GREG MORTENSON’S MOTIVATION IN BUILDING SCHOOLS IN NORTHERN PAKISTAN AS SEEN IN GREG MORTENSON’S
AND DAVID OLIVER RELIN’S THREE CUPS OF TEA
A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan degree
in English Language Education
By
Cornelia Agnes Dewi Larasati Student Number: 051214067
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
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GREG MORTENSON’S MOTIVATION IN BUILDING SCHOOLS IN NORTHERN PAKISTAN AS SEEN IN GREG MORTENSON’S
AND DAVID OLIVER RELIN’S THREE CUPS OF TEA
A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan degree
in English Language Education
By
Cornelia Agnes Dewi Larasati Student Number: 051214067
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, May 7, 2010 The Writer,
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Cornelia Agnes Dewi Larasati
Nomor Mahasiswa : 051214067
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
GREG MORTENSON’S MOTIVATION IN BUILDING SCHOOLS IN NORTHERN PAKISTAN AS SEEN IN GREG MORTENSON’S AND
DAVID OLIVER RELIN’S THREE CUPS OF TEA
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikannya secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta, Pada Tanggal: 25 Juni 2010 Yang Menyatakan,
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YOU WILL NEVER WALK ALONE
When you walk through a storm, Hold your head up high,
And don’t be afraid of the dark, At the end of a storm,
There’s a golden sky,
And the sweet silver song of a lark,
Walk on through the wind, Walk on through the rain, Though your dreams be tossed and blown…
Walk on, walk on, with hope in your heart, And you’ll never walk alone…
You’ll never walk alone.
(By: Oscar Hammerstein II)
This Thesis is dedicated with love and gratitude to:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my deepest praise and gratitude to Jesus Christ and Mother Mary who always bless, love, and guide me so that I can finish my thesis.
My deepest gratitude goes to Mrs. Henny Herawati S.Pd., M. Hum. for her patience to guide and to give beneficial suggestions. I thank her for her support and encouragement so that I can accomplish my thesis. I would also thank all PBI lecturers for guiding and sharing their knowledge during my study in Sanata Dharma University. I also thank PBI secretary for being helpful and I thank the library staffs for their help in the process of writing this thesis.
My sincere gratitude goes to my beloved parents, Cornelius Suharmo S.H. and Cicilia Suhartini, I deeply thank them for their prayer, encouragement, and support. I also thank my big family Stephanus Purwohudoyo, Bulek Watik, Bulek Dyah, Om Martin, and all my big family for giving support and encouragement.
I would like to express my gratitude for Jantri Mandiri and his family who always support and love me. I would also thank my best friends: Lia, Metta, Retno, Lusi, Yayas, for the bad time and good time that we shared. I thank them for giving me support in facing problems and encouraging me in finishing this thesis. I also thank all my KKN friends: Aan, Silvi, Sarah, Lesti, Inus, Sindu, Ike for their help and for sharing happiness, laughter and madness.
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prayers. I would like to thank everyone who has given me support, encouragement, and prayers. May the best come to us.
ix LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS………... A. Background of the study ………...
B. Problem Formulation ………
C. Objectives of the study ………...
D. Benefits of the study ……….
E. Definitions of Terms ………
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CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY………
A. Object of the Study ………..
B. Approach of the Study………...………
C. Method of the Study..………
CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS……….. .…………. A. Greg Mortenson’s Character in the Novel……….
1. Caring……….
B. Greg Mortenson’s Motivation in Building Schools in Northern Pakistan.... 1. Greg Mortenson’s Intrinsic Motivation……….. 2. Greg Mortenson;s Approach Motivation………. 3. Greg Mortenson’s Achievement Motivation……… 4. Greg Mortenson’s Affiliation Motivation………
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ………..
A. Conclusions ………..
B. Suggestions ………...
1. Suggestion for future Researchers………... 2. Suggestion for English Teachers……….
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LIST OF APPENDICES
A. Summary of Three Cups of Tea………... B. Biography of Greg Mortenson………. C. Biography of David Oliver Relin………. D. Lesson plan for Teaching Intensive Reading 2……… E. Materials of Intensive Reading 2……….
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ABSTRACT
Larasati, Cornelia Agnes D. L. 2010. Greg Mortenson’s Motivation in Building Schools in Northern Pakistan as Seen in Greg Mortenson’s and David Oliver Relin’s Three Cups of Tea. Yogyakarta: Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Department of Language and Arts Education, English Language Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
This study analyzed the novel Three Cups of Tea by Greg Mortenson and David Oliver Relin. The novel is about the motivation a mountaineer named Greg Mortenson in building schools in Northern Pakistan. Greg has a big motivation in building schools there.
There are two main problems to be discussed in this study: (1) How is Greg Mortenson characterized in the novel? (2) What are the motivations of Greg Mortenson in building schools in Northern Pakistan? Therefore, this thesis aims to describe Greg’s character in the novel and to reveal Greg’s motivatons in building schools in Northern Pakistan.
The method of this study was library research. The primary source was the novel entitled Three Cups of Tea. The secondary sources were books and articles on theory of Psychological Approach, theory of Character and Characterization, and theory of Motivation. Since this study focused on Greg Mortenson’s motivation, psychological approach was employed as the approach of this study.
Based on the analysis of the theory of character and characterization, the study concludes that Greg is classified as a major, dynamic, and round according to the theory of Character. While, based on the theory of Characterization analyzed through speech, reaction, thought, and seen by another, Greg is described as a caring, friendly, helpful, brave, hard working, and optimistic person. Then, this study concludes Greg’s motivations in building schools in Northern Pakistan. There are four motivations of Greg in building schools. The first is Greg’s intrinsic motivation. Greg’s intrinsic motivation can be seen through his deep concern of education in Korphe and other areas in Northern Pakistan. Besides, Greg builds the schools there in order to get his satisfaction in helping others. Second is Greg’s approach motivation. Greg has an approach motivation in building schools through his hard work in raising fund in building schools and he also maintains his mission to build schools there. Third is Greg’s achievement motivation. He makes improvements in building schools in Northern Pakistan. The last is Greg’s affiliation motivation. Greg builds a good relationship to everyone in Northern Pakistan in order to be able to build schools.
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ABSTRAK
Larasati, Cornelia Agnes D. L. 2010. Greg Mortenson’s Motivation in Building Schools in Northern Pakistan as Seen in Greg Mortenson’s and David Oliver Relin’s Three Cups of Tea. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini menganalisa novel Three Cups of Tea yang ditulis oleh Greg Mortenson dan David Oliver Relin. Novel ini mengisahkan tentang motivasi seorang pendaki gunung bernama Greg Mortenson dalam membangun sekolah-sekolah di daerah Pakistan bagian Utara. Greg mempunyai motivasi yang besar dalam membangun sekolah disana.
Terdapat dua masalah yang dibahas dalam skripsi ini. Masalah yang pertama adalah bagaimana karakter Greg Mortenson digambarkan dalam novel? Kedua, apa motivasi-motivasi Greg dalam membangun sekolah di Pakistan bagian Utara? Maka tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah untuk menggambarkan karakter Greg dalam novel dan untuk mengetahui motivasi-motivasi Greg dalam membangun sekolah-sekolah di Pakistan bagian Utara.
Metode dalam skripsi ini adalah penelitian perpustakaan. Sumber utama dalam skripsi ini adalah novel Three Cups of Tea. Sumber-sumber lain adalah buku dan artikel tentang teori Pendekatan Psikologi, teori Karakter dan Karakterisasi, dan teori Motivasi. Karena skripsi ini mengenai motivasi Greg maka pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan psikologi.
Berdasarkan analisis dari teori karakter dan karakterisasi ditarik kesimpulan bahwa menurut teori karakter Greg digolongkan sebagai karakter utama, dinamis, dan komplek. Sedangkan berdasarkan teori karakterisasi yang di analisasi melalui ucapan, reaksi, pikiran dan penglihatan dari karakter lain, Greg digambarkan sebagai seorang yang perhatian, ramah, suka menolong, berani, pekerja keras, dan optimis. Selanjutnya, skripsi ini menyimpulkan mengenai motivasi-motivasi Greg dalam membangun sekolah di Pakistan bagian Utara. Ada empat motivasi dari Greg dalam membangun sekolah. Yang pertama adalah motivasi intrinsik Greg. Motivasi Intrinsik Greg dilihat melalui rasa prihatinnya terhadap pendidikan di Korphe dan di daerah lain di Pakistan bagian Utara. Disamping hal tersebut, Greg membangun sekolah-sekolah disana untuk mendapatkan kepuasan dalam dirinya.Yang kedua adalah motivasi pendekatan Greg. Greg mempunyai motivasi pendekatan melalui kerja kerasnya dalam mengumpukan uang untuk membangun sekolah-sekolah disana. Yang ketiga adalah motivasi pencapaian Greg, dia membuat kemajuan dalam membangun sekolah-sekolah di Pakistan bagian Utara. Terakhir adalah motivasi affillasi Greg. Greg membangun hubungan yang baik terhadap semua orang di Pakistan bagian Utara.
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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of five parts; they are background of the study, problem formulation, objectives of the study, benefits of the study and definitions of terms. In the background of the study, the writer describes the main topic of the thesis and also presents the reason in choosing the topic. Problem formulation deals with two research problems in this thesis that would be figured out later in the following chapter. The objective of the study is to describe the aims of conducting this research. The benefit of the study identifies the benefit of this study for the readers and future researchers. Definition of terms, which is the last part of this chapter, clarifies some important terms that are used in this study to avoid misunderstanding.
A. Background of the Study
Reading is a means of gaining and enriching our knowledge in different areas of activity. Therefore, many people like reading especially literary works. Because these works give them many values which can enrich their knowledge and also make them have different perceptions of life. Michael Wagner states,
There are many literary works that are familiar to us such as novels, plays, poems and the works have their own interesting topic to be discussed. In this study, the writer decides to discuss a literary work in the form of Three Cups of Tea novel, which has a very interesting topic. This novel tells a story of a man’s struggle to build schools in Northern Pakistan. Since education is very important, it is fascinating to explore more about the role of education in our life. We need education as one of the critical tools to achieve our goals in our life. The result of a research published in an Institute Education journal states,
Education in broadest sense is any act or experience that has formative effect on the mind, character, or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense education is important as the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills and values from one generation to another. (http://www.wikipedia.education journal.com) By having good education, we can develop our skill, ability, and knowledge. Education is effective if people get it since they are young. However, we can see that not all children today can get good education they need. There are a lot of poor children who cannot get proper education because of various reasons, among others are the absence of educational facilities or family economic factor that unable them to afford good education. It sounds ironical when we know that children deserve to get education in their young age but they cannot get the education they really need.
They usually study in frosty ground without any teacher. A man named Greg Mortenson, who gets lost in Korphe when he fails to climb K2 summit, is very concerned about the education there. Therefore, he tries to solve that problem by setting a humanitarian mission by building some schools there.
Three cups of tea is a true story by Greg Mortenson. His story becomes an inspiration for many people. Many people believe that one man can change the world by his humanitarian mission in promoting peace through education. Greg Mortenson is a nurse who is also an avid mountaineer. He used to climb mountain since he was a kid. He was born in Minnesota, but when he was three months old, he followed his parents to move to the continent’s highest peak, Mount Kilimanjaro, Northern Tanzania.
In this novel, Greg Mortenson changes his occupation from nurse and mountaineer to be a humanitarian as a director in CAI(Central Asia Institute). Toward a tribute for his beloved sister Christa, Greg Mortenson, together with his friends, attempts to climb K2, the world’s second highest mountain, in the Karakoram range of Northern Pakistan. The difficult route in K2 makes him failed in attempting the mountain. After several days of getting lost, he comes across Korphe, a small and remote village built on shelf jutting out from a canyon.
study. At that time, Greg Mortenson’s motivation is getting bigger because of his promises to Haji Ali and the villagers in Korphe to return and to work on a solution to solve this problem. The writer thinks that Three cups of tea is interesting to analyze because it shows how Greg Mortenson struggles hard to realize his promise and also his motivation to accomplish his mission. Thus, this study focuses on it.
B. Problem Formulation
The research problems of the study are as follows: 1. How is Greg Mortenson characterized in this novel?
2. What are the motivations of Greg Mortenson in building schools in Northern Pakistan?
C. Objectives of the Study
There are two objectives in this study. The first objective is to describe Greg Mortenson’s personality as portrayed in Three Cups of Tea. The second objective reveals Greg’s motivation in building schools in Northern Pakistan. Those two objectives are related to each other. By understanding Greg’s character, I can define Greg’s motivation in building schools.
D. Benefit of the Study
I know more how Greg struggles to build schools in Northern Pakistan and also his motivation to realize his mission. By reading this thesis, the readers and the English Education students may understand how Greg Mortenson realizes his mission to build schools in Northern Pakistan. Therefore, they can also realize that education is important in our life. Besides, students of the English Department who want to analyze the same novel can use this study as a reference to have a different perspective of the novel.
E. Definition of Terms
There are some terms that are used in this study. Those terms need to be defined to avoid misunderstanding. First is Motivation. John Jung states that motivation refers to desires, wishes, plans, goals, intents, impulses, and purposes. It also refers to the causes or reasons that underline a given behavior (4). In this study, motivation refers to Greg Mortenson’s plans and goals in building schools in Northern Pakistan.
Third is Balti. According to the New Encyclopedia Britanica, Balti is Muslim people, the principal inhabitants of Baltistan in Ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir state, in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. Their language, also called Balti, is a Western Tibetan language of the Sino-Tibetan family. In this study, Balti refers to the people who live in Korphe village and the other North Pakistan civilians.
7 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter is divided into two parts. They are review of related theories and theoretical framework. In review of related theories, I present theory of critical approaches, theory of characters and characterization, and theory of motivation. In the theory of motivation, there are definition of motivation, kinds of motivation and human motive. In the theoretical framework, I explain the functions of the theories in analyzing the problems in this study.
A. Review of Related Theories
In review of related theories I discuss the theory of critical approach, theory of character and characterization, and theory of motivation. The further discussions of those theories are as follows.
1. Theory of Critical Approaches
Sociocultural-historical approach is used to understand a literary work by investigating the social, cultural, and intellectual. It focuses on the cultural, economic, and political values contained in that literary work. Mythopoetic approach deals with the ancient myth and folks rites to understand the literary works. Psychological approach emphasizes the literary work by reflecting on the life as a representation of human motivation and behavior. It uses psychological criticism, such as human motivation, human personality, and human development.
2. Theory of Character and Characterization
In comprehending the literary works such as novels, readers may have their own understanding of the story in the novel. The story has the elements which help readers to understand the idea in the story, they are, plot, characters, dialogue, time and place. In this part, I explain the theory character and characterization in order to get a better understanding of the character in the novel.
Graham Little proposes that character is a very important feature of the narrative forms of literature (89). He also states the importance of relationships between characters, and depth of portrayal of character. According to his opinion, characters have different ideas about another character, or false ideas about themselves.
conflict in the story, it is not always human but it can be the situation and condition that creates conflict.
Perrine divides character into two kinds, static and dynamic character (71). Static character is a character who does not undergo the process of change development as a result of the things that happen to him. Perrine also states, “Dynamic character undergoes an important, basic, and permanent change in his character, personality, or perspective” (71). Dynamic character is understood as character who changes when things happen to him (Holman and Harmon 83).
According to Milligan, there are two kinds of character, namely major and secondary characters. Major characters are those who appear more often in the story than the other characters, while secondary characters are those who appear less in the story (Milligan 195).
Different from Milligan, Rohrberger and Woods distinguish two types of character, namely flat and round characters. Flat characters construct a single idea or quality and usually can be summed up in a single sentence. Round characters are artistically speaking and have a higher achievement. There is always a surprise element in round character and the action is clear to reader because that action is quite suited. (Laar and Sshoonderwoerd 170-171).
characters are introduced from beginning until the end of the story in a stable description.
Otherwise, contrast to flat character, round character is many sided. He has complexity in temperament and motivation. This complexity is shaped by the character’s environment (Forster 48). Round characters are usually fully developed by the author, and when it is skillfully written then round character will be more memorable. There are two ways in describing round character. The first one is in the portrayal or using dramatic method. The author only presents the character talking and acting and lets the reader to conclude what motives and nature lie beyond what they say and do. The second way is in letting or using direct comment. In this way, the author gets strongly involved in order to describe, and often evaluate, the nature of dispositional qualities of the character (Abrams 21-22).
According to Rohrberger and Woods, there are two kinds of characterization, namely Direct and Dramatic means. Direct means is used to describe the physical appearance of the characters. Whereas, Dramatic means characters are portrayed in a situation to show what they are by the way they behave or speak.
characters’ appearance and clothes, what the character like and what the social class they are. Second, characters as seen by another, the reader learns about the character from another speech, therefore the reader can get a reflected image. Third, speech describes the character by presenting clues through conversation, through opinions or what the person says. Fourth, past life lets the reader learn something about the person’s past life and recognizes the event happened to the certain character.
Fifth, conversation of others gives clues to a character through the conversations of other people and the things they say about the character. Sixth, reaction describes how the person reacts to various situations and events happen in the story. Seventh, direct comment means directly comments on a person’s character. Eight, thoughts give the reader direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. Ninth, mannerism describes a person mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies which tell more about the character.
3. Theory of Motivation
This part is about the theories of motivations which consist of the definition of motivations, the kinds of motivations, and human motive.
a. Definition of Motivation
behavior (30). Murray (7) states motivation is distinguished from the other factors that also influence behavior, such as the past experience of a person, the physical capabilities, and the environmental situation in which a person finds himself. Motivation is seen as a process that leads to the forming of behavioral intentions. Therefore, if someone has an achievement then a big motivation will lead him to accomplish his goal.
Some motivation theories emphasize that the basic motive of all humans is to become as personally fulfilled as we can. Every human has socially motivated, it deals their interaction with others, and this interaction both generates and directs behavior, (Petri 4).
John Jung states that motivation includes terms such as desires, wishes, plans, goals, intents, impulse, and purposes (4). When we discuss about motives, it refers to the causes or reasons that underline a given behavior. He also states,
The concept of motivation also implies that energy is involved to activate the individual to a level that enables the performance of the appropriate behavior. Furthermore, motivation is assumed to be selective or directional. The same amount of motivation does not active all responses tendencies equally, but rather it energizes the behavior relevant to the situation the individual is in at the moment. (5)
According to Franken, when we are talking about motivation it assumes that there is a cause in every behavior (3). Many researches believe that we cannot think about motivation without considering emotion and we cannot think about emotion without considering motivation (Frijda and Lazaruz 238).
Early theorist conceptualized motivation in terms of needs and drives, while in achieving the goal, emotions also give contribution. When we have positive emotions such as optimism, we can succeed in achieving our goals. In this case, emotion means a result of an interaction between subjective factors, environmental factors and neural hormonal process.
Kleinginna states, “Emotions give rise to affective experiences, stimulate to individual to generate cognitive explanation, triggers a variety of internal adjustment, and elicit expressive, goal-directed, and adaptive behavior (241)”. Atkinson and Hilgard state, “motivation refers to the factors that energizes and direct behavior it means that in motivation energizes someone to do something” (314).
Other researchers, Human, Vernoy and Vernoy (392) say that motivation refers to factors of an individual such as needs, desires, and interests which activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward his goals. They also add the key why an individual has motivation to do something is because he or she has achievement motivation. Achievement motivation is the need for success for doing better than others, and for mastering challenging tasks, the desire to excel, especially with others (399).
Psychologist, Bootzin et.al. state, “motivation as the “corresponding process” ,
From the definitions above, it can be concluded that motivation is the basic motive such as needs, desires, and interests which lead people to have certain behavior in doing some purposes that are used to reach some goals.
b. Kind of Motivations
Psychologists distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, approach motivation and avoidant motivation. Though, I only present intrinsic motivation and approach causes as the appropriate theories in this study.
According to Hufmann, Vernoy and Vernoy (401) Intrinsic motivation refers to a desire of someone to show an action for their own sake. It means that intrinsic motivation comes from someone’s enjoyment or pleasure. In intrinsic motivation there is not a real reward such as, money, certificate or status for someone’s work but the reward is from his heart, his satisfaction in doing something well.
It can be summarized that someone who has intrinsic motivation, he or she is doing something because he or she is motivated by their internal factors (such as, they fun to do it or they believe it is good and right things to do).
explains that “the distinction between approach and avoidant motivation is based on the idea that feelings are an important determinant of behavior”. It indicates that one’s feeling can determine what they will do or their behavior. According to Higgins in Franken’s (8) someone who has an approach motivation need to understand the role of self-focus in helping humans to achieve goals.
In summary, approach motivation is someone who is motivated to do something because of his or her desire, want, or need. They will try hard using any opportunities and will spend more time in order to accomplish their goals. Besides, they also need to be aware of their self-focus in achieving the goals.
c. Human Motives
David C. McClelland (224) states the Important Motive System, including achievement motive, power motive, affiliative motive and avoidance motive. However, I only discuss achievement motive, power motive, and affiliative motive since these three motives are appropriate to this research.
Firstly is achievement motivation. David C. McClelland (227) emphasizes, “Rewarding the achievement motive is doing something better” is the natural incentive for the achievement motive. It now is time to become more precise, for people can do better for all sorts of reasons – to please the teacher, to avoid criticism, to gain the approval of a loved one, or simply to get some time off from work. What should be involved in the achievement motive is doing something better for its own sake, for the intrinsic satisfaction of doing something better.
who have high achievement are attracted primarily to the situations where they are possible to make an improvement.
Murray in Karen, Vernoy and Vernoy’s Psychology in Action (399) identified “achievement motivation as the need for success, for doing better than others, and for mastering challenging tasks”. Murray also states the Illustrative of Needs in David C. McClelland Human Motivation (46); he defines the Achievement motives as follows.
To accomplish something difficult. To master, manipulate, or organize physical objects, human beings, or ideas. To do this as rapidly and as independently as possible. To overcome obstacles and attain a high standard. To excel oneself. To rival and surpass others. To increase self-regard by the successful exercise of talent. (McClelland 46).
In Beck’s Motivation (317), Murray defines “need for achievement as a desire or tendency ‘to overcome obstacles, to exercise power, to strive to do something difficult as well and as quickly as possible’. Therefore, it can be emphasized that achievement motive is a motive to master challenging task, to accomplish something and to do better improvement, to get greater output, to strive to do something rapidly and independently.
but also hating or confronting someone. The definition above indicates that affiliation motive has relation with relationships among others. We do need other people in our live because it is believed that everyone cannot live by his or her own. According to Illustrative List of Murray’s Need, affiliation is:
To draw near and enjoyable cooperate or reciprocate with an allied other (an other who resembles the subject or who likes the subject). To please and win affection of a cathected object. To adhere and remain loyal to a friend. (McClelland 46).
The affiliative motives are concern of being with another. It takes pleasure, get closer, sharing with others and loving. To be with other people we can corporate each other to accomplish our goals.
In summary, affiliative motive means person who has to be friendly to make a good relationships and he is expected to have good interaction with other people in order to accomplish his goals.
B. Theoretical Framework
Second, theory of character and characterizations are included in order to answer the first research problem in this study. By Milligan, Abrams and Forster, and Murphy’s theory on character and characterization, I will focus on the information of the major characters that can be found in the novel through personal description as seen by other, speech, past life, reactions, conversation with others, direct comment, thoughts, and mannerism.
19 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter consists of three parts, namely, object of the study, approach of the study, and method of the study. In object of the study, the writer explains what the novel is generally about. Approach of the study discusses the approach that is used to analyze this novel. This part includes description of the approach, reason of selecting the approach, and the application of the approach related to this study. The Method of the study explains the method that the writer applies in conducting this study.
A. Object of the Study
The novel that is analyzed in this study is Three Cups of Tea by Greg Mortenson and David Oliver Relin. The novel was published in the United States of America by Viking Penguin, a member of Penguin Group in 2006. This novel consists of 339 pages and is divided into 23 chapters.
This novel is based on a true story of Greg Mortenson who struggles to promote peace through education by building some schools in Northern Pakistan. The novel talks about Mortenson’s failure to achieve the Peak of K2 to show his honor towards his sister Christa. This failure leads him to find new objective in his life that he successfully accomplishes.
Greg to climb mountain since Greg was young. He is the only son in his family; he has three older sisters and one little sister. His little sister, Christa is profoundly different from the rest of the family and it makes Greg love her little sister much. She had an epileptic when she was three years old and she struggled hard to survive from her illness. Unfortunately, in her twenty-third birthday, she passed away.
After her sister died, Greg, who at that time is a nurse, plans to have an expedition to climb K2, the second highest mountain in the world. He wants to climb K2 in order to pay tributes to his sister memory. However, after more than 70 days of climbing, he fails reaching the summit of K2 and he gets lost and finally ends up in Korphe, a small and remote village. In Korphe, Greg is treated humbly by the head of the village, Haji Ali, and also the villagers until he gets well.
Greg decides to do something to Korphe village to repay their kindness to him. He wants to build a school in Korphe because he feels sad seeing eighty-two children, seventy-eight boys and four girls who sit in the frosty ground, studying together. The children in Korphe are very enthusiastic to study even though there is no teacher and school. Appalled and moved by such a pitiful sight, Mortenson makes a promise to return to Korphe and to build a school after he gets back to his country, the USA.
from celebrities. He types as many as 580 letters to celebrities, including Oprah Winfrey. Sadly, his effort only gives him one check from Tom Brokaw, his senior in South Dakota University. Finally, he gets frustrated because he only gathers about US $3,000. To collect more money, he desperately sells whatever few possessions he has, including his car, his climbing gear, and cleans out his savings account.
Seeing the situation, Greg’s mother, a principal of the West Side Elementary School, shows her willingness to help him. She tells her students about how Pakistan children cannot have good education as they have, and then the student have spontaneous idea to spend their pennies. In six weeks, the school children have surprisingly raised 62,345 pennies in order to make a contribution to Greg mission. Greg also gets other help from Dr. Jean Hoerni, a climber and a scientist who donates twelve thousand dollars in order to help Greg builds school in Korphe. He also establishes Central Asia Institute to continue Greg’s mission to build schools in other Northern Pakistan areas.
Greg has a big motivation to realize his promise and his mission; he also changes his occupation to be a humanitarian. He keeps struggling in raising the money that he needs and he also makes improvements in doing his job as the director of Central Asia Institute.
B. Approach of the Study
realizing his mission, psychological approach is employed in analyzing this novel. Psychological approach is an approach which is used to analyze the behavior and personality of the character. Furthermore, the character and motivation of Greg can be identified through this approach.
C. Method of the Study
This study is a library study. Library study is chosen with consideration that the analysis need a lot of references to support the discussion. The primary data which is used in this study is the novel, Three Cups of Tea. However, there are some secondary data which are also important to support the writer in analyzing the research problems; they are books and articles on theory of critical approach, theory of character and characterization and theory of motivation.
23 CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This chapter presents the analysis of this study. There are two research problems, first is how Greg Mortenson is characterized in this novel and second is what are Greg Mortenson’s motivations in building schools in Northern Pakistan. This chapter consists of two parts. The first part describes Greg Mortenson’s personality based on the novel. The second part explains the motivations which encourage Greg Mortenson in building schools in Northern Pakistan.
A. Greg Mortenson’s Character in the Novel
This part describes Greg Mortenson’s personality in the novel. I use the theory of characters and characterizations to describe Greg Mortenson. First, Greg Mortenson’s character will be analyzed using Murphy’s theory of characterization (161-173). Based on the story, Greg Mortenson is classified as a protagonist, round and dynamic character.
Perrine divides two kinds of characters, namely static and dynamic character (71). Static character is understood as a character who does not undergo the process of development changes as a result of the things that happen to him. Dynamic character is stated as character who changes when things happen to him (Holperson and Harmon 83). Perrine adds, “Dynamic character undergoes an important, basic, and personal change in his character, personality, or perspective” (71).
Greg Mortenson can be classified into a dynamic character. In the beginning, he is described as a mountaineer who works as a nurse. In 1993, he conducts an expedition to climb K2, but he fails. He can not summit the K2. Greg Mortenson comes to Korphe village, after several days of getting lost. In Korphe, Greg Mortenson changes his mind and decides that he will not continue his climbing. Greg Mortenson wants to do something in Korphe village, the place where he is treated by the villagers until he recovered.
Greg Mortenson starts thinking about how to repay their kindness. One day, he saw eighty-two children in Korphe studying together on the frosty ground because they had no school there. Seeing the high motivation of Korphe children to study, Greg Mortenson tells the chief of Korphe village, Haji Ali, to build a school for them. It is clear that he changes his motive, he does not think about how to reach the K2 summit but he is thinking about how to help Korphe village.
speaking and have a higher achievement (Rohrberger and Woods 170). In round characters, there is always the element of surprise. Greg Mortenson can be classified into a round character because he has a higher achievement. He struggles hard to accomplish his mission to build schools in Northern Pakistan. Afterward, he finally can build the schools in Northern Pakistan and until now his mission is working supported by CAI (Central Asia Institute).
I also involve the theories of Characterizations. Based on the theory of characterizations, Greg Mortenson’s personality can be explained as follow. 1. Caring
The readers can get the clue of the character of the story in the novel through what the person says (Murphy 164). The way of that characterization is called speech. In the novel, Greg Mortenson has a little sister named Christa who is different from the other three older sisters. Greg says, “Christa remained small and delicate-boned, and by the time she started school, it was apparent she differed profoundly from the rest of her family” (37). Greg Mortenson gives more attention to Christa and he becomes a looming presence over anyone who would consider teasing his little sister.
neurophysiology at Indiana University, thinking idealistically that with some inspired work he might be able to find a cure for his sister” (43).
In April 1981, in Greg Mortenson’s second year study in Vermillion, Dempsey (Greg’s father) was diagnosed with cancer (42). Greg tries hard to personage his time, he endures to drive for six hours from Vermillion to Minnesota on the weekend to spend his time with his father. Greg learns of his father illness that his father’s cancer already spread to the lymph nodes and liver. Greg knows that he will lose his father quickly. Therefore, he asks the doctor to discontinue the radiation, because he wants to have a chance to enjoy his little time with his father. Moreover, he decides to drop out of school and to take care of his father full time.
We know that Greg Mortenson is a good son; he takes a great care of his father until his father passes away. The last time Greg Mortenson visits his father, Greg Mortenson says,
I had a test in the next morning and didn’t want to arrive home in the middle of the night, but I couldn’t leave him. He wasn’t very comfortable with affection, but he kept his hand on my shoulders the whole time I was there. Finally, I got up to leave and he said, ‘It’s all done. It’s all ofay. Everything’s taken care of’ (42).
The people of Korphe had a hard life, but they also lived with a rare kind of purity. I knew the bridge would help them get to a hospital in hours instead of days, and would make it easier to sell their crops. But I couldn’t help worrying about what the outside world, coming in over the bridge, would do to Korphe (112).
Greg Mortenson’s story above shows small and isolated village Korphe is. Greg knows a bridge will be very useful for Korphe villagers to make them easier in having relation or communication with the people outside the village.
Greg Mortenson also shows his care by distributing his possessions to Korphe’s villagers who are lack of tools in order to hold up their daily life.
Greg Mortenson began distributing all he had. Small useful items like Nalgene bottles and flashlights were precious to the Balti, who trekked long distance to graze their animals in summer, and he handed them out to the members of Haji Ali’s extended family. To Sakina, he gave his camping stove, capable of burning the kerosene found in Balti village (30). Furthermore, since Greg Mortenson is a nurse, he carries his medical kit into Korphe. He spends longer hours to climb the steep paths among Korphe’s houses. He cares of Korphe’s villagers by doing something he can to beat back the avalanche of need. Using tubes of antibiotic ointment Greg Mortenson treats open sores and lances and drains infected wounds. He also sets broken bones and does what he could with painkillers and antibiotics (31).
I am going to build you a school, he said, not yet realizing that with those words, the path of his life had just detoured down another trail, a route far more serpentine and ardous than the wrong turns he’d taken since treating from K2. I will build a school, Mortenson said, I promise (33).
The evidences above show that Greg Mortenson is a caring person. He cares to his family and Korphe villagers. Greg Mortenson does not only think about himself but also thinks about others. He always gives his attention to people who need his care and affection.
2. Friendly
As a foreigner in Northern Pakistan, Greg Mortenson can be described as a friendly person. His friendliness can be analyzed through his reactions. The author gives us a clue to a person’s character by making us know how the person reacts to various situations and events (Murphy 168). That Greg Mortenson is friendly is showed from his reaction. When Greg Mortenson arrives in Kuardu, Changazi’s home village, he sees a dozen of young children staring at him. Then, Greg Mortenson walks toward the children and he says,
“What are you?” the boy said shyly, extending his hand for mortenson to shake. The boys hand disappeared in Mortenson’s grasp. “I am Greg. I am good, he said. “I am Greg. I am good,” all of the children repeated as one. “No, I am Greg. What is your name?” he tried again.
“No, I am Greg. What is your name,” the children repeated, giggling. Mortenson switched to Balti. “Min takpo Greg. Nga America in.” (“My name is Greg. I come from America.”) “Kiri min takpo in?” (“What is your name?”)
Greg Mortenson’s shows his friendliness by greeting the children in Kuardu village. He wishes that he could have a good relation to everyone in Pakistan. Therefore, he learns Balti, a language which is usually used in Northern Pakistan.
For the second times Greg Mortenson arrives in Korphe village, he arranges to build the school as soon as possible so that the children have a place to study. He gets the place where the school will be built, but there is no building. Soon he wants to meet Haji Ali to discuss about the school which has not been built. On his way return to Haji Ali’s home, Greg Mortenson meets some villagers.
When he takes a little walk back to Haji Ali’s home, through a corridor of wheat sheaves waiting to be threshed, Mortensonn stopped every few yards to greet villagers who dropped their loads to welcome him back. Women, returning from the fields, bent forward to pour stalks of wheat out from the baskets they wore on their backs, before returning to harvest another load with scythes (139).
Even though Greg feels disappointed to Haji Ali because the school has not been built, he still greets the villagers. It showed that Greg Mortenson is friendly.
In climbing K2 summit, Greg has a porter named Mouzafer. Mouzafer helps Greg to find the route to K2. After a few years they do not meet each other, he finds Mouzafer in Korphe. Greg says,
“Yong china yot?” Mortenson said, concerned, offering the traditional Balti greeting. “How are you?”
“I was fine that day, all thanks to Allah,” Mouzafer says, speaking a decade later, in the soft cadences of an old person going deaf. “Just a little tired” (147).
3. Helpful
Greg Mortenson’s helpfulness can be seen from Murphy’s theory of characterization, character as seen by another (Murphy 162). Greg Mortenson is helpful, it is showed when he is in Korphe village. In Korphe, he starts helping people by building schools, taking care of the villagers who are sick and so on.
“My grandmother was very shocked when Doctor Greg went into her kitchen,” Jahan says. “But she already thought of him as her own child, so she accepted it. Soon, her ideas changed, and she began to tease my grandfather that he should learn how to be more helpful like his American son” (113).
Sakina, Jahan’s Grandmother is shocked knowing Greg Mortenson comes to her kitchen and helps her. However, she is happy and she asks her husband to learn from Greg to be more helpful.
Greg Mortenson is asked by Haji Ali to do something during the school building process. Haji Ali feels that during the building process, Greg Mortenson makes the men who work accomplishing the school building crazy of him. And his helpfulness is showed when he has a conversation with Haji Ali. It is analyzed by using Murphy theory, which is from Greg Mortenson’s conversation to other.
Haji Ali reached up and laid his hand on Mortenson’s shoulder. “These mountains have been here a long time,” he said. “And so have we.” He reached for his brown lambswool topi, the only symbol of authority Korphe’s nurmadhar ever wore, and centered it on his silver hair. “You can’t tell the mountains what to do.” He said, with an air of gravity that transfixed Mortenson as much as the view. “You must learn to listen to them. So now I am asking you to listen to me. By the mercy of Almighty Allah, you have done much for my people, and we appreciate it. But now you must do one more thing for me.”
“Anything,” Mortenson said.
“Sit down. And shut your mouth,” Haji Ali said. “You’re making everyone crazy.”
What Greg Mortenson said to Haji Ali is kind of his willingness to do what Haji Ali asks in order to help him. Besides, Greg Mortenson also helps the men in finishing the school building by doing what Haji Ali commands.
After finishing building a school in Korphe, Greg Mortenson plans to continue his works to build other schools in Northern Pakistan area. Therefore, he goes to another area but in his way, he is kidnapped by the Taliban members. When he is kidnapped, he has a little conversation to Khan, an emerging Taliban commander. “Greg Mortenson explained that he planned to build many more schools for Pakistan’s most neglected children, and he’d come to Waziristan to see if his service were wanted here” (170). From what he says, we know that Greg Mortenson has a big desire to help not only Korphe people, but he comes to another area which needs his help.
In 1998, Greg Mortenson visits the refugee camp in Peshawar. At that time, Taliban is conquered most of Afghanistan area. In the refugee camp he provides foods, shelter and he also educates hundred thousands of people. In such condition and situation, it is difficult for Greg Mortenson to construct the school. Therefore, he does other things to help them,
But at the Shamstoo Refugee Camp, southwest Peshawar, he organized eighty teachers, who held classes for four thousand Afghan students, and agreed to see that their salaries were paid as long as the refuges remained in Pakistan (208).
cannot help the people by himself, he will give his effort to help them, such as asking and arranging for someone else’s help.
With eye disease rampant in Northern Pakistan, Mortenson arranged for Dr. Geoff Tabin, an American cataract surgeon, to offer free surgery to sixty elderly patients in Skardu and Gilgit. And he sent Dr. Niaz Ali, the only eye doctor in Baltistan, to the renowned Tilanga Eya Hospital in Nepal for specialized training so he could perform the surgeries himself long after Dr. Tabin returned home to America (208).
After giving help to the people in the Northern Pakistan, Greg Mortenson has to go and return back (America-Pakistan). He returns to America to meet his family where he usually stays for a week in his hometown then comes back to Pakistan.
After his arrival in Islamabad, Greg Mortenson is picked up by Hussein, Apo and Faisal. They are still driving to get to Skardu. When they have arrived in Indus Hotel, Syed Abbas Risvi (the religious leader of Northern Pakistan’s Shia Muslims) meets Greg Mortenson and asks for Mortenson’s help. Syed Abbas tells him that the war is a disaster for the Gultori civilians. They have two thousands refugees in Skardu and the rest are hiding in caves.
After Greg listens to Syed Abbas explanation, he directly goes to the refugee camp in Skardu. There is a person named Mullah Guzar, who talks to Greg Mortenson about how his family really needs water. According to the condition, we can understand how Greg Mortenson is helpful by his speech, “We will help you bring the water for your families,” he promised (220). Greg Mortenson gives good response to Mullah Gulzar, he promises to help him and his family to bring water for them.
Afghanistan news. Under Taliban pressure, more than ten thousand Afghans, mostly women and children, become the victim. Women and children are starving and need shelters. Knowing the news about the Afghans, Greg Mortenson says,
“Since I started working in Pakistan, I haven’t slept much,” Mortenson says. “But that winter I hardly slept at all. I was up all night, pacing my basement, trying to find some way to help them”
Mortenson fired off letters to newspaper editors and members of Congress, trying to stir up otrage. “but no one cared,” Mortenson says. (239).
Greg Mortenson tries hard to find some ways to help the Afghans until he cannot sleep all night. Based on his speech, we know that he really wants to help the Afghans by thinking about the way to help them.
4. Brave
In working Greg Mortenson mission to help people in Northern Pakistan, he is brave to face everything that might appear. He finds a lot of things against his mission. In August 1996, Taliban makes an offensive in Jalalabad, a large city on Afghanistan. They consist of thousands of bearded men who wear turbans and lined in their eyes. In this terrible condition, Greg Mortenson realizes that it is impossible to find a new location to build schools. As a result, he has to stay in Peshawar for a moment waiting until the condition gets better.
The horrible condition caused by Taliban ruling also makes Greg Mortenson being kidnapped for eight days. During his kidnapping, he tries to escape but he cannot make it because he is under close watch by the guard.
some same small pleasantry, anything to start trying to win their sympathy, and saw a heavy door clicking closed behind them.
From the statement above, it is known that Greg Mortenson is brave in facing the situation. He tells himself not to be afraid and panic when he is brought to the place where he will be kept. Greg Mortenson’s bravery can be analyzed through Murphy’s theory of characterization, which is derived from his thought (Murphy 171).
When Greg Mortenson has been freed from the kidnapping, he faces a new problem concerning his mission. There is a sher of Chakpo who makes a new fatwa against Greg Mortenson mission. Syed Abbas tells Greg Mortenson about
sher Chakpo plans that he wants to banish him from Pakistan because he worries
that Greg Mortenson will do his mission against Islam and tear Islam down. Greg says, “If you think I’m doing anything against Islam, tell me to leave Pakistan forever and I will,” Mortenson said (193).
Through his speech, Greg Mortenson shows his bravery, he wants to leave Pakistan if he does his mission against Islam. Greg Mortenson is ready to accept the consequences if it is proved that his mission to build schools in Northern Pakistan is against Islam. Knowing Greg Mortenson’ perseverance, Syed Abbas tells him to stay away from Chakpo and gives him a letter which shows his support to Greg Mortenson mission.
real danger over there is on the road” (81). Greg Mortenson decides to help people in Northern Pakistan in any condition. Therefore, he will be brave in realizing his mission even though many problems are against him.
5. Hard Working
Since having his mission, Greg Mortenson realizes that he needs a lot of money to support him to build schools in Northern Pakistan. He does everything to collect the money he needs. At first, he has an idea to write letter and to send it to all richest people in America.
The typewriter was too small for Mortenson’s hands. He kept hitting two keys at once, tearing out the letter, and starting over, which added to the cost a dollar an hour to rent the old IBM Selectric seemed reasonable, but after five hours at downtown Berkeley’s Khrisna Copy Center, he’d only finished four letters (47).
Greg Mortenson keeps typing the letter in order to ask people to donate their money. In his letter, he explains that he plans to build a five-room school to educate 100 students up to the fifth grade and he needs $12,000. Greg Mortenson says, “It wasn’t much to show for a full day’s work, but at least he started somewhere. He’d get faster, he told himself. He would have to, since he’d set himself a firm goal of five hundreds letter” (48).
entertainers. After six months, he has sent 580 letters but he only gets one response.
His hard working also can be analyzed through his speech (Murphy 164). He arranges how to build a school in Korphe: the materials, the construction and other things related to the school building. Mortenson says,
“I tried to be a tough but fair taskmaster,” Mortenson says. “I spent all day at the construction site, from sunrise to sunset, using my level to make sure the walls were even and my plumb line to check that they were standing straight” (149).
Greg Mortenson shows his hard working by spending all night thinking about how to personage and to construct the school building. It is known that he is working hard through his speech.
It takes more than three years to accomplish his mission to build school in Korphe. In three years, he has faced the failures and he delays to come to Korphe to complete his promise. However, he gets the money and finally he makes his mission into reality. He makes a staff and army volunteers to help him improving Balti children (191).
Greg Mortenson keeps continuing his works in all spring and summer time. He is doing all of things he can do to accomplish his mission.
Finally, through his effort and hard work, Greg Mortenson accomplishes constructing the school building. In accomplishing his mission, he is not alone because he is helped by his crew.
Besides, Greg Mortenson has a plan to build a school in different area. He begins collecting money to build another school, therefore he returns to America. He arranges to have presentation about his mission to help the Northern Pakistan civilian in Mr. Sports, Apple Alley, and Minnesota. He has already put posters on local college campuses, he also asks help for publicity with the editors of local papers, and he does an interview in a local radio to invite all people to come to his presentation (226). Only half of room is filled with the audiences who come to his presentation, yet Greg Mortenson gives his speech to them.
Mortenson spofe passionately for thirty minutes more, detailing the crushing poverty children in the Karakoram faced everyday, and unveiling his plans to begin constructing schools the following spring at the very edge of the Northern Pakistan, along Afghanistan’s border (227).
From the statement above, Greg Mortenson shows to the reader how he finds the money to accomplish his mission.
“Let’s be honest,” says Tom Vaughan. “The fact is the CAI is Greg. I didn’t mind rubber-stamping whatever he wanted to work on. But without Greg, the CAI is finished. The risks he takes in that part of the world I understand --- that’s part of the job. But I began to get angry about the terrible way he toof care of himself. He stopped climbing and exercising. He stopped sleeping. He began to gain so much weight that he didn’t even loof like a mountaineer anymore. I understand that he decided to pour everything into his work,” (230).
Greg Mortenson’s friend, Vaughan, is worried about Greg’s health. Sometimes Greg forgets to take care himself because he is too busy in doing CAI job as the director.
Besides, His jobs take much of his time that unable him to have enough time with his family. Tara, his wife, says,
I told Greg I love how passionate he is about his work,” Tara says. “But I told him he had a duty to his family, too. He needed to get more sleep, get some exercise, and get enough time at home to have a life with us.” Until then, Mortenson had left home to be in Pakistan for three months or four months a time (233).
From what she said, it can be observed that she is complaining about Greg who is too busy with his job. He works very hard to accomplish his job and it makes him forget that his family also needs him.
6. Optimistic
Greg Mortenson’s being optimistic can be analyzed from his words and his thought. Greg Mortenson is an optimistic person. It can be seen when he explains to Jean Hoerni about how much money he needs to build the school and how he makes sure Jean Hoerni that he can build the school. Greg says,
“I met with an architect and a contractor in Skardu, and priced out the materials,” Mortenson said. “I want it to have five rooms, four for classes, and one common room for…”
“A number!” Hoerni snapped.
“Twelve thousand dollars,” Mortenson said nervously, “but whatever you’d like to contribute toward…”
“Is that all?” Hoerni asked, incredulous. “You’re not bullshitting? You can really build your school for twelve grand?”
“Yes sir,” Mortenson said. He could hear his own heartbeat in his ears. “I’m sure of it” (55).
What Greg Mortenson said to Jean Hoerni shows his optimism that he can build the school using Jean Hoerni’s money. He makes sure that he can accomplish his work to build the school.
When Greg Mortenson arrives in Korphe and meets Haji Ali, he brought materials which he needs to build the school. Greg says,
“I bought everything we need to build school,” he said in Balti, as he’d been rehearsing. “All the wood, and cement and tools. It’s all in Skardu right now.” He loofed at Changazi, who dipped a coofie in his tea, and flush with the moment, he felt affection even for him. “I came back to keep my promise,” Mortenso said, loofing Haji Ali in the eye. “And I hope we can begin building it soon, Inshallah” (97).
Coming back to Korphe, Greg Mortenson shows his optimistic to Haji Ali. He believes that he can build the school with all the materials he brings soon.
Greg Mortenson also decides to provide the education for the girls in Northern Pakistan. He and CAI set the level of children education in the school only up through the fifth grade. Greg Mortenson considers that girls can create and improve their village after they have got education. Greg Mortenson says,
Based on what Greg Mortenson said, we know that he is an optimistic person. He is optimistic to make the improvement of a village is through women empowerment. By having education, the girls in the village can apply what they have learned in their society.
B. Greg Mortenson’s Motivation in Building Schools in Northern Pakistan Everyone has basic reasons in doing something and their basic reasons become their motivation. They are influenced by their own reason and factors in doing something to achieve their goals. Murray (7) states motivation is distinguished from other factors that also influence behavior, such as personal past experience, physical capabilities, and the environmental situation in which a person finds himself. Therefore, people have different motivation in doing something according to some factors above. The factors which influence them can be from their past experience, physical abilities, and their environment.
1. Greg Mortenson’s Intrinsic Motivation
According to Hufmann, Vernoy and Vernoy (408), intrinsic motivation refers to a desire of someone to show an action for their own sake. Building schools in Northern Pakistan is one of Greg Mortenson’s desires. Greg has an intrinsic motivation because at first, he has a deep concern about education in Korphe village.
After their familiar breakfast of chapattis and cha, Haji Ali led Mortenson up a steep path to a vast open ledge eight hundred feet above the Braldu. The view was exquisite, with ice giants of the upper Baltoro razored into the blue far above Korphe’s gray rock walls. But Mortenson wasn’s admiring the scenery. He was appalled to see eighty-two children, seventy-eight boys, and the four girls who had the pluck to join them, kneeling on the frosty ground, in the open. Haji Ali, avoiding Mortenson’s eyes, said that the village had no school, and the Pakistani government didn’t provide a teacher (31).
Seeing such a situation, Greg’s was wretched. “There was fierceness desire to learn, despite how mightily everything was stacked against them, that reminded me of Christa. I knew I had to do something” (32). Therefore, Greg Mortenson says to Haji Ali,
I knew I had to do something. I am going to build you a school, he said, not yet realizing that with those words, the path of his life had just detoured down another trail, a route far more serpentine and arduous than the wrong turns he’d taken since treating from K2. I will build a school, Mortenson said, I promise (32-33).
Based on his deep concern about education in Korphe, Greg wants to build a school to provide better facilities for the children to study. He promises Haji Ali to build a school in Korphe village.
something to them to return their kindness by helping them to build a school and to buy some text books to be sent to their school (30-32).
Hufmann, Vernoy and Vernoy (408) states that in intrinsic motivation, there is not a reward such as money, certificate or status for someone’s work, but the reward is his satisfaction in doing something well. Greg Mortenson’s helpfulness is not because of any reward that he obtains, but it is because he gets satisfaction in helping others. It can be seen when Greg helps Ibrahim to take care of Ibrahim’s wife named Rhokia. She has given birth to a baby girl two days earlier because the placenta has not come out after the birth. Then she is dying from septic shock. Knowing Rhokia’s condition, Greg says
“I knew what I had to do,” Mortenson says. “But I was very worried about how Ibrahim would take it.” Mortenson pulled him aside. He explained, quietly, that he needed to reach inside Ibrahim’s wife and remove the substance that was making her sick. Ibrahim clapped his hands warmly on Mortenson’s shoulders and told him to do what he must (179).
The next day, Mortenson sees Rhokia walks around the village and she is cooling her baby in the blanket. Greg says, “I was very happy that I’d been able to help Ibrahim’s family. For Balti to let a foreign man, an infidel, have that kind of intimate contact with your wife took an incredible leap of faith. I felt humbled by how much they’d come to trust me”(179).
Greg enjoys helping people in Northern Pakistan. He never thinks about the rewards he will get after helping them. However, Greg only thinks by helping people he gets self satisfaction and to help others is the right thing to do.
Korphe and he wants to build a school there. Besides, he builds the school in order to return the kindness of Korphe to save his life. Then, his concern about education in Korphe leads him to build another school in Northern Pakistan area. Having an intrinsic motivation, Greg Mortenson is helpful to everyone without asking any rewards in return because he is doing such things from his heart.
2. Greg Mortenson’s Approach Motivation
Higgins in Franken’s Human Motivation (3) states that in approach behavior, people do things because of something they want, desire, or need. The things are often conceptualized in terms of specific goals. Building schools in Northern Pakistan is one of Greg Mortenson’s goals in his life. Based on his goals, Greg Mortenson works hard in raising fund in order to build the schools in Northern Pakistan. At the beginning, he finds the way to raise fund by writing letters and sending it to all the richest people in America.
The typewriter was too small for Mortenson’s hands. He kept hitting two keys at once, tearing out the letter, and starting over, which added to the cost a dollar an hour to rent the old IBM Selectric seemed reasonable, but after five hours at downtown Berkeley’s Khrisna Copy Center, he’d only finished four letters (47).
he’d set himself a firm goal of five hundred letters” (48). However, after waiting six months, he only gets one response.
In addition to sending the letters, Greg also tries hard to find another way in raising fund. He arranges to have presentation about his mission in building school in Northern Pakistan. The presentation takes place in Mr. Sports, Apple Alley, and Minnesota. Greg publishes his presentation by putting posters on local campuses, asking for publicity on local papers and being interviewed in a local radio to invite all the people to come to his presentation. In his presentation, “Mortenson spoke passionately for thirty minutes more, detailing the crushing poverty children in the Karakoram faced everyday, and unveiling his plans to begin constructing schools the following spring at the very edge of the Northern Pakistan, along Afghanistan border” (227).
With the money that Greg has, he plans to buy the materials to build the school. Abdul, one of his crews accompanies him in bargaining all materials he needs.
In the late afternoon of the second full day of haggling, Mortenson, swollen with tea, sloshed the Khyaban with Abdul on the back of a cart pulled by a small horse that looked even more exhausted than they felt. His shalwar pocket was crammed with receipts for hammers, saws, nails, sheets of corrugated tin roofing, and lumber worthy of supporting schoolchildren. All the materials would be delivered beginning at dawn the next day to the truck they’d hired for three day trip up the Karakoram Highway (67).
After arriving in Korphe, Greg brings all the materials to build the school. He says optimistically to Haji Ali that he can build the school in Korphe.
“I bought everything we need to build school,” he said in Balti, as he’d been rehearsing. “All the wood, and cement and tools. It’s all in Skardu right now.” He loofed at Changazi, who dipped a coofie in his tea, and flush with the moment, he felt affection even for him. “I came back to keep my promise,” Mortenso said, loofing Haji Ali in the eye. “And I hope we can begin building it soon, Inshallah” (97).
Greg and his crew keep continuing their work to improve Balti children. They work in all spring and summer to make the mission accomplished.
Mortenson whirled around Baltistan like a dervish in a green Land Cruiser. He and his crew delivered bags of cement when the various construction sites fell short, drove Makhmal up the Braldu to adjust a set of ill-fitting of roof beams at Pakhora, and buzzed over to the woodshop in Skardu to check on the progress of five hundred students’ desks he was having constructed (192).
