce between a tech n ical orien tation an d an em p h asis on p olicy an d m an -agem en t. In tern sh ip s an d p racticu m s are becom in g an in creasin gly im p ortan t com p on en t of ICM ed u cation al p rogram s.

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to bu ild u n iversity cap acity in coastal m an agem en t. It was recom m en d ed th at a follow-u p m eetin g be h eld in 1996 at Dalh ou sie Un iversity.

Reco m m en datio n s. Th e m ore form al recom m en d a-tion s of th e worksh op are fou n d in th e “Call to Aca-tion ” (see p ages xii-xiv). Th is d ocu m en t was p rep ared by th e p articip an ts an d is also bein g p u blish ed an d d istribu ted sep arately. Th e recom m en d ation s in th e Call to Action are in ten d ed to raise awaren ess an d p rovid e gu id an ce to sen ior level ad m in istrators an d d ecision m akers in u n iversities, n ation al govern m en ts, an d th e in tern a-tion al d evelop m en t com m u n ity of th e step s th at n eed to be taken to p rom ote an d su p p ort in tegrated coastal m an agem en t cap acity bu ild in g in itiatives. Fu rth er d e-tails abou t th e recom m en d ation s of th e worksh op can be fou n d in Section 5, Strategies for Bu ild in g Un iver-sity Cap acity.

REFERENCES

Ch u a, T.E. (ED.). 1991. Coastal Area Man agem en t Ed u cation in th e ASEAN Region . ICLARM Con fer-en ce Proceed in gs 29. In tern ation al Cfer-en ter for Livin g Aq u atic Resou rces Man agem en t, Man ila, Ph ilip -p in es.

UNDP/ UNDOALOS. 1993. Rep ort on th e Con su ltative Meetin g on Train in g in In tegrated Man agem en t of Coastal an d Marin e Areas for Su stain able Develop -m en t. Sassari, Sard in ia, Italy, 21 - 23 Ju n e, 1993. Organ ized by Division for Global an d In terregion al Program m es, Un ited Nation s Develop m en t

Program m e an d , Division for Ocean Affairs an d th e Law of th e Sea, Office of Legal Affairs, Un ited Nation s, New York.

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CALL TO ACTION

WHEREAS

Im po rtan t co astal regio n s are sufferin g fro m degradatio n an d n eed effective m an agem en t.

Coastal region s are th e p rim ary h abitat for p eop le an d con tain a large sh are of th e world ’s in d u stry, food p rod u ction , wealth , p ollu tion , tou rism , recreation , an d biod iversity. Ch an ges in coastal ecosystem s are red u c-in g th e lon g-term cap acity of th ese system s to p rovid e p eop le with an ad eq u ate q u ality of life an d livelih ood . Yet tod ay’s p roblem s are m ild wh en we recogn ize th at th e n u m ber of p eop le in h abitin g coastal region s is ex-p ected to d ou ble by 2050. Poex-p u lation growth an d n on su stain able-u se p attern s are p recip itatin g exp res-sion s of global ch an ge, in clu d in g clim ate ch an ge, th at will greatly com p licate th e ch allen ges we face tod ay. Th e p rim ary objectives of In tegrated Coastal Man age-m en t (ICM) are to iage-m p rove an d age-m ain tain th e q u ality of coastal region s to en su re a su stain ed flow of ben efits to h u m an societies an d to im p rove th e govern an ce of coastal ecosystem s.

Th ere is a direct lin k betw een capacity buildin g an d effective ICM.

It h as lon g been recogn ized th at lon g-term resp on ses to th ese th reats m u st em p h asize th e d evelop -m en t of local an d n ation al cap acity for ICM as a fu n d a-m en tal p art of su stain able d evelop a-m en t. Th is view was em p h asized in Ch ap ter 17 (Ocean s an d Coasts) of Agen d a 21, th e action p lan of th e 1992 UN Con feren ce on En viron m en t an d Develop m en t.

Th e dem an d fo r w ell-educated in dividuals an d pro ven co n cepts in ICM is ex pan din g.

W h ile ICM h as been on goin g in several n ation s sin ce th e 1970s, th e n u m ber of ICM in itiatives—esp e-cially UN-sp on sored an d d on or-fu n d ed p rojects in d evelop in g an d n ewly in d ep en d en t cou n tries—h as exp an d ed rap id ly sin ce 1992. Th is is creatin g an u rgen t n eed for refin ed con cep ts an d tools an d for exp an d ed in d igen ou s cap acity in ICM.

Several sets o f reco m m en datio n s fo r ICM educatio n an d train in g h ave been issued, an d th e n um ber o f ICM capacity-buildin g activities is in creasin g.

ICM ed u cation an d train in g activities are evolvin g. Th is statem en t bu ild s on p reviou s recom m en d ation s d evelop ed at th e 1990 Worksh op on Coastal Area Man -agem en t Ed u cation in th e ASEAN (Association of Sou th east Asian Nation s) Region h eld in Sin gap ore, th e 1993 UN Action Plan for Hu m an Resou rces Develop m en t an d Cap acity Bu ild in g for th e Plan n in g an d Man -agem en t of Coastal an d Marin e Areas, an d th e Coastal Zon e Can ad a ’94 p recon feren ce worksh op , Train in g an d Cap acity Bu ild in g in In tegrated Coastal Man age-m en t. Th e Call to Action also recogn izes th e rap id ex-p an sion of sh ort-term train in g ex-p rogram s an d th e global an d region al n etworks th at su p p ort ICM cap acity-bu ild in g in itiatives. Degree p rogram s th at em p h asize ICM, wh ich h ave existed in d evelop ed cou n tries for two d ecad es, are ju st begin n in g to em erge in d evelop -in g cou n tries.

ICM is a relatively n ew disciplin e, an d an accepted bo dy o f th eo ry an d m eth o ds is still em ergin g.

Th ere are too few in d ivid u als skilled in coastal m an -agem en t to su p p ort th e rap id exp an sion of in itiatives in m an y location s. In ad d ition , greater kn owled ge an d m ore system atic m eth od ologies are n eed ed to ad d ress th e critical p olicy issu es in h eren t in ICM. Un iversities can an d sh ou ld p lay a sign ifican t role in ad d ressin g th e cu rren t ch allen ges of coastal m an agem en t th rou gh ed u cation , research , an d train in g. However, u n iversi-ties in m an y cou n tries freq u en tly d o n ot h ave th e ca-p acity to realize th eir ca-p oten tial to fill th is role.

THEREFORE

A strategy is n eeded th at em ph asizes lo n g-term capacity-buildin g effo rts an d th e ro le o f th e un iver-sity to co m plem en t an d en h an ce ex istin g in itiatives an d activities. Th e strategy sh o uld in clude th e fo l-lo w in g elem en ts:

• Ed u cation of p olicym akers, so th at th ey will p rovid e wise, su bstan tial, an d con sisten t su p p ort to coastal m an agem en t in itiatives

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• Ad van cin g th e req u ired research to form u late an d

Un iversities an d research in stitutio n s sh o uld:

Resp on d to th is d em an d by d evelop in g an d stren gth en in g p rogram s in research , ed u cation , train -in g, exten sion services, an d tech n ical assistan ce th at will con tribu te to su stain able ICM p rogram s. More sp e-cifically, th ey sh ou ld take th e followin g action s:

Educatio n an d Train in g collaboration with u n iversities sh ou ld be en cou raged to offer p rogram s th at satisfy th e im m ed iate n eed s of p ract itio n ers.

Part-tim e academ ic pro gram s. Th ese p rogram s wou ld allow p rofession als to obtain d ip lom as an d / or d egrees in coastal m an agem en t.

En h an cin g traditio n al disciplin es. “En h an cem en t” wou ld be accom p lish ed th rou gh cou rses, sem in ars, or p ractica for p rofession als in p rogram s ran gin g from jou rn alism an d ed u cation to law an d across th e sci-ologies for effective in terd iscip lin ary coastal m an age-m en t. Th ese efforts sh ou ld lead to th e d evelop age-m en t in g coastal m an agem en t in itiatives, sh are available in form ation an d facilities, an d p rovid e h u m an re-sou rces for coastal m an agem en t in itiatives

• Su p p ort in stitu tion al arran gem en ts with th e

stren gth an d flexibility to p rom ote th e in terd iscip li-n ary/ ili-n terageli-n cy team s li-n ecessary for both ICM cap acity-bu ild in g an d ICM itself ally to m axim ize available resou rces

• Bu ild on an d exp an d su ccessfu l in d igen ou s efforts to in crease cap acity

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of all ICM p rogram s, bu t also su p p ort lon g-term cap acity-bu ild in g in itiatives ap art from th e n eed s of sp ecific ICM p rojects

• In tegrate ICM as an essen tial com p on en t of broad er cap acity-bu ild in g p rogram s in n atu ral resou rces m an agem en t an d con servation of biod iversity

• Provid e for ICM ed u cation an d train in g in d evelop -m en t p rojects th at i-m p act coastal resou rces

• Su p p ort th e d evelop m en t of form al u n iversity an d p arttim e acad em ic p rogram s in d evelop in g cou n -tries to com p lem en t an d bu ild on existin g an d fu tu re sh ort-term train in g p rogram s

• Con tin u e sh ort-term train in g p rogram s for existin g m id -level resou rce m an agers with coastal m an age-m en t resp on sibilities. In ad d ition , su p p ort p art-tiage-m e acad em ic p rogram s so th at th ese in d ivid u als h ave th e op p ortu n ity to obtain d ip lom as an d / or d egrees

• Catalyze an d su p p ort region al an d global n etworks focu sed on th e d evelop m en t of cap acity bu ild in g in coastal m an agem en t, an d

• Recogn ize th at cap acity bu ild in g is a lon g-term effort an d p rovid e su stain ed com m itm en ts to p rogram s with th is objective

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SECTION 1 TRAINING AND

ED UCATIONAL NEED S

OF ICM P ROFESSIONALS:

ANALYSIS OF D EMAND

Ov erv iew

Th e Skills, Kn owled ge, an d Attitu d es of an Id eal Coastal Man ager

Stephen Olsen 3 Latin Am erica

Th e Statu s of In tegrated Coastal Man agem en t an d Dem an d for Train in g of Coastal Man agem en t Practition ers in Ecu ad or

Segundo Coello 8 Rappo rteur’s Repo rt

Latin Am erica: Train in g an d Ed u cation al Need s of ICM Profession als—An alysis of Dem an d 13

Mediterran ean an d th e Black Sea Regio n s Th e Statu s of In tegrated Coastal an d Marin e Areas Man agem en t an d th e Dem an d for Coastal Man agem en t Practition ers: Med iterran ean an d Black Sea Region s

Arsen Pavasovic 15 Rappo rteur’s Repo rt

Med iterran ean an d Black Sea: Train in g an d Ed u cation al Need s of ICM Profession als—

Asia, Pacific, an d East Africa

Th e Statu s of In tegrated Coastal Resou rces Man agem en t (ICRM) an d Dem an d for Coastal Man agem en t Practition ers in th e Govern m en t Sector of th e Ph ilip p in es

Jessica C. Munoz 32 Rappo rteur’s Repo rt

Asia, Pacific, an d East Africa: Train in g an d Ed u cation al Need s of ICM Profession als—

Un ited States, Can ad a, an d Au stralia: Train in g an d Ed u cation al Need s of ICM Profession als—

Train in g an d Ed u cation al Need s of ICM

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TH E SKILLS, KNOW LED GE, AND ATTITUD ES

OF AN ID EAL COASTAL MANAGER

Steph en Olsen

Coastal Resou rces Cen ter Un iversity of Rh od e Islan d Narragan sett, RI, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT

T he professionals required to effectively m anage coastal ecosystem s require a com bination of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are not efficiently provided by university curricula. W hen designing curricula for a profession requiring a sophisticated understanding of ecosystem and governance processes, the necessary integration across traditional disciplines should occur in the curriculum itself and not only in the heads of students. T he defining features of a professional educated to m eet the challenges of ecosystem m anagem ent are described in term s of knowledge of strategic analysis and the policy process, knowledge of how ecosystem s function, and cultural literacy.

THE NATURE OF THE CHALLENGE

Coastal m an agem en t is im p ortan t becau se coastal en viron m en ts are th e p rim ary h abitat for h u m an s. Estim ates su ggest th at 50 to 75 p ercen t of th e h u m an p op u lation lives alon g coastlin es. Th is p op u lation is alread y p lacin g en orm ou s p ressu res on th e con d ition of coastal ecosystem s. Un fortu n ately, tod ay’s ch al-len ges are m ild com p ared to th e ch alal-len ges we an tici-p ate by 2050. By th en th e great m ajority of a global p op u lation twice as large as it is tod ay is exp ected to be con cen trated alon g coastlin es, largely in sp rawlin g cit-ies an d p rim arily in th e trop ics (Merrick, 1989). Th e ch allen ge faced by coastal m an agers is con cep tu ally sim p le. Th e growin g n u m ber of p eop le, an d m ore im p ortan tly, th e d om in an t valu es an d beh avior of “m od ern ” society th at en cou rage p rofligate resou rce con -su m p tion an d sh ort-term gain rath er th an lon g-term su stain ability, are red u cin g th e cap acity of coastal en vi-ron m en ts to su stain h u m an p op u lation s. We, as a sp e-cies, are ru n n in g d own th ose attribu tes of ou r p rim ary h abitat th at m ake it su itable for wh at m ost con sid er an accep table q u ality of life.

Th e im p ortan ce an d n eed for effective m an agem en t of p eop le an d th eir im p acts in coastal en viron m en ts was h igh ligh ted in th e 1992 Rio Con feren ce on th e En -viron m en t an d Develop m en t. Th e p roblem s are be-com in g in creasin gly well d ocu m en ted , an d th ere is n o lack of id eas an d p lan s for wh at to d o abou t th em . Th e fu n d am en tal ch allen ge for coastal m an agers lies in

fo-m en tin g ch an ges in societal valu es an d beh avior th at th ese p lan s an d p rogram s req u ire. Th e world is in creas-in gly littered with “en viron m en tal” laws, regu lation s, an d p lan s. Man y are tech n ically excellen t, bu t th ey u su ally ad d ress on ly asp ects of th e closely in terrelated issu es of m an ’s d ep en d en ce u p on h is en viron m en t. Very few of th em are bein g tran slated in to m ean in gfu l action . On ly a sm all p rop ortion of th ese p lan s are be-in g im p lem en ted , esp ecially wh ere th e p roblem s are m ost severe. Th is is becau se th e p eop le affected d o n ot, or can n ot, su p p ort th e action s th at are p rop osed . As a resu lt, th e sym p tom s of u n su stain able levels of u tiliza-tion of th e coastal en viron m en ts are rap id ly sp read in g. In coastal en viron m en ts, th e classical evid en ce of en vi-ron m en tal overu se an d d egrad ation in clu d e:

• Declin in g water q u ality in rivers, grou n d water, estu aries, seas, an d th e n earsh ore ocean

• Degrad ation an d d estru ction of h abitats im p ortan t to th e p rod u ction of food , fiber, an d fu el, to m ain -tain in g ecosystem in tegrity an d with im p ortan t roles in th e p h ysical stability of th e coastlin e

• Declin e or collap se of n earsh ore fish ery resou rces;

• Mou n tin g u ser con flicts

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○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ h ave p rogressed sin ce th e early 1970s from coastal zon e m an agem en t (CZM), wh ich recogn ized som e of of th e op eration al realities of coastal m an agem en t, wh at works, wh at d oesn ’t, an d wh y. Th is is p articu larly self-organ izin g u n its com p risin g in teractin g ecological, econ om ic, an d social com p on en ts (Slocom be, 1993). Th e d efin ition “ecosystem m an agem en t” h elp s m ake tran sition s am on g th e local, n ation al, region al, an d global scales. Ecosystem m an agem en t con veys th e in te-grated , m acro view of p roblem s an d op p ortu n ities an d can h elp in bu ild in g th e con cep tu al brid ges between th e lon g-term global exp ression s of an th rop ogen ically-in d u ced global ch an ge an d th e sh ort-term an d local-th at local-th ose p racticin g local-th is p rofession req u ire. Practitio-n ers iPractitio-n coastal m aPractitio-n agem ePractitio-n t m u st be cap able of iPractitio-n

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○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ in n ate abilities sh ap e a first-rate scien tist. In both cases, ed u cation can n u rtu re an d d evelop th ese abili-ties. Th u s, a top p riority of a train in g p rogram for coastal m an agers is to cu ltu re th e skills req u ired of an effective agen t of societal ch an ge.

Closely cou p led to lead ersh ip abilities is an ap p recia-tion of th e p olicy p rocess (see Fig. 1) an d th e skills to p erform a strategic an alysis of a situ ation . Th ese abilities are essen tial to p lan a cou rse of action th at will yield p ositive resu lts an d brin g a p rogram th rou gh to im p le-m en tation . Strategic an alysis is cen tral for careers in bu sin ess, govern m en t, th e m ilitary, an d in p rofession s Strategic an alysis rein forces th e con cep t of an ad ap tive, learn in g ap p roach to resou rce m an agem en t wh ich re-sirable. Th e id eal coastal m an ager, besid es bein g a good strategist an d lead er, n eed s a solid fou n d ation in th e p articu larly im p ortan t to an effective coastal m an ager is th e ability to syn th esize, in terp ret, an d p resen t com

-Fin ally, if th e strategies an d trajectory of a coastal p rogram are to be su stain able over th e lon g term , th ey able to tran scen d a p articu lar scien tific sp ecialization an d view th e p rocesses th at govern s th e fu n ction in g of an ecosystem an d h ow it resp on d s to an th rop ogen ic an d n atu ral ch an ge. Man y of th e in tercon n ection s an d in terd ep en d en cies between th e coastal sea, estu aries, an d th eir watersh ed s are p oorly u n d erstood . It is of th e u tm ost im p ortan ce to h ave th e tech n ical backgrou n d n ecessary to assess th e im p lication s of th e scien tific u n certain ty th at swirls arou n d all im p ortan t issu es in ecosystem m an agem en t an d th en bein g able to form u late a resp on sible cou rse of action . A recen t Figure 1. Step s in th e evalu ation of each gen eration of

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“Rely on scientists to recognize problem s, but not solve them .”

“Confront uncertainty. Once we free ourselves from the illu-sion that science or technology (lavishly funded) can provide a solution to resource or conservation problem s, appropriate action becom es possible.” evolve. Ecological econ om ics is a very n ew d iscip lin e. It attem p ts to in tegrate th e p rin cip les of econ om ics

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A secon d p oin t th at is cen tral to th e form u lation of cu rricu la is th at ecosystem m an agem en t sh ou ld be d e-fin ed as a p rofession rath er th an an acad em ic d isci-p lin e. Th is rein forces th e n eed for an exisci-p licit set of p rin cip les an d beh aviors th at u n d erlie ad van ced d e-grees for p rofession s su ch as m ed icin e, law, an d bu si-n ess m asi-n agem esi-n t. Th e Hip p ocratic oath of d octors asi-n d th e p rin cip le th at a lawyer m u st d efen d a clien t to th e best of th eir ability regard less of wh eth er th at clien t ap -p ears to be gu ilty or in n ocen t, m u st h ave its -p arallels in th e ecosystem m an agem en t p rofession . Ed u cation for a p rofession em p h asizes p ractice, typ ically ex-p ressed as a h eavy relian ce on case stu d ies. In m ed icin e, th e asp irin g d octor works with p atien ts, law stu -d en ts reexam in e actu al trials, en gin eers -d esign an -d red esign u tilitarian stru ctu res. Th e n ecessary in tegration of skills, kn owled ge, an d attitu d es occu rs by con -fron tin g sp ecific situ ation s with all th eir p ecu liarities. Th is em p h asis on p ragm atic p roblem solvin g m u st also be a cen tral featu re of ed u catin g ecosystem m an agers.

How d o we con fron t th e p roblem of th e u n d en iable n eed for sp ecialists an d th e in vestm en ts req u ired to p rod u ce th em ? Su rely th e an swer is th at all th ose con -tribu tin g to ecosystem m an agem en t m u st u n d erstan d th e world view th at u n d erlies it. It wou ld n ot be d ifficu lt to offer stu d en ts wh o are earn in g d egrees in n atu -ral scien ces, econ om ics, bu sin ess, law, an d ed u cation , cou rses th at in trod u ce th e con cep ts an d tools of eco-system m an agem en t. Th is cou ld begin to overcom e th e cu rren t com m u n ication sh ort circu its th at are su ch an im p ed im en t to m u ltid iscip lin ary team s an d in tegrated m an agem en t of an y strip e. On ly a su bset of th ose wh o will con tribu te to ecosystem m an agem en t n eed to be-com e th e “sp ecialists in in tegration ” req u ired of th ose wh o m u st lead su ch in itiatives. For th ese sp ecialists, we m u st carefu lly d efin e th e ed u cation al stan d ard s th at su ch in d ivid u als m u st attain to form ally be recogn ized as h avin g m et th e p recon d ition s for th e ecosystem m an ager’s eq u ivalen t of a bar exam , P.E. or M.D. Su ch stan d ard s m u st in clu d e a fou n d ation of th e skills an d kn owled ge req u ired to an alyze an d form u late effective p u blic p olicy, to u n d erstan d h ow ecosystem s fu n ction to beh ave in d ifferen t cu ltu ral settin gs.

REFERENCES

Lu d wig, D., Hilborn , R. an d Walters, C. (1993). Un cer-tain ty, resou rce exp loitation , an d con servation : Lesson s from h istory. Science, 260, 17, 36. Merrick, T.W. (1989). W orld population in transition.

Wash in gton , D.C.: Pop u lation Referen ce Bu reau . Olsen , S. (1993). Will in tegrated coastal m an agem en t

p rogram s be su stain able; th e con stitu en cy p roblem .

Ocean & Coastal Managem ent, 21, 201-225.

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TH E STATUS OF INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT

AND D EMAND FOR TRAINING OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT

P RACTITIONERS IN ECUAD OR

Segun do Co ello

Program a d e Man ejo d e Recu rsos Costeros (PMRC) Gu ayaq u il, Ecu ad or

ABSTRACT

Environm ental degradation of Ecuador’s coastal zone is widespread and threatens the quality of life for the 40 percent of the population that depend on coastal resources. To address these problem s, Ecuador created a coastal m anagem ent program to prom ote and develop the sustainable use of coastal resources through participatory and self-m anagem ent m ethods.

THE NEED FOR INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT IN ECUADOR

Ecu ad or is located on th e eq u ator on th e Pacific coast of Sou th Am erica. More th an 40 p ercen t of Ecu ad or’s 11 m illion p eop le live in th e cou n try’s fou r coastal p rovin ces an d rely on coastal resou rces for th eir livelih ood . Du rin g th e p ast d ecad es, en viron m en tal d egrad ation of th e coastal zon e h as becom e wid esp read an d th reaten s th e q u ality of life of coastal resid en ts an d th e su rvival of fu tu re gen eration s.

THE COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (PMRC)

Th e Coastal Resou rces Man agem en t Program of Ec-u ad or (Program a d e Man ejo d e RecEc-u rsos Costeros, PMRC) was form ally establish ed in 1989 by Presid en -tial Decree 375. It is based u p on a recom m en d ed n a-tion al strategy d ocu m en t p rep ared th rou gh th e USAID-fu n d ed In tern ation al Coastal Resou rces Man agem en t Project in itiated in 1986 (USAID, 1994). Its m ission is to p rom ote an d d evelop th e su stain able u se of coastal resou rces u sin g p articip atory an d self-m an agem en t m et h od s.

A key elem en t of th e n ation al p rogram was th e cre-ation of five Sp ecial Area Man agem en t Zon es (Zon as Esp eciales d e Man ejo, ZEM) coverin g eigh t p ercen t of Ecu ad or’s m ain lan d coast (see Fig.1). Th e ZEMs en com p ass a wid e ran ge of coastal en viron m en ts from m an -grove-d om in ated estu aries to in ten sively u sed beach es an d h igh blu ff sh orelin e. Th ey also in corp orate a vari-ety of u rban form s an d govern an ce settin gs in clu d in g

rem ote fish in g villages, farm in g com m u n ities, tou rism cen ters, an d a large an d sp rawlin g u rban cen ter wh ich is also a p rovin cial cap ital. PMRC m ain tain s p erm an en t offices an d staff in each ZEM.

Th e work of PMRC is ch aracterized by an exp eri-m en tal learn in g ap p roach an d a con tin u ou s search to fin d ways to solve u se an d d evelop m en t con flicts in an in tegrated m an n er. Th e p rogram is very clear abou t wh o it is workin g for an d h as ad ap ted itself to th e n eed s of th ose wh o ben efit from it. PMRC recogn izes th at n atu ral resou rces can n ot be m an aged in a su stain -able way u n less th e u ser grou p s actively p articip ate in th e d ecision m akin g an d m an agem en t p rocess. Th e p roject h as n ot been rigid . Priorities, key issu es, con -flicts, an d n eed s were n ot clear from th e begin n in g, an d PMRC h as h ad to con tin u ou sly ch an ge an d ad ap t.

Presid en tial d ecrees in 1989 an d 1992 created th e le-gal fram ework of PMRC, wh ich is ad m in istratively lo-cated in th e Office of th e Presid en t bu t h as its staff in th e m ain coastal city of Gu ayaq u il. Th e basic elem en ts of PMRC are:

• Th e Com isión Nacion al d e Man ejo d e Recu rsos Costeros (Nation al Com m ission for Coastal Man age-m en t, CNMRC), wh ich is coage-m p osed of five age-m in isters (d efen se, agricu ltu re, in d u stry, en ergy an d m in es, an d tou rism ), th e gen eral secretary of p lan n in g, an d th e Office of th e Presid en t Secretary for Ad m in istration .

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(Con trol an d Vigilan ce Un its, UCVs), an d in ter-agen cy workin g grou p s.

• Th e Com ités Zon ales (ZEM Com m ittees) is a com bin atiobin of u ser grou p s, com m u bin ities, abin d local au -th orities. It oversees an d p rom otes local p articip a-tion in th e p rep araa-tion an d execu a-tion of ICM, d evelop m en t p lan s, an d solvin g local con flicts abou t th e u se of coastal resou rces.

• Th e Un idades de Con trol y Vigilan cia (Con trol an d Vigilan ce Un its, UCVs) was form ed by local auth orities an d led by th e port captain to en force existin g laws govern in g th e use an d access to coastal resources.

THE PROFILE OF THE COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGER

W h o is in volved in in tegrated coastal m an agem en t in Ecu ad or? A p rim ary objective in Ecu ad or h as been to bu ild local an d n ation al con stitu en cies for in tegrated coastal m an agem en t (ICM). Stron g con stitu en cies will (a) p ress for im p roved resou rce m an agem en t of coastal resou rces, (b) collaborate with PMRC an d local an d n a-tion al au th orities in id en tifyin g an d im p lem en tin g

p ractical solu tion s, (c) p rom ote p olicy reform , an d d ) p rom ote th e exp an sion of ICM (Robad u e, et. al.,1994). Th ese con stitu en cies h ave been slowly form ed d u rin g th e p ast d ecad e th rou gh th e d ifferen t activities of PMRC (e.g., p ractical exercises, tech n ical workin g grou p s, an d p u blic ed u cation (Robad u e & Arriaga, 1993, an d Coello et. al., 1993). W h ile th ere are stron g con stitu en cies at th e local an d n ation al levels, we still n eed a critical m ass of p eop le th at can m ake ICM su s-tain able in Ecu ad or. Th e p eop le p articip atin g in ICM in Ecu ad or can be grou p ed in two categories:

• Peop le on th e fron t lin e, th ose wh o are in d irectly in -volved an d d eal with , on a d aily basis, ICM issu es an d con flicts. Th is category in volves PMRC staff an d local u ser grou p s, au th orities (e.g., Port Cap tain s, Fish eries an d Forestry In sp ectors), an d NGOs.

• Peop le wh o are in d irectly in volved th at occasion ally p articip ate or su p p ort ICM. Th is category in volves n ation al au th orities (e.g., m em bers of th e CNMRC, govern ors, m ajors), p olitician s (e.g., con gressm en ), scien tists an d acad em ics at u n iversities an d research in stitu tes, jou rn alists, an d m em bers of n ation al an d in tern ation al NGOs or agen cies d ealin g with d

evel-Figure 1. Location of th e five Sp ecial Man agem en t Areas of PMRC

Atacam es Súa M uisne

Bahía San Vicente

Canoa

San Pedro Valdivia M anglaralto

Playas Posorja Pto. El M orro

M achala Pto. Bolívar

Jam belí

0 °

5 °

S

80 °

O

75 °

O

Perú

Colom bia

O

C

E

A

N

O

P

A

C

IF

IC

O

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Figure 2. Mem bers of th e in terd iscip lin ary ICM workin g grou p s h ave in d ivid u al vision s of reality.

Figure 3 . A com m on p h ilosop h y allows in teraction am on g m em bers of a workin g grou p an d blen d in g of in d ivid u al vision s to obtain a com p reh en sive u n d erstan d in g of an y ICM issu e an d its im p lication s.

sion of well-train ed sp ecialists is req u ired , i.e., p rofes-sion als with in -d ep th kn owled ge of p articu lar su bjects like coastal p rocesses or m an grove ecology. ICM train -in g m u st broad en th e h orizon s of th ese p rofession als an d p rovid e th em with a com m on “core” of kn owled ge th at will allow th em to (a) in teract am on g th em selves an d with m em bers of th e com m u n ity, an d (b) blen d th eir in d ivid u al vision s to gain a com p reh en sive u n d er-stan d in g of an y issu e an d its im p lication s (see Fig.3).

Th e com m on core of kn owled ge can be th ou gh t of

as a com m on set of p rin cip les th at are p art of d aily be-h avior or, bein g am bitiou s, a p be-h ilosop be-h y. Tbe-h is set of p rin cip les m u st in clu d e:

• Th e u n d erstan d in g th at greed y u se of n atu ral sou rces can d estroy a resou rce base, h arm oth er re-sou rce u sers, an d th reaten fu tu re gen eration s. For sou n d ICM, altru ism m u st rep lace greed .

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-○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ cies (e.g., Nation al Fish eries In stitu te, Nation al In stitu te for Forests an d Protected Areas), local au th orities (e.g., p lan n in g d ep artm en ts in m u n icip alities), an d u ser still a relatively n ew field in Ecu ad orian u n iversities. However, th ere are several in terestin g in itiatives. Th e Sch ool of Biology, Un iversid ad d e San tiago d e Gu ayaq u il, offers stu d en ts in th eir fin al year a cou rse called Con servación d e la Natu raleza (Natu re Con ser-vation ). It is an in trod u ction to con cep ts an d tools u sed to m an age n atu ral resou rces. A cou p le of years ago, th e Escu ela Su p erior Politécn ica d el Litoral (ESPOL) created a Coastal Resou rces Cen ter wh ich h as, to d ate, p resen ted two Latin Am erican , two-week cou rses on ICM in con ju n ction with th e Un iversity of Rh od e Islan d . Th ere is a great n eed to in clu d e in trod u ctory cou rses to ICM in all coastal u n iversities, with em -p h asis on th e sch ools of law, biology, econ om ics, for-estry, ocean ograp h y, arch itectu re, en gin eerin g, an d agricu ltu re.

Th e n u m ber of p eop le in terested in ICM in Ecu ad or m igh t n ot ju stify th e creation of a p ostgrad u ate p ro-gram . However, th e growin g in terest of Latin Am erican cou n tries in ICM m ay ju stify th e creation of a region al Ban d arin (Ed s.) The m anagem ent of coastal lagoons

and enclosed bays (p p . 78-93). New York, NY: Am

eri-can Society of Civil En gin eers.

Robad u e, D. & Arriaga, L. (1993). Policies an d p rogram s toward su stain able coastal d evelop m en t in Ecu ad or’s Sp ecial Area Man agem en t Zon es: creatin g vision , con sen su s an d cap acity. In O.T. Magoon , W.S. Wil-coastal ecosystem s: Lesson s from Ecu ad or´s Wil-coastal m an agem en t p rogram exp erien ce 1985–1994. Gov-ern m en t of Ecu ad or–USAID–Un iversity of Rh od e Islan d .

Toyn bee, A.J. & Iked a, D. (1980). Escoge la vid a. Bu en os Aires: Em ec e Ed itores.

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LATIN AMERICA: TRAINING AND ED UCATIONAL NEED S

OF ICM P ROFESSIONALS—ANALYSIS OF D EMAND

RAPPORTEUR: Steph en Olsen

CASE PAPER PRESENTATION: S. Co ello

Discussan ts: S. Coello, S. Olsen , E. Cervan tes, J.S. Cobb, J.L. Ferm an , M. DeMoran ville, S. Vallejo, M. Agu ero

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

• W h at are th e kn owled ge, skills, an d attitu d es th at m ake su ccessfu l coastal m an agers in th e region ?

• W h at typ es of p osition s are available for coastal m an agers an d in wh at in stitu tion s (ICM agen cies an d related sectoral u n its) with in th e region ?

• W h at are th e exp ected ch an ges in th e q u an tity an d typ e of jobs over th e n ext d ecad e in th e region ?

• W h at is th e d em an d for coastal m an agers both q u an titatively an d q u alitatively with in th e region ?

• How d o n eed s vary am on g n ation s with in th e regio n ?

RAPPORTEUR’S REPORT

Th e workin g grou p on Latin Am erica began with a review of th e Ecu ad or case p resen ted by Segu n d o Coello. Th e d iscu ssion retu rn ed freq u en tly to th e grap h ic h e p resen ted wh ereby th e essen tial featu re of coastal m an agem en t ed u cation is a core of kn owled ge, skills, an d attitu d es th at can be viewed as a “cable” wh ich circles th rou gh m an y in d ivid u al sp ecialization s d rawn as “d on u ts.” (See figu res in S. Coello’s p ap er in th is p roceed in gs.) Th e p resen tation stressed th at coastal m an agem en t ed u cation sh ou ld , th erefore, n ot attem p t to create on ly coastal m an agem en t sp ecialists bu t p rovid e th e u n d erlyin g p rin cip les an d p h ilosop h y th at m ake it p ossible for team s of p eop le with d iverse backgrou n d s to work togeth er effectively. Of p articu lar im p ortan ce are abilities in con flict resolu tion , p olicy form u lation , an d a com m on world view.

In stitutio n s an d Po sitio n s In vo lved in Co astal Man -agem en t. Drawin g from th e Ecu ad or case stu d y, th e grou p agreed th at a th ree-tier m od el can be h elp fu l wh en con sid erin g th e p eop le an d in stitu tion s th at becom e in volved in th e coastal m an agem en t p rocess. At th e top are h igh level rep resen tatives of th e variou s m in istries of cen tral govern m en t. In Ecu ad or, it is th e

Nation al Coastal Com m ission ch aired by th e ch ief of staff of th e Office of th e Presid en t. Th e secon d level com p rises th e coastal m an agem en t p rogram office an d its staff. Th e th ird tier is th e largest, com p rised of m u n icip al an d p rovin cial (or state) officials an d rep resen -tatives of th e m an y u ser grou p s. NGOs, u n iversities, con su ltan ts, an d jou rn alists m ay p articip ate at all lev-els, bu t p rim arily in levels two an d th ree. Th ese p layers m ay be fu rth er su bd ivid ed in to d irect an d in d irect p articip an ts. Am on g th e in d irect p articip an ts, jou rn al-ists are p articu larly im p ortan t becau se of th eir role in ed u catin g th e p u blic, com m u n icatin g th e valu es an d m ission of th e p rogram , an d sh ap in g p olicy. Jou rn alists u rgen tly n eed to be ed u cated on th e core p rin cip les an d valu es rep resen ted by th e “coastal m an agem en t cable” th at con n ects variou s d iscip lin es in Coello’s figu re.

Oth er p rofession s th at sh ou ld be a p riority target for th e “cable” are lawyers an d th ose resp on sible for m ajor coastal-d ep en d en t u ses (bu sin ess), som e of wh om are trad ition ally ed u cated th rou gh a bu sin ess sch ool cu r-ricu lu m . Th e grou p em p h asized th at, at all levels, th e work occu rs th rou gh workin g grou p s th at m ay be m ore or less form ally stru ctu red . Th u s, th e n ation al com m is-sion , th e coastal m an agem en t p rogram staff, an d th e com m u n ity level “zon al com m ittee” are all, in essen ce, workin g grou p s req u irin g an ed u cation in th e p rin -cip les an d p rocess of th e “cable” in ord er to be effective in tern ally an d th en to com m u n icate with grou p s at oth er levels.

ECM 001C.

EDUCATING COASTAL MANAGERS

PROCEEDINGS OF THE RHODE ISLAND WORKSHOP

March 4-10, 1995

W. Alton Jon es Cam p u s

Un iversity of Rh od e Islan d

Ed itors

Brian R. Crawfo rd

J. St an ley Co bb

Ch o u Lo ke Min g

ED UCATING COASTAL MANAGERS:

P ROCEED INGS OF TH E

RH OD E ISLAND W ORKSH OP

Ma rch 4-10, 1995

W. Alt on Jones Ca m pus

The Universit y of Rhod e Isla nd

Ed it ors

Brian R. Craw fo rd

J. Stan ley Co bb

Ch o u Lo ke Min g

CONTENTS

ACKNOW LED GMENTS

FOREW ORD

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

CALL TO ACTION

SECTION 1

TRAINING AND

ED UCATIONAL NEED S

OF ICM P ROFESSIONALS:

ANALYSIS OF D EMAND

TH E SKILLS, KNOW LED GE, AND ATTITUD ES

OF AN ID EAL COASTAL MANAGER

TH E STATUS OF INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT

AND D EMAND FOR TRAINING OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT

P RACTITIONERS IN ECUAD OR

0

°

5

°

S

80

°

O

75

°

O

Perú

Colom bia

O

C

E

A

N

O

P

A

C

IF

IC

O

LATIN AMERICA: TRAINING AND ED UCATIONAL NEED S

OF ICM P ROFESSIONALS—ANALYSIS OF D EMAND