FOREIGNIZATION AND DOMESTICATION IN THE
CULTURALLY-BOUND EXPRESSIONS IN KAYAM’S PARA PRIYAYI NOVEL AND
THEIR TRANSLATED EXPRESSIONS IN ZHUKOV’S JAVANESE GENTRY NOVEL
A THESIS
Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a
Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature
By
Selvia Fitriani
1221141043
ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY
v MOTTO
When you want to give up, remember why you started.
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DEDICATION
To :
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ACKNOWLEGMENTS
Alhamdulillahirobbil’alamin, first of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and praise to Allah SWT who gives me all His blessing till I can finish this thesis. I would also like to thank all of those who have supported and guided me in the process of writing this thesis.
1. Mr and Mrs Sutrisno, my parents who always give support and everything to me, I cannot thank enough for everything you both give to me.
2. My particular thanks to my first supervisor, Drs. Asruddin Barori Tou, MA. Ph.D., who has guided me during writing this thesis. The greatest thanks also goes to my second supervisor, Andy Bayu Nugroho, SS., M.Hum., who has given me valuable time, suggestions, and guidance in the process of accomplishing this thesis.
3. My academic consultant, Bapak Rachmat Nurcahyo, SS, MA who has given guidance and encouragement,
4. my best friend, Dwi Indrati who always helps and supports me in any condition,
5. all my beloved family in ―rumah peraduan‖ , who taught me how valuable this life, and
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... xiv
ABSTRACT ... xv
CHAPTER I ... 1
A. Background of the Problem ... 1
B. Focus and Formulation of the Problem ... 3
C. Objectives of the Research ... 5
D. Significance of the Research ... 5
CHAPTER II ... 7
LITERATURE REVIEW AND ANALYTICAL CONSTRUCT ... 7
A. Theoretical Review ... 7
1. Translation ... 7
a. Notions of Translation ... 7
b. Types of Translation ... 8
c. Translation Process ... 9
d. Translation Techniques ... 11
2. Culture ... 13
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b. Culturally-Bound Expressions ... 14
3. Meaning ... 15
a. Notions of Meaning ... 15
b. Types of Meaning ... 16
c. Meaning Equivalence ... 17
4. Foreignization and Domestication ... 18
a. Foreignization ... 19
b. Domestication ... 19
5. About the Novel ... 20
6. Relevant Studies ... 21
B. Conceptual Framework ... 24
C. Analytical Construct ... 35
CHAPTER III ... 36
A. Type of Research... 36
B. Data and Sources of Data ... 36
C. Instruments of Research ... 37
D. Techniques of Data Collection ... 40
E. Techniques of Data Analysis ... 40
F. Trustworthiness of Data ... 41
CHAPTER IV ... 43
A. Findings ... 43
1. Foreignization and Domestication of the Culturally-Bound Expressions 43 2. Degree of Meaning Equivalence of the Translation of the Culturally-Bound Expressions ... 45
B. Discussion ... 48 1. Foreignization and Domestication of the Culturally-Bound Expressions
xi
2. Degree of Meaning Equivalence of Foreignization and Domestication of
the Culturally-Bound Expressions ... 62
CHAPTER V ... 68
A. Conclusions ... 68
B. Suggestions ... 69
References ... 71
APPENDIX ... 74
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Classification of Translation Techniques proposed by Molina and Albir ... 12 Table. 2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Foreignization ……… 20 Table. 3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Domestication ……….... 21 Table. 4 Degree of Meaning Equivalence of Culturally-Bound Expressions .... 33 Table. 5 Table of the Data Analysis ... 38 Table. 6 Foreignization and Domestication of the Culturally-Bound
Expressions ... 44 Table.7 Degree of Meaning Equivalence ....………. 45 Table. 8 The Frequency of Translation Techniques and Meaning
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Ada : Adaptation SL : Source Language
Bor : Borrowing Sub : Substitution
Cal : Calque TL : Target Language
Com : Compensation Tra : Transposition
Des : Description Var : Variation
Dis :Discursive Creation Dm : Different Meaning Est : Establish Equivalent Eq : Equal Meaning
Fe : Fully Equivalent
Gen : Generalization
LiA : Lingustic Amplification LiC : Lingustic Compression Lit : Literal Transaltion
Mod : Modulation
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FOREIGNIZATION AND DOMESTICATION IN THE CULTURALLY-BOUND EXPRESSIONS IN KAYAM’S PARA PRIYAYI NOVEL AND
THEIR TRANSLATED EXPRESSIONS IN ZHUKOV’S JAVANESE GENTRY NOVEL
By: Selvia Fitriani 12211141043
ABSTRACT
This research has two objectives. First is to describe the foreignization and domestication of the culturally-bound expressions in Umar Kayam‘s Para Priyayi Novel represented in Zhukov‘s Javanese Gentry translated Novel. Second is to describe the meaning equivalence of the translation of the culturally-bound expressions in Umar Kayam‘s Para Priyayi Novel as represented in Zhukov‘s Javanese Gentry translated Novel.
This research apllied translation techniques proposed by Molina and Albir to describe the realization of the culturally-bound expressions. The reseacher used qualitative approach, yet to suport providing the data the reseacher also provided several data in quantitave way. The data of this research are culturally-bound expressions found in the Para Priyayi novel and their translation in Javanese Gentry novelin the form of words and phrases.
The findings of this research show that foreignization and domestication found in the culturally bound expressions in this study are represented by some techniques which are closely related to the foreignization and domestication. Foreignization is indicated by four techniques found consisting of amplification, description, borrowing and literal translation represented in 187 (63.84%) data, while there are four techniques found to be domestication which are adaptation, generalization, discursive creation and reduction which represented in 106 (36.16%) data. Then, in a matter of meaning equivalence degree of culturally-bound expressions, almost of the data are transferred equivalently. There are 201 (68.61%) considered as fully equivalent meaning and there are 68 (23.21%) considered as partly equivalent meaning. However, there are also culturally-bound expressions considered as non equivalent in less number. There are only 18 (6.15%) data considered as different meaning and there are 6 (2.03%) considered as no meaning. In terms of meaning equivalence, the meaning of culturally-bound expressions are highly transfered (91.31%) in target text.
1 CHAPTER I INRODUCTION
A. Background of the Problem
Translation cannot be separated from every part of human life. It has a significant role in communication, especially to the people who have different language. The difference of the languages will also deal with the difference of the culture. Therefore, translation here appears as the bridge to solve that problem. Translation and translating of cultural problem have also already occurred since long time ago and those seem continually happen.
Meanwhile, the culture itself is an identity that cannot be separated from one territory. As sequence, the identity of one nation can be seen from its culture. There are many ways to see the variety of culture and one of them is in the form of literature. Even only in written text, the magnificent message of the culture can be delivered neatly through the combination of words. From literature people do not only learn the valuable message from the certain culture but also can see the personality of one nation.
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Translating Indonesian literary works such as novel to foreign languages holds such an important impact. In addition, translating Indonesian literary works is able to tell the avid readers that there is a beautiful nation called Indonesia, there is also a chance to promote its culture to the international world. Promoting Indonesian culture to other foreign readers has its way to promote the country as a whole. One exact example is the purpose of Yayasan Lontar Jakarta which has a goal to promote Indonesia through its literary works.
One of the projects of Yayasan Lontar is a novel entitled Para Priyayi which is translated in English as Javanese Gentry by Vladilav Zhukov. This novel contains very thick culturally-bound expressions. This novel tells about the life of several noble men. The setting of the novel took place in 1900s in Java at that time. Therefore, this novel is like a story of several people with their condition and life problems in their culture which is written in a Javanese way.
promoting cultural goals of the institution or not. The chosen ideology that the translator adopted holds an important impact for the literary itself whether it is foreignization or domestication. It holds an important point in deciding towards what kind of direction the translation will be. Foreignization is the way to choose author as the orientation, on the other hand domestication is the way to leave the author because the translator chooses the target readers as the main orientation (Venuti, 1995).
Finally, the researcher wants to analyze foreignization and domestication in the culturally-bound expressions in Umar Kayam‘s Para Priyayi in the English version entitled Javanese Gentry. Later, the researcher also wants to look up the degree of the meaning equivalence in the culturally-bound expressions this novel represented in its English version.
B. Focus and Formulation of the Problem
The Para Priyayi novel greatly deals with culturally-bound expressions. There are many culturally-bound expressions in this novel especially in terms of Javanese culture can easily be found. Highly culturally-bound expressions provided are the product of Javanese culture. It can be in expression of greetings, items or even the specific terminology for something. The example is ―klepon”
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participants in the dialogue. As sequence, the great quantity of culturally-bound expressions should get more attention from the researcher.
To gain the sense of the transferred message especially in a novel, a translator has the consideration to choose the way whether it is foreignization or domestication. The foreignization or domestication will bring the tendency to keep the source culture or to give easier ways to target readers. It will also have influences such as to reduce the essence of source text or to lose the fully understanding of target readers depending on the selected way from the translator. Thus, to deliver the message of culturally-bound expressions, meaning equivalence is also needed to examine whether it is equivalent or not. Meaning equivalence has a significant influence in the essence of the translated text. If the meaning is equal, the target readers will also get both good understanding and good information.
Based on the problem formulation gathered, this research concerns to analyze the representation of foreignization and domestication in the culturally-bound expressions. Then, this research also analyzes the degree of meaning equivalence of the translated of culturally-bound expressions.
Therefore, the problems of this study are formulated as follows.
1. How are foreignization and domestication of the culturally-bound expressions in Kayam‘s Para Priyayi novel represented in Zhukof‘s Javanese Gentry
2. What is the degree of meaning equivalence of the translation the culturally-bound expressions in Kayam‘s Para Priyayi novel as represented in Zhukof‘s Javanese Gentry translated novel?
C. Objectives of the Research
Based on the formulation of the problem, the objectives of this study are: 1. to describe the foreignization and domestication of the culturally-bound
expressions in Kayam‘s Para Priyayi novel represented in Zhukof‘s Javanese Gentry translated novel, and
2. to describe the degree of meaning equivalence of the translation of the culturally-bound expressions in Kayam‘s Para Priyayi novel as represented in Zhukof‘s Javanese Gentry translated novel.
D. Significance of the Research
The research contributes some avails as follows. 1. Theoretically
The researcher provides information about foreignization and domestication of the culturally-bound expressions translation techniques especially in literary work.
2. Practically a. Reader
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b. Other researchers
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW AND ANALYTICAL CONSTRUCT
A. Theoretical Review
In this chapter, the researcher provides theories that are closely related to the study. Then, the related theory is eliminated as substance of this study. Furthermore, the analytical construct draws how this research examined.
1. Translation
a. Notions of Translation
According to Munday (2012: 155), translation is a constant evaluative process: it encompasses the checking of possible TT equivalent against the ST and against each other in a process of refinement that leads to the selection of single equivalent. Also Brislin in El-Shafey (2012: 3) states that
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translation has to bring the essential meaning from the source text to the target text.
Furthermore, Nida and Taber (1982: 12) state that translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning secondly in terms of style. In this case, they state that good product of translation is the product which contains the closest natural equivalent in the target language. It can be in the form of meaning firstly, and in the form of style secondly. Relating to the natural equivalent, Catford (1965: 20) also adds that translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).
Finally, meaning in translation holds the significant effect in the product of translation. It means that the key of the translation is primary in the essence of meaning. Through good meaning, the message from the source language finely delivers to the target readers. In other words, translation is a process that conserves the source language meaning into the target language equivalently, so the product of translation can be politely accepted by target readers.
b. Types of Translation
2) Intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems. Intersemiotic translation or transmutation involves transferring the original core to the core in different medium. It can be from the written text to panting, music, etc. The translator transfers the meaning to others media.
3) Interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language. Interlingual translation involves at least two languages. This type is commonly measured in translation and the translator usually gets difficulties in looking for equivalent meaning since the language engages the different characteristics, structures, and culture. Jakobson states (in Venuti, 2000:114) that on the level of interlingual translation, there is ordinarily no full equivalent between code-units, while messages may serve as adequate interpretations of alien code-units or message. It means that in the transferring one language to other language, there will be lack of the style or the message.
c. Translation Process
Hatim and Munday (2004: 6) define translation as ―the process of
transferring a written text from source language (SL) to target language (TL)‖. It
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sentences from the source text to the target text, but also it needs process and takes moderates times. There are several steps that have to be done to translate. The process according to Nida and Taber (1982:33) are analysis, transfer and restructuring. The figure and the explanations are below.
Figure 1. Translation Process according to Nida
1) Analysis
Analysis of the source language text is the first step for translator in the process of translation. The translator has to know semantic knowledge and socio-cultural aspect of both languages. It is crucial to know about that because it is closely related with the content of the text. The process of analyzing in term of linguistic means that translator analyzes the language style, structures, idiom, etc. On the other hand, the analyzing process in the term socio cultural also takes the important part because translating is not only translate one language to another language but also it contains translated meaning in every aspect.
2) Transfer
3) Restructuring
Restructuring is the final step of the translation. In this step, the translator can revise and arrange the more appropriate statement in the target text.
Lederer (in Munday, 2008 :63 ) mentions several steps in process of the translation. They are reading and understanding, deverbalization, re-expression. However in the end, Jean Deisle comes up with idea and adds that three stages with one stage called verification.
1) Reading and understanding using linguistic competence and world knowledge to grasp the sense of the ST. The linguistic components need to be understood by reference, so the translator can explicitly and implicitly deliver the meaning like the author wants.
2) Deverbalization. It is an essential intermediate phase if the translator is to avoid transcoding and calque.
3) Re-expression. It is the step when the TT is constituted and given from based on the deverbalized understanding of sense.
4) Verification. It is the step when the translator revisits and evaluates the TT.
d. Translation Techniques
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Table 1. Classification of Translation Techniques Proposed by Molina and Albir
Techniques Description
Adaptation To replace a ST cultural element with one from the target culture
Amplification To introduce details that are not formulated in the ST. Borrowing To take a word or expression straight from another
language
Calque Literal translation a foreign word or phrase; it can be lexical or structural.
Compensation To introduce a ST element of information or stylistic effect in another place in the TT because it cannot be reflected in the same place as in the ST.
Description To replace a term or expression with a description of its form or/and function
Discursive creation To establish a temporary equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of context.
Establish equivalent To use a term or expression recognized (by dictionaries or language in use) as an equivalent in the TL.
Generalization To use a more general or neutral term. Linguistic
amplification
To add linguistics element Linguistic
compression
To synthesize linguistic elements in the TT.
Literal Translation To translate a word or an expression word for word Modulation To change the point of view, focus or cognitive category
in relation to the ST, it can be lexical or structural. Particularization To use more precise or concrete
Reduction To supress a ST information item in the TT.
Substitution To change linguistic elements for paralinguistics elements (intonation, gesture)
Transposition To change gramatical category
Variation To change paralinguistic elements (intonation, gestures) that affect aspects of lnguistic variation.
However, in the end they say that translation techniques are not the only categories available to analyze a translated text, but coherence, cohesion, thematic progression and contextual dimensions also intervene in the analysis.
specific to the SL culture". Thus, he puts forward the following four major techniques for translating culture bound-terms which are functional equivalent, formal equivalent or linguistic equivalence, transcription or borrowing, and descriptive or self-explanatory translation.
Besides that, Baker (1992) also provides several ways to translate expressions from SL into TL which are called as translation strategies. The strategies are translations by a more general word, translation a more neutral, translation by cultural substitution, translation using a loan word, translation by paraphrase using a related word, translation by paraphrase using unrelated words, translation by omission, and translation by illustration.
2. Culture
a. Notions of the Culture
There are several definitions considering what culture is actually. Firstly, according to Gohrin (in Nord, 2001) the definition of culture is below.
Culture is whatever one has to know, master or feel in order to judge whether or not a particular form of behavior shown by members of a community in their various roles conforms to general expectation, and in order to behave in this community in accordance with general expectations unless one is prepared to bear the consequences of unaccepted behavior. (Gohring in Nord, 2001)
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A culture is the entire setting of norms and conventions an individual as a member of his society must know in order to be ‗like everybody‘ – or to be able to be different from everybody (Vermeer in Nord, 2001: 33). Furthermore, Newmark (1988: 94) defines culture as the way of life and its manifest that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its mean of expression. It means that culture can express how one culture influences life in this earth. Culture may speak and show how one territory be like. It shows that there is an existence culture in the certain place. Translators interpret source culture phenomena in the light of their own culture-specific knowledge of that culture, from either the inside or the outside, depending on whether the translation is from or into the translator‘s
native language-and-culture.( Nord, 2001:34)
b. Culturally-Bound Expressions
Harvey in his journal (2000) provides definition of culturally-bound expressions which he calls it as culture-bound terms. He states that culture-bound terms as the terms which refer to concepts, institutions and personnel which are specific to the source language culture‖. It means that culturally-bound expressions have specific terminology in one certain source language culture.
Baker (1992: 21) also mentions on his work about culturally bound expressions which she calls it as culture specific concept. She provides the culture specific concept as follow.
Then, according to Newmark (1988: 96), culturally-bound expressions, which are called ‗culturalwords‘ are easy to detect since they are associated with
particular language and cannot be literally translated. Newmark (1988:85) categorizes them as ecology, material, culture, social culture, social organization and gestures and habit.
According to Armelino in Balfaqeeh (2009), classification of culturally-bound expressions are divided into three categories: 1) historical, 2) social and 3) religious. Historical expressions consist of several sub-categories including literary expressions. It is true that allusions are included in the idioms above, but allusion exists in the grey area between idioms and culturally-bound expressions. Social expressions include environmental expressions like a place that served liquor would violate his parole‗. Religious expressions include expressions related
to any religion other than Islam like servant of Potiphar‗ and Jeez Louise‗.
3. Meaning
a. Notions of Meaning
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Referential that is known as denotation meaning deals with the words as symbol or sign. Meanwhile, connotative is the meaning behind from such expression.
According Nugroho on his journal entitled Meaning and Translation (2007), translation is basically conveying the meaning language to another language. He states that the process of rendering meaning involves some aspects as addiction, grammatical structure, communication setting, and cultural context of the ST. He also mentions that meaning of a word is not only determined by the referring of the object or idea, but it is also governed by the use of the words or phrases in certain way, context, and effects.
b. Types of Meaning
Nida (1964) categorizes meaning into two types that are referential meaning and connotative meaning. Referential meaning is a word or symbol which refers to the something real such as an object, abstract thing, or relation. It is denotatively referring to something. On the other hand, there is connotative meaning which involves different meaning depend on the context, situation and even the emotion. In other words, connotative meaning is the meaning which not directly denotes from the utterance yet there is something behind on it. In this research, researcher tries to analyze kind of that meaning in the scope of the culturally-bound expressions provided in the novel.
elements of the structure. Then, contextual meaning deals with the constitution of the range situational elements.
Haliday and Hasan (1985: 44) also divide three types of meaning in translation. They are ideational meaning, interpersonal meaning, and textual meaning. Ideational meaning consists of two branches of meaning that are logical and experimental. The logical metafunction refers to the grammatical resources for building up grammatical units into complexes, for instance, for combining two or more clauses into a clause complex. The experiential function refers to the grammatical resources involved in construing the flux of experience through the unit of the clause. The interpersonal metafunction relates to a text's aspects of tenor or interactivity. Like field, tenor comprises three component areas: the speaker/writer persona, social distance, and relative social status. The textual metafunction relates to mode; the internal organization and communicative nature of a text.
c. Meaning Equivalence
Cited from Vinay and Dalbelnet (in Venuti, 2000), equivalence-oriented translation is a procedure which 'replicates the same situation as in the original, whilst using completely different wording. Equivalence is static, result-oriented concept describing a relationship of equal communicative value between to texts or on lower ranks, between words, phrases, sentences, syntactic structures and so on (Nord 2001:36).
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TL item which represents the closest equivalent of a source language word or phrase. Then, dynamic equivalent is defined as a translation principle according to which a translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in such a way that TL wording does upon the source audience.
According to Bell (1991), there are 2 types of meaning. They are equivalent meaning and non equivalent meaning. Equivalent meaning has two types of degree which are fully equivalent and partly equivalent. On the other hand, non equivalent meaning also has two types of degree which are different meaning and no meaning.
Equivalence in translation has a significant role in a case delivering sense or meaning from SL into TL. The concept about equivalence also has various conceptions according to scholars. Some of them mentions it in clearly way and some of them just mentions in a glance. Indeed, the conceptions of equivalence according to them are based on specific purpose, types, and context of the text.
4. Foreignization and Domestication
which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original (Shuttleworth & Cowie, 1997:59).
a. Foreignization
Foreignization is one of the translation tendency that invites the readers to enter scope of SL cultures. Foreignization tries to keep an exotic atmosphere for target-language readers, and makes them feel the difference between languages and cultures (Wang, 2014). Foreignization is oriented to the source language culture. It implies and attempts to preserve the culture of the source text. Therefore, different culture may feature confusion to the target readers. In this case, foreignized translation becomes an obstacle for less educated readers because the text is difficult to understand.
Table 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Foreignization
Advantages Disadvantages Source Language culture to the target text readers.
The target text sometimes sounds complex and unnatural.
Intercultural learning may happen. Some negative aspects in the Source Language may easily influence the target text readers.
b. Domestication
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text to the target text culture. Its aim is to make target language readers easier to understand. The traditional principle of translation is the ―smooth translation‖, namely ―domestication‖, the translation can be read and understood easily, the crabbed incoherent phenomenon does not exist, and it is just like the original (Yang, 2014: 2). It means that this strategy offers target readers easiness both to read and to understand translated language. Moreover, domestication is chosen due to a belief that the target text should be equal with the culture of the target readers. Domestication oriented to target language and focuses on the taste and expectation of the readers who want to get translation based on their own culture.
Table 3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Domestication
Advantages Disadvantages
The target text readers can easily understand the target text.
The aspects in the Source Language are often faded.
The target text sounds natural and communicative.
The target text readers cannot interpret the text because the interpretation has been done by the translator.
Cultural assimilation may happen. The target text readers do not get knowledge of the source language.
5. About the Novel
His parents did not work on their own field, yet they worked in Ndoro Seten‘s field. The good relation between them and field‘s owner was guiding their dreams come true. Soedarsono got a formal education because of Ndoro Seten‘s kindness.
A few years later Soedarsono got the first job, and he changed his name into Sastrodarsono. Then, he married a beautiful woman, named Ngaisah. From their marriage, they had 3 children, Noegroho, Hardjojo, and Soemini. As time goes by, they grew older and they lived with their own family.
Besides growing up their children, Sastrodarsono and Ngaisah also raised their nephews. One of them called Soenandar. He tended to be a naughty boy. When he grew up turning to be a man, he impregnated woman in village and then left her. He died after joined the group of rubber. After his child was born, Soedarsono took and treated him like his grandchild. He sent the boy to school like gentries do. The name of that boy was Lantip.
Time flies till Lantip grew up to be a diligent and wise person. He turned his willingness to solve Hardjojo‘s daily problem. Also, he kindly helped the son of Noegroho, Gus Hari. His life was dedicated to help the Soedarsono‘s family. At the end of the story, the tale ended with the death of the Soedarsono, the founder of his gentry family of Soedarsono. In his funeral, Lantip was pointed as a person who gave a speech because of his merit to the Soedarsono family.
6. Relevant Studies
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by Stephen R. Covey into Bahasa Indonesia. There are two aims of the study which are to analyze any kind of culture-specific items of ST along with TT used in the process of translating the target-language cultural values of the ST into TT and to explain the process of the translation of domestication and the foreignization as the way they are. Furthermore, the objectives of this study are: 1) to find out the translation ideology; and 2) to find out the realization of translation method from source text to target text.
The result shows that for domestication, there are 14% in the form of word, 28% in the form of phrase, and 58% in the form of clause, while for foreignization, there are 25(83.3%) in the form of words, and 5 (16.7%) in the form of phrases. The conclusion shows that the domestication strategy is frequently used in the process of the translation of the 8th Habit from Effectiveness to Greatness by Stephen R. Covey.
Secondly, there is a relevant study from Maharani (2008) with the title Foreignization and Domestification of Culturally-specific Terms in Sophie Kinsellas’s and Siska Yunita’s I’ve Got Your Number Bilingual Translation Text. There are three objectives, they are categorizing the cultural bound, categorizing the expression terms in what kind of cultural term, and identifying degree of the meaning equivalence of those culturally bound expression.
text. Finally, most of the culturally-specific terms are transferred equivalently. There is only one datum which considers as not equivalent.
Finally, the last relevant study comes from Listyaning R (2017) Address Terms in Umar Kayam’s Para Priyayi and their translated Expressions in
Vladislav Zhukof’s Javanese Gentry Novel. The objective of this research are to describe the types of address terms found in Umar Kayam‘s Para Priyayi novel and their translated expressions in Vladislav Zhukov‘s Javanese Gentry novel, to describe the techniques of translation applied by the translator in translating address terms in Umar Kayam‘s Para Priyayi novel and their translated expressions in Vladislav Zhukov‘s Javanese Gentry novel, and to describe the meaning equivalence of the translation of address terms in Umar Kayam‘s Para
Priyayi novel and their translated expressions in Vladislav Zhukov‘s Javanese
Gentry novel.
The result shows that there are 102 data of the address terms which are divided into pronouns of address, names, kinship terms, and titles. Then the most frequently used technique is borrowing, it is about 58.82% from the total data. The study shows that the meaning equivalence is occurred in 56 data which means it tends to be equal.
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above and this research itself use different techniques and different conceptual framework. The object of this research is also obviously different with two studies before. Meanwhile, in the third relevant study there is similarity of object analyzed, the Para Priyayi Novel. Then, address terms are actually part of the culturally-bound expressions, because of that the address terms are excluded from the data on this research.
B. Conceptual Framework
This study focuses on analyzing culturally-bound expressions in Para Priyayi Novel by Umar Kayam which is translated into Javanese Gentry by Vladislav Zhukov in English version. Firstly, the conception of the translation chosen comes up from Munday (2012: 155). He states that translation is a constant evaluative process in which it encompasses the checking of possible TT equivalent against the ST and against each other in a process of refinement that leads to the selection of single equivalent. It means that translation is a process that conserves the source language meaning into the target language equivalently, so the product of translation can be politely accepted by target readers. Translation also is rendering at least two languages or commonly scholar called as interlingual translation. This concept is chosen from the conception of Jakobson (in Venuti, 2000). This research is under the point of interlingual translation, the bilingual translation. It involves two languages those are Bahasa Indonesia and English language.
Gentry by Vladislav Zhukov in English version. The culturally-bound expressions are kind of difficult words to translate. They have specific essence meaning in each source language area. Harvey states that culturally-bound expressions as the terms which refer to concept, institutions and personal which are specific to the source language culture (2000: 2). It means that culturally-bound expressions only exist in one certain culture. Even if the expression may exist in others culture, it is probably mentioned in different way or different expressions. There are many kinds of culturally-bound expressions such as name of material thing and people, name of ecological aspect, concept, etc. The examples of the culturally-bound expressions in Indonesia or Javanese especially are the words ―keris‖ and ―dipan‖. Both expressions may only exist in Java, yet there is possibility that those things also exist in other places but in different name. Then, in TL the word ―keris‖ is translated into ―sword‖ and the word ―dipan”is translated into ―rocking chair‖. In the first example, the translator tries to generalize that expression. Later in second example, the translator tends to give the explanation about how ―dipan‖ looks alike. Lastly, the researcher wants to underline that address term are excluded from the data on this research because those had already analyzed by other researcher.
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to keep the SL culture essence or second the translator will tend to take the side of target readers. It is commonly said as foreignization and domestication. Then, those translation techniques are classified into two parts which are foreignization and domestication. The classification of those techniques is based on the characteristic of each technique which tends to foreignization or domestication. In this research the conception of foreignization and domestication proposed by Venuti (1995) is chosen since he states that there are two possibilities ways to translate. Foreignization is oriented to the SL and it attempts to preserve the culture of the source text. On the other hand, domestication is oriented to target language and focuses on the taste and expectation of the readers who want to get translation based on their own culture.
Foreignization is a ideological tendency in which the translator chooses to keep SL. The target readers are given the taste of the SL culture while they read the target text. The techniques which have tendency to foreignization are amplification, borrowing, calque, description, literal translation, and transposition. 1. Amplification is a translation technique in which translator tends to give more
information about what certain expressions. It is applied to inform details the source expression. In the target language, the translator will give more information about the certain expression the word Ramadhan is translated into ―Ramadhan, the Muslim month of fasting.‖ In this example, the translator gives more explanation about Ramadhan by giving coma after the word of Ramadhan. 2. Borrowing is a translation technique in which the expression is directly taken
expression and rewrites that expression into target expression again. It can be pure (without any …) or it can be naturalized (to fit the spelling rules in the target language). For example the word “klepon” is purely translated into ―klepon‖ in Javanese Gentry. In this example, klepon does not exist in target language so the translator directly borrows the source expression, and still translate that word to klepon too.
3. Calque is a translation technique in which when words or phrases of the source
language are translated literally. It is a special kind of borrowing whereas a language borrows an expression from of another, but then translates literally each of its elements. For example: the word ―honey moon‖ is translated into bulan madu. In this example, the word honey obviously is translated to madu, and moon is translated to bulan. Then, the meaning of the translation borrows the source of expression. Both honey moon and bulan madu have same meaning as special occasion after marriage by go to somewhere.
4. Description is a translation technique in which the translators tend to give description of the SL expression. It is applied by replacing a term or expression with a description of its form or/and function. For example, ketupat is translated into ―Indonesian traditional food eaten on the celebration of Eid al-fitr‖. In this case, the ketupat is directly translated to the description of itself. It is translated as the function of the ketupat itself.
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Seorang pemimpin agama yang hebat is translated into ―a great religious leader.‖ Simply, this example expression is translated literally from word to word.
6. Transposition is a translation technique dealing with grammar. It occurs related to the change in the grammar from the source language into target language. For example is the change from verb into noun or plural into singular, such as ―plastic toys‖ is translated into mainan plastic. In this example the plural expression of plastic toys is translated to singular of mainan plastic.
Meanwhile, domestication is ideological tendency which the translator chooses the target readers as the main figure. The text focuses on the taste and expectation of the readers who want to get translation based on their own culture. The target readers are easily understand the target text and text itself has natural essence for them. The techniques which are closely related to domestication are adaptation, compensation, discursive creation, established equivalent, generalization, linguistic amplification, linguistic compression, literal translation, particularization, reduction, substitution, modulation, and variation.
1. Adaptation is a translation technique in which the translator tries to
replace a cultural expression from source expression into expression existed in the target culture. The example is the word kerisis translated into ―sword‖ in English. Keris is one kind of weapon in Indonesia which has same function as sword, yet it has different shape. To make the target readers easily understand, keris is presented in another form, sword.
it cannot be reflected in the same place as in the source text. For example: tikar is translated into ―sleeping mat‖. Tikar here does not have similar single word in English language. In the target language, tikar is translated into sleeping mat which has same meaning as that function.
3. Discursive creation is a translation technique in which the translator creates new term in TL. It establishes a temporary equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of context. It usually happens in the translation of title. For example, Sukreni Gadis Bali is translated into ―The Rape of Sukreni.‖ This example does not have certain rules to adapt, it happens because the translator wants to attract the readers to read. In this case, the translator translates the title related to the glance of story inside.
4. Established Equivalent. This translation technique is for the same situation using a completely different phrase. It can be rendered by two texts using completely different stylistics and structural methods. For example, mereka seperti pinang dibelah dua is translated into ―they are as like as pens.‖ In this example, the translator chooses the proverb which has similar meaning as the source text.
5. Generalization is a translation technique which uses more general or neutral term in the target language. For example, the word becak is translated into ―vehicle‖. Becak is actually one kind of vehicle in Indonesia. It happens because the translator wants to give easiness to the target readers.
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example, the expression of ―just kidding‖ is translated as cuma main-main saja, bukan beneran instead of using an expression with the same number, hanya bercanda. In this case, the translator translates the expression of just kidding into Cuma main-main saja, bukan beneran to give the extra linguistic context.
7. Linguistic Compression is a translation technique that synthesizes
linguistic elements in the target text. This is often used in simultaneous interpreting and in subtitling. For example, to translate the English question, ―yes,
then?‖ with ―lalu?‖ in Bahasa Indonesia, instead of using a phrase with the same number of words, ―ya, kemudian?‖. In this case, the translator wants to pursue the
context as suitable as possible.
8. Literal Translation is a translation technique in which the expression is
translated word to word. It occurs when a word or an expression is translated into word for word. It is the direct transfer of a source language text. For example, Seorang pemimpin agama yang hebat is translated into ―a great religious leader.‖
Simply, this example expression is translated literally from word to word.
9. Particularization is a translation technique where a translator uses a more
precise or concrete term in the target text. For example: ―land transportation‖ is
translated into mobil in Indonesia. In this example expression, the translator specifies the term of ―land transportation‖ is translated into mobil as the target
expression. Mobil itself is one kind of land transportation in the country of the target expression.
10. Reduction is a translation technique in which the translator tends to
in the target text. For example: ―Ramadhan, the moslem month of fasting‖ is translated into Ramadhan. This example takes the main expression only to translate the expression. The translator ignores the extra information of Ramadhan, so only single word of Ramadhan is chosen to provide in target text. 11. Substitution is a translation technique that changes linguistic elements for
paralinguistics elements or vice versa. For the example, the Arabic gesture of putting your hand on your heart is translated into ―thank you.‖ In this example, the
translator uses the interpretation of that gesture which means as thank to someone else.
12. Modulation is a translation technique that changes the point of view, focus or cognitive category in relation to the source text; it can be lexical or structural. For example ―I broke my leg‖ is translated into ―kakiku patah”. In this case, the expression of I broke my leg is not acceptable in target language culture, so the translator changes the point of view of that expression become noun expression, ―kakiku patah”.
13. Variation is a translation technique which is dealing with gesture. It is applied to change linguistic or paralinguistic elements (intonation, gestures) that affect aspects of linguistic variation. It can be the changing of textual tone, style, social dialect, geographical dialect, etc. For example to introduce or change dialectal indicators for characters when translating for the theater, changes in tone when adapting novels for children, etc.
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essence of the expressions. It contains the message from author which should deliver to the readers. Then to gain the good transferred meaning, the meaning itself should be equivalent from SL which translated to TL. Meaning equivalence is static, result-oriented concept describing a relationship of equal communicative value between to texts or on lower ranks, between words, phrases, sentences, syntactic structures and so on (Nord 2001:36). The equivalence of target translational text holds important essence to delivering the message. In this research, the researcher adopts Bell‘s theory (1991:6). According to him, texts in different languages can be equivalent in different degree, it can be fully equivalent or partly equivalent. Besides fully and partly equivalent, he also divides there is no equivalent meaning. No equivalent meaning contains different meaning and no meaning.
Table 4. Degree of Meaning Equivalence of Culturally-Bound Expressions
Meaning Degree of Meaning
Equivalence Descriptions
Equivalent
Fully Equivalent Meaning
When both culturally-bound expressions in the SL and TL features are same
Partly Equivalent Meaning
The culturally-bound expressions are translated properly yet there is still thin lack of it. It can be in the form of decreasing and increasing
meaning.
Non Equivalent
Different Meaning Culturally-bound expressions are translated differently
1) Fully Equivalent Meaning
Fully equivalent meaning is when the expression from the ST translated properly into TT.
For example :
SE : Makan kacang dan minum wedang cemoe.
TE : Eat peanuts, sip glasses of wedang cemoe.
From the example above, the phrase wedang cemoe is translated into wedang cemoe, it means that the expression fully translated by fully adopted the source expression.
2) Partly Equivalent Meaning
Partly equivalent meaning is when the expression from ST translated into TT yet there is still the lack of it. It can be in the decreasing meaning or increasing meaning. For example:
SE : Celana kolor komprang hitam
TE : There are familiar black short trousers.
From the example above, there is a missing part. The translator translates the komprang into general short trousers, in fact “kolor komprang” itself has certain meaning. That kind of trouser usually uses in the leisure time, not in common situation.
3) Different meaning
Different meaning occurs when the expression from ST is translated differently in the TL.
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SL :..memasang tarub, memasang kursi…
TL : They set up the marquee and the seating in the ground of the residence.
From the example above, the target expression is translated in different meaning. The source expression has different meaning compared to target expression because it refers to the something different.
4) No meaning
No meaning expression occurs when the expression from the ST is not translated into TT.
SE: Bahkan sebaliknya akan memperkokoh semangat saya untuk menjunjung keluarga Sastrodarsono. Mikul Duwur mendhem jero, menjunjung tinggi-tinggi keharuman nama keluarga, menanam dalam-dalam aib keluarga. TE: I would uphold the name of Sastrodarsono and strive to inter any dishonor to
it.
C. Analytical Construct Bahasa Indonesia Text :
36 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
A. Type of Research
This research applies descriptive qualitative approach. To support presentation of the data, this research also uses quantitative research approach. The data is provided in the number and frequency in percentage, but then it is explained later in descriptive explanation. According to Vanderstoep and Jhonson (2009:7) qualitative research produces narratives or textual description of the phenomena under study. Thus, qualitative research emphasizes describing phenomena of the research. In this case the culture expression phenomena arise in common, especially in term translating culturally bound expression.
Then, Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009: 167) describe that the purposes of qualitative research are more descriptive than predictive. It has aim to describe the research clearly according to the final result of the study. There is no prediction at all in the describing research since the early collecting data, processing the data, until the result of the data.
B. Data and Sources of Data
The sources of the data are the original and the translated texts of Umar
in the Para Priyayi and their translation in Javanese Gentry. The data are in the form of words and phrases which represent culturally-bound expressions.
C. Instruments of Research
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Table 5. Table of the Data Analysis
C
ode
Source Expression
Translation Techniques
Meaning Equivalence
Target Expression Foreignization Domestication Eq Non Eq
Amp Bor Cai Des Lit Tra Ada Com Dis Est Gen LiA LiC Lit Par Red Sub Tra Var Fe Pe Dm Nm
01/
PP
.01
/JG.01
Celana kolor komprang hitam dari kain kastup…
There are familiar black short
Code : Domestication:
Code 1 : 01/PP01/JG01 Ada : Adaptation
01 : number of data Com : Compensation
PP01 : Para Priyayi page 1 Dis :Discursive Creation Meaning Equivalence:
JG01: Javanese Gentry page 1 Est : Establish Equivalent Eq : Equal Meaning
Gen : Generalization Fe : Fully Equivalent
Foreignization : LiA : Lingustic Amplification Pe : Partly Equal
Bor : Borrowing LiC : Lingustic Compression Non Eq : Non Equal
Cal : Calque Lit : Literal Translation Dm: Different Meaning
Des : Description Par : Particularization Nm : No meaning
Lit : Literal Translation Red : Reduction
Tra : Transposition Tra : Transposition
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D. Techniques of Data Collection
In collecting the data, the researcher conducted deep observation and applied some steps to collect the data. These are the following steps.
1. The sources of the data were observed by reading the original and the translated version of the novel carefully for several times.
2. The data from the original version and translated version were noted carefully.
3. The data gathered were sorted in the suitable categories.
E. Techniques of Data Analysis
In the analyzing of the data the researcher seizes on several steps described as follows.
1. Collecting of the data
In this research, the researcher read carefully and wrote down the data which are found in the two data sources, Para Priyayi and Javanese Gentry. The researcher only collected the data which relates with culturally-bound expressions.
2. Categorizing and Classifying of the data
3. Analysing of the data
In this step, the data counted carefully to make sure that all the data have examined. The researcher also rechecked the data whether it is already proper to the certain category or not. In this step, the researcher used deep analysis concerning on representation of the culturally-bound expressions looked up by adopting techniques and meaning equivalent.
4. Reporting of the findings
The last step was reporting the findings and the discussions of the findings.
F. Trustworthiness of Data
According to Given (2008: 896), the concept of trustworthiness is important in qualitative research, because it provides the researcher with a set of tools or parameters by which they can illustrate the worth of his/her research. Trustworthiness also offers the ensuring quality of the data finding. The technique which enriches trustworthiness is triangulation. Denzin (in Given, 2008 : 892) also mentions four types of triangulation that are triangulation in methods of data collection, investigator, theory, data sources. This research uses only two of four triangulation methods types. They are investigator triangulation and triangulation of data sources.
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were student from English Literature. Their contributions validated the credibility of the data.
43 CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
A. Findings
This research discovers 288 culturally-bound expressions in the source novel. The findings are served by using tables as the research problems formulated.
1. Foreignization and Domestication of the Culturally-Bound Expressions
This research finds that there are several techniques proposed by Molina and Albir were used by the translator to translate culturally-bound expressions in Javanese Gentry translated novel from the original text of Para Priyayi novel. There are only eight techniques found in this research, they are amplification, borrowing, description, literal translation, adaptation, generalization, reduction, and discursive creation.
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Table 6. Foreignization and Domestication of the Culturally-Bound Expressions
Translation Techniques Frequency Percentage
Foreignization
Amplification 34 11.80%
Borrowing 44 15.28%
Description 105 36.47%
Literal Translation 1 0.34%
Total Foreignization 63.84%
Domestication
Adaptation 60 20.84%
Generalization 33 11.45%
Reduction 7 2.43%
Discursive Creation 4 1.39%
Total Domestication 36.16%
Total 288 100%
The table shows that the most frequently used technique is description with 105 data (36.47%), followed by adaptation with 60 data (20.84%), borrowing with 44 data (15.28%), amplification with 34 data (11.80%), generalization with 33 data (11.45%), reduction with 7 data (2.43%), discursive creation with 4 data (1.39%), and the last one is literal translation with one datum (0.34%).
2. Degree of Meaning Equivalence of the Translation of the Culturally-Bound Expressions
Transferring meaning or message from source text into target text is the most important part in translation. The essence of the message is the key for the target reader to understand that. Thus, this study finds that the translator successfully translates the culturally-bound expressions from the source text of Para Priyayi Novel into Javanese Gentry translated novel.
Table 7. Degree of Meaning Equivalence
No Degree of Meaning Frequency Percentage
1
Equivalent Meaning
Fully Equivalent Meaning 197 68.41%
Partly Equivalent Meaning 67 23.26%
2
Non Equivalent Meaning
Different Meaning 18 6.25%
No Meaning 6 2.08%
Total 288 100%
46 reached by the description technique (81 data). Besides the description technique, borrowing technique also tends to be fully equivalent meaning. It can be seen that from 44 data, the 43 data belong to fully equivalent meaning.
meaning. The techniques which lead to be partly equivalent meaning are description, generalization, and adaptation. There are 23 data from description technique, 23 data from generalization technique, and 15 data from adaptation technique.
Different meaning is noted as the third rank from the meaning categories. There are 18 noted as the different meaning. The adaptation technique contributes as the common technique which leads to be different meaning (10 data). It is followed by generalization technique (7 data) and description technique (1 data). No meaning is noted as the lowest rank. There are only 6 data noted as the no meaning. It is composed by 5 data from reduction technique and one datum from generalization technique.
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B. Discussion
1. Foreignization and Domestication of the Culturally-Bound Expressions
a. Foreignization
Foreignization is way which translator chooses to keep source language culture essence. In this study, the techniques which are closely related to be foreignization are amplification, borrowing, description and literal translation.
1) Amplification
In this study there are 34 or 11.80% data found as an amplification technique. Amplification is applied to inform details the source expression. The example can be seen below.
SL : Yang masih Nampak gagah dan kokoh adalah pendopo kabupaten dan alun-alun.
TL: This is the old pendopo, the open sided audience hall where regents used
to meet the kabupaten’s assembled dignitaries.
(05/PP.02/JG.03)
―Pendopo Kabupaten” is a certain old type of building in Javanese culture.
the translated expression between keeps to provide the word ―pendopo” and gives it extra information based on the condition and function itself. The meaning is translated clearly through the addition of that information which causes the target readers have to learn new thing. It means that the translator successfully uses amplification technique. Other case relating to amplification is can be seen below.
SL : Hanya bertahun-tahun kemudian waktu Pakde itu terdengar kabarnya menjadi bas ketoprak keliling.
TL : We heard that he had become the manager, the bas, of just such traveling troupe dealing in old sagas and pseudo-history.
(29/PP.06/JG.09)
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SL : Saya pergi merantau jauh sekali.
TL : He had gone on a rantau, gone aboard somewhere distant to seek his fortune.
(37/PP.11/JG.16)
“Merantau” is a term for going abroad for seeking the better condition for future life. The reason the translator choose amplification is to make it clear to target readers what ―merantau” means. The translator in this case gives the extra information after certain word. It means that the translator tries to preserve SL culture.
2) Borrowing
This technique is worked by directly borrow the expression from the source expression and rewrite that expression into target expression. In this study there are 44 or 15.28% data found as borrowing technique. The example can be seen below.
SL : Makan kacang dan minum wedang cemoe.
TL : Eat peanuts, sip glasses of wedang cemoe.
(18/PP.04/JG.06)
borrowing technique because there is no equal word in target readers‘ scope, so the target readers are forced to know the terminology of ―wedang cemoe‖. Other example can be seen below.
SL : …karena tidak dipilih untuk ikut panembromo.
TL : …because she had not been chosen for the panembromo.
(69/PP.23/JG.31)
The word of ―panembromo” from the SL is directly borrowed by the translator into TL. According to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, “panembromo adalah nyanyian penghormatan untuk menyambut kedatangan tamu agung”. The translator chooses to keep the source language because there is no equal word has same meaning or essence to replace in the target language. Other example of borrowing can be seen below.
SL : ..., suasana persiapan bala tentara Nyai Roro Kidul akan berbaris mengiringi dia,
TL : …that this was how sky looked when Nyai Roro Kidul stood with the ranks
of an army around her.
(51/PP.16/JG.22)
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The translator keeps the expression ―Nyai Roro Kidul” by directly borrows that
name.
3) Description
Description is applied by replacing a term or expression with a description of its form or/and function. This study found 105 or 36.47% data regarded as description. This number also consider as the highest number of the use of the technique. The example can be seen below.
SL : Padat dan gempi serta gurih
TL : Solid, yet crumbling in the mouth, deliciously oily and salty at the same time
(39.PP.11/JG.16)
SL : Bila itu disejajarkan dengan rumah kami yang dari gedek.
TL : No such great and grand structure could be a second home the likes of us, whose real home in Wanalawas was a mean thing made of panels of plaited bamboo.
(46/PP.14/JG.20)
According to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, “gedek” is plaited of the small bamboo sheet for the wall. In this datum, the translator explains what actually ―gedek” means directly to the foreign reader. The long explanation about ―gedek” itself has same sense into TL. This technique is used by the translator to
make the foreign readers do not get confusion about what the meaning of ―gedek”. Other example can be seen below.
SL: … dan malam-malam pasti saya akan sering mendengar ceritera dan dongeng mereka dan pasti juga mereka akan mengajari saya nembang dan uro-uro,
TL : ..., and at night I might listen to their gossip and the old legends; and surely they would teach me out Javanese poetry, chanted to the beat of gong, and to sing those marvelous old ballads.
(52/PP.17/JG.24)
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target readers. It gives the easiness to target readers to understand it even if it sounds new to them.
4)Literal Translation
Literal translation is a technique of translation in which the translator directly translates SL into TL word for word. There is one (0.34 %) datum found in this research. The example can be seen below.
SL : ... berkumpul di ruang samping rumah untuk mengepung slametan yang hanya terdiri dari bubur beras putih dan bubur beras merah (karena di masak dengan gula merah).
TL : The fare of this small feast—two kind of porridge, of white rice and so called ―red‖ rice – visibly signified that apparently superficial but important
transition.
(74/PP.21/JG.29)
