N
I
A
M
E
H
T
N
I
N
E
E
S
S
A
P
I
H
S
N
O
I
N
A
P
M
O
C
R
O
F
D
E
E
N
E
H
T
S
'
Y
A
W
G
N
I
M
E
H
T
S
E
N
R
E
E
H
T
N
I
R
E
T
C
A
R
A
H
C
A
E
S
E
H
T
D
N
A
N
A
M
D
L
O
E
H
T
S I S E H T E T A U D A R G R E D N U N A
s t n e m e ri u q e R e h t f o t n e m ll if l u F l a it r a P s a d e t n e s e r P
a rt s a S a n a jr a S f o e e r g e D e h t r o f
h s il g n E n
i Letters
y B
O R T U P A S O Y R A H A V L Y S
0 4 1 2 4 8 0 : r e b m u N t n e d u t
S 4 6
E M M A R G O R P Y D U T S S R E T T E L H S I L G N E
S R E T T E L H S I L G N E F O T N E M T R A P E D
S R E T T E L F O Y T L U C A F
Y T I S R E V I N U A M R A H D A T A N A S
i
N
I
A
M
E
H
T
N
I
N
E
E
S
S
A
P
I
H
S
N
O
I
N
A
P
M
O
C
R
O
F
D
E
E
N
E
H
T
S
'
Y
A
W
G
N
I
M
E
H
T
S
E
N
R
E
E
H
T
N
I
R
E
T
C
A
R
A
H
C
A
E
S
E
H
T
D
N
A
N
A
M
D
L
O
E
H
T
S I S E H T E T A U D A R G R E D N U N A
s t n e m e ri u q e R e h t f o t n e m ll if l u F l a it r a P s a d e t n e s e r P
a rt s a S a n a jr a S f o e e r g e D e h t r o f
h s il g n E n
i Letters
y B
O R T U P A S O Y R A H A V L Y S
0 4 1 2 4 8 0 : r e b m u N t n e d u t
S 4 6
E M M A R G O R P Y D U T S S R E T T E L H S I L G N E
S R E T T E L H S I L G N E F O T N E M T R A P E D
S R E T T E L F O Y T L U C A F
Y T I S R E V I N U A M R A H D A T A N A S
v i
"
I
f
y
o
u
d
o
n
o
t
b
e
il
e
v
e
y
o
u
o
n
e
v
a
h
u
o
y
n
e
h
t
ti
o
d
n
a
c
"
.l
l
a
t
a
e
c
n
a
h
c
r
e
g
n
e
W
e
n
e
s
r
A
“
I
f
y
o
u
t
h
i
n
k
y
o
u
a
r
e
t
o
o
,
e
c
n
e
r
e
ff
i
d
a
e
k
a
m
o
t
ll
a
m
s
q
s
o
m
a
h
ti
w
g
n
i
p
e
e
l
s
y
r
t
u o
ti ”
.
v
r
o
f
y
m
b
e
l
o
v
e
d
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
,
r
a
n
i
d
r
a
h
d
n
a
o
n
o
y
l
u
m
.
d
n
a
f
o
r
e
v
o
l
y
m
,
a
k
e
y
n
a
i v
N A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E P R A B M E L
K U T N U H A I M L I A Y R A K I S A K I L B U
P KEPENTINGANAKADEMIS
a m r a h D a t a n a S s a ti s r e v i n U a w s i s a h a m a y a s ,i n i h a w a b i d n a g n a t a d n a tr e b g n a Y
a m a
N :SYLVAHARYOSAPUTRO
a w s i s a h a M r o m o
N :08421404 6
s a ti s r e v i n U n a a k a t s u p r e P i r e b m e m a y a s , n a u h a t e g n e p u m li n a g n a b m e g n e p i m e D
a y r a k a m r a h D a t a n a
S limiahs ayayangbe jrudu:l
N E H
T EEDFORCOMPANIONSHIPASSEENINTHEMAINCHARACTER S
' Y A W G N I M E H T S E N R E E H T N
I THEOLDMANANDTHESEA
i r e b m e m a y a s , n a i k i m e d n a g n e D . ) a d a a li b ( n a k u lr e p i d g n a y t a k g n a r e p a tr e s e b
k a h a m r a h D a t a n a S s a ti s r e v i n U n a a k a t s u p r e
P untuk menyimpan ,mengailhkan dalam
a r a c e s n a k i s u b ir t s i d n e m , a t a d n a l a k g n a p m a l a d a y n a l o l e g n e m , n i a l a i d e m k u t n e b
n a g n it n e p e k k u t n u n i a l a i d e m u a t a n a d t e n r e t n i i d a y n n a k i s a k il b u p m e m n a d , s a t a b r e t
b m e m u lr e p a p n a t n a d a y a s a d a p e k n i z i a t n i m e m a p n a t s i m e d a k
a e irkanr oyatl ikepada
.s il u n e p i a g a b e s a y a s a m a n n a k m u t n a c n e m p a t e t a m a l e s a y a s
. a y n r a n e b e s n a g n e d t a u b a y a s i n i n a a t a y n r e p n a i k i m e D
a tr a k a y g o Y i d t a u b i D
: l a g g n a t a d a
P 31J ul i2013
, n a k a t a y n e m g n a Y
ii v
F O T N E M E T A T
S ORIGINALITY
e h t e r a , d e t a t s e s i w r e h t o s s e l n u , s e c n e t n e s ,s e s a r h p , s a e d i ll a t a h t y fi tr e c o t s i s i h T
ll u f e h t s d n a t s r e d n u r e ti r w e h T . r e ti r w s i s e h t e h t f o s e c n e t n e s d n a , s e s a r h p , s a e d i
s ’ e s l e y d o b e m o s k o o t e h f i n o it a ll e c n a c e e r g e d g n i d u l c n i s e c n e u q e s n o
c idea ,s
.s e c n e r e f e r r e p o r p t u o h ti w s e c n e t n e s r o , s e s a r h p
, a tr a k a y g o
Y July31 ,2013
ii i v
S T N E M E G D E L W O N K C A
g n i s s e l b s s e l d n e e h t r o f , T W S h a ll A k n a h t o t e k il d l u o w I , t s o m e r o f d n a t s ri F
e v a h I , o s l A . s i s e h t e t a u d a r g r e d n u s i h t g n i h s il p m o c c a n i e c n a d i u g e m g n i v i g r o f d n a
, y l d n o c e S . r e g n e s s e m d n a r e d a e l h t u rt e h t s a W A S d a m m a h u M k n a h t o
t Iwouldgive
o t e d u ti t a r
g Dew iWidyastuit ,S.Pd. ,M.Hum .a smyadvisorf ort he helps ,comments ,
a , s a e d
i ndpaitence . Iwouldalsot hankN iLuhPutuRosiandani ,S.S. ,M .Hum .a smy
o
c -advisor. A specia lappreciaiton also goe sto al lEngilsh Letter ssecreta ira tstaf f
o s n e e b e v a h o h
w kindt ohelpmedu irngmys tudyi nSanataDharmaUniverstiy.
d l u o w I , n e h
T oa ls give specia lgrattiude for my grattiude i sfo rmy beloved
. tr o p p u s d n a s e v o l s s e l d n e r i e h t r o f r a n i d r a H d n a o n o y l u M s t n e r a
p Iwould ilke to
y m k n a h
t allf amliymembert ha t Icanno tmenitononebyone .A tfert hat ,myl oudes t
e d u ti t a r
g sgo t o my b est f irends: And ir ,Dama ,r JT ,Demen, Yuga ,Dedhy ,Gaplek ,
s y a w l a o h w a s i G d n a , n o m o M , ir t u P , a ll e C , y t n e D , a s s i R , a g l e H , n a t n i R , ir A , n a I
e m e t a v it o m d n a , tr o p p u s , p l e
h .My specia lthank sto FKM BUD IUTAMA fo r
. y ti s r e v i n U a m r a h D a t a n a S f o s t n e d u t s m e l s o M e h t o t g n i y a r p r o f e c a l p a g n it a ti li c a
f I
y m e v i g o s l a d l u o
w gratefulnes sto my Engilsh Letter sf irend stha t Icould no t
e n o y b e n o n o it n e
m .
y m , t s a e l t o n t u b t s a
L greatands pecialthankgoest oVanyEkaNingtyas ,who
e m r o f t r o p p u s d n a t ir i p s e h t s e v i
g . Fo reveryone no tw irtten and menitoned here , I
.t r a e h y m n i u o y e t o
n Thankyou.
x i
S T N E T N O C F O E L B A T E
G A P E L T I
T ... i E
G A P L A V O R P P
A ... ii
E G A P E C N A T P E C C
A ... i ii
E G A P O T T O
M ... i v E
G A P N O I T A C I D E
D ... v N
A A T A Y N R E P R A B M E
L PERSETUJUANPUBLIKASI
S I M E D A K A N A G N I T N E P E K K U T N U H A I M L I A Y R A
K . ... .... .. v i
Y T I L A N I G I R O F O T N E M E T A T
S ... .... v ii S
T N E M G D E L W O N K C
A ... v i ii
S T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ... . ix .... T
C A R T S B
A ... . x .... K
A R T S B
A ... xi N
O I T C U D O R T N I : I R E T P A H
C ... 1 ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. y d u t S e h t f o d n u o r g k c a B .
A ... 1
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. n o it a l u m r o F m e l b o r P .
B ... 4
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. y d u t S e h t f o s e v it c e j b O .
C ... 4
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . s m r e T f o n o it i n if e D .
D ... 5
W E I V E R L A C I T E R O E H T : I I R E T P A H
C ... . .... .... ... 6 ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . s e i d u t S d e t a l e R f o w e i v e R .
A ... 6
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . s e ir o e h T d e t a l e R f o w e i v e R .
B ... 8
1 .Theo ire so fCharact dera n Characte irzaiton ... ... 8 2. TheRelaitonbetweenLtieratureandPsychology ... 1 1 3. Theory o fCompanionship ... 21
k r o w e m a r F l a c it e r o e h T .
C ... 15
: I I I R E T P A H
C METHODOLOGY ... 17 ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. y d u t S e h t f o t c e j b O .
A ... 1 7
.. .. .. . y d u t S e h t f o h c a o r p p A .
B ... 1 8 .
C Methodoft heStudy ... 19
S I S Y L A N A : V I R E T P A H
C ... 21 h
T .
A eCharacte irsitc so fSanitago ... 21 .
B TheNeedf o rCompanionshipa sSeent hroughSanitago ... 2 9
N O I S U L C N O C : V R E T P A H
C ... 4 5 Y
H P A R G O I L B I
B ... 4 8
X I D N E P P
x T C A R T S B A O R T U P A S O Y R A H A V L Y
S (2013) .TheNeed f or Companionship A sSeeni n t he C
n i a
M haracter in the Ernes t Hemingway' s The Old Man and the Sea . a m r a h D a t a n a S , s r e tt e L f o y tl u c a F , s r e tt e L h s il g n E f o t n e m tr a p e D : a tr a k a y g o Y . y ti s r e v i n U d e lt it n e k o o b e h t s e s s u c s i d y d u t s s i h
T The Old Man and the Sea by Ernes t
y a w g n i m e
H .The objecitve o fthis study i sto show tha tthe main characte rin thi s p i h s n o i n a p m o c r o f s d e e n l e v o
n .There are t ow problems analyzed .These problem s t
r e v o
c he descirp iton o fthe main characte rand t he need fo rcompanionship tha ti s .r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t h g u o r h t d e t c e lf e r o
T answer t heproblem ,st he wrtie rusest wo t heo ire .sThe f ristt heoryusedi s r
o e h
t y o f characte r and characte irzaiton . Thi s theory i s used to desc irbe the e h t f o s c it s ir e t c a r a h
c maincharacter .Thes econdt heoryi st heo ire so fcompanionship . s e ir o e h t e s e h
T are used t o reveal t ha tthe main characte rneed fo rcompanionship i n m i h d n u o r a e v il o h w e l p o e p e h t m o r f e c n a t p e c c a n a t e g o t r e d r
o .In t hi sstudy, t he
n e s o h c s i h c a o r p p a l a c i g o l o h c y s P . t x e t e h t e e s o t h c a o r p p a l a c i g o l o h c y s p s e s u r e ti r w e c n i s r e ti r w e h t y
b the need fo rcompanionship o fthe main character si moslty s a d e s s u c s i
d psychologica lproblem .s
e h t , d o h t e m s i h t g n i k a t y B . h c r a e s e r y r a r b il s t c u d n o c r e ti r w e h t , y d u t s s i h t r o F s i s i s y l a n a e h t n e h T . t x e t e h t o t r e s o l c e b n a c r e ti r
w donebyr esearching t hedataand
e h
t theo ire sby ifnding tii nt hebook sori nterne.t
t a h t s d n if r e ti r w e h t s i y d u t s s i h t f o t l u s e r e h t , t s a l t
A the need fo r
p i h s n o i n a p m o c r o f d e e n e h T . o g a it n a S , r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t n i n e e s s i p i h s n o i n a p m o c o g a it n a S f
o can be seen from hi scharacte irsitcs .The characte irsitc sof t he old man u l n u n a s i e h t a h t w o h
s cky person .He ha s ifshed fo r84 day sbu the get snothing , e l p o e p e h t s e k a m t I . s y a d l a r e v e s r o f y l n o h s if e h t t e g n a c n a m r e h s if r e h t o e h t e li h w s a m i h k c o
m sala So . alao i sthe wors tword o funluckiness .The unluckines so f f l e s m i h y b h s if o t n o it i b m a n a s a h e H . n o s r e p s u o it i b m a n a s a m i h s e k a m o g a it n a S e s u a c e
b the boy' sparent sdo no tpermi the rson to help the old man because o f s ' o g a it n a
S salao(unluckiness) .The parent sof t heboyassumet hat t heold ifsherman . fl e s m i h y b h s if e h t h c t a c t o n n a c y ll a n i
F , he forcedly ifshe salone i n order t o prove t ha the can get t he ifsh by . e n o l a s e h s if e h e s u a c e b y l e n o l m i h s e k a m t I . fl e s m i
h Hi sloneilnes smake shim
e l b a n
u ot catch t he ifsh easliy .Sanitago i salone t here .I tmake shim need t he othe r m i h s e k a m o s l a n a m r e h s if d l o e h t f o s s e n il e n o l e h T . h s if e h t h c t a c m i h p l e h o t n o s r e p n e h w m i h p l e h o t e n o o n s i e r e h t e s u a c e b s r e f f u s e h , h s if e h t f o g n it t e g r e tf A . r e f f u s e
h i ssrtuck by t heshark .I twound shim because t here i sno tanyone beside him rfo k r a h s e h t h ti w t s n i a g a o t m i h g n i p l e
h .Hi sunluckiness ,ambiiton ,loneilness ,and n i d e e n s i h t s e ri u q e r o g a it n a S . p i h s n o i n a p m o c r o f s d e e n e h t a h t m i h e v o r p g n ir e f f u s o t r e d r
o ge tothe 'r shelp and ge tan acceptance from t he ifshermen who ilve around m
i x A R T S B A K O R T U P A S O Y R A H A V L Y
S (2013) .TheNeed f or Companionship A sSeeni n t he s ' y a w g n i m e H t s e n r E e h t n i r e t c a r a h C n i a
M The Old Man and the Sea .
. a m r a h D a t a n a S s a ti s r e v i n U , a rt s a S s a tl u k a F , s ir g g n I a rt s a S n a s u r u J : a tr a k a y g o Y l u d u jr e b u k u b h a u b e s s a h a b m e m i n i i d u t
S The Old Man and the Sea yang
h e l o s il u ti
d Ernes tHemingway .Tujuan stud iin iadalah untuk menunjukkan bahwa n a k h u t u b m e m i n i l e v o n a d a p a m a t u h o k o
t pe tremanan .Ada dua masalah yang akan
n a Y . i n i i d u t s m a l a d s i s il a n a i
d g pe trama adalah desk irps i tokoh utama dan h a l a d a a u d e k g n a y n a h a l a s a m r e
p needf o rcompanionshipterilha tpadat okohutama. h a l a s a m n a s a h a b m e p m a l a
D - masalah tersebut ,penuil smenggunakan dua n a d h o k o t i r o e t h a l a d a a m a tr e p g n a y i r o e T . a y n s i s il a n a i r a s a d n e m k u t n u i r o e t g n a y i r o e T . a m a t u h o k o t i s p ir k s e d i u h a t e g n e m k u t n u n a k a n u g i d i n i ir o e T . n a h o k o n e p i r o e t h a l a d a a u d e
k companionship .Teor iin idigunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa n a k h u t u b m e m i n i l e v o n a d a p a m a t u h o k o
t kebutuhan akan pe tremanan yang
g n a r o h e l o a m ir e ti d a s i b k u t n u n a u j u tr e
b -orangyanghidupdis ektiarnya .Dalams tud i n a t a k e d n e p h a u b e s n a k a n u g g n e m s il u n e p , i n
i secarapsikologi .Pendekatani n idipiilh a w h a b t a h il e m n a g n e d s il u n e p h e l
o kebutuhan pe tremanan pada tokoh utama
.i g o l o k i s p h a l a s a m i a g a b e s s a h a b i d g n ir e s g n a y h a l a s a m n a k a p u r e m i n i e d o t e m n a g n e D . a k a t s u p t e s ir n a k a n u g g n e m s il u n e p , i n i i d u t s k u t n U m t a p a d s il u n e
p enjadi l ebih deka tdengan t eks .Datadan dan t eor iyang didapa tdar i .i d u t s s i s il a n a r a s a d i d a j n e m n a i d u m e k t e n r e t n i n a d u k u b n a h u t u b e k a w h a b n a k u m e n e m s il u n e p , a y n ri h k a a d a
P pe tremanan terilha t
. o g a it n a S , i n i l e v o n a d a p a m a t u h o k o t a d a
p Kebutuhan untuk pe tremanan pada dri i
n a k k u j n u n e m i n i a u t i k a l e l k it s ir e t k a r a K . a y n k it s ir e t k a r a k a d a p t a h il r e t n u p o g a it n a S 8 a m a l e s t u a l e m h a l e t a i D . g n u t n u r e b k a d it g n a y g n a r o h a l a d a a i d a w h a
b 4 hair t anpa
a s i b a y n n i a l n a y a l e n a r a p k a h i p n i a l i d , n u p n a k i u t a s n a k t a p a d n e
m mendapatkan
g n a r o t a u b m e m i n i l a H . a j a s i r a h a p a r e b e b m a l a d a y n a h a y n n a p a k g n a
t -orang
i a g a b e s a y n k e j e g n e
m salao .Salao adalah kata terburuk dar ikeitdakberuntungan . i k il i m e m a i D . s u i s i b m a g n a y g n a r o e s e s i d a j n e m a i t a u b m e m a y n n a g n u t n u r e b k a d it e K k u t n u i s i b m
a menangkapi kansendri ikarena anakl aki-lak iyangi ngin membantunya a u t g n a r o h e l o g n a r a li d t u a l e
m n .ya Mereka itdak member iiijn ke anaknya karena g n a y g n a r o e s h a l a d a o g a it n a
S salao .Mereka beranggapan bahwa nelayan tua in i n a k i p a k g n a n e m u p m a m n a k a k a d
it satupun .
a s k a p r e t n a g n e d a y n ri h k
A ia melau t sendri i dengan tujuan untuk u ti l a H . n i a l g n a r o n a u t n a b a p n a t n a k i p a k g n a n e m t a p a d a i a w h a b n a k it k u b m e m i d a j n e m a y n t a u b m e
m sendri idankesepian.I n iyangmembuati amembutuhkanorang a y n u t n a b m e m k u t n u n i a
l menangkap i kan .Kesep ian yang dimiilk ioleh nelayan t ua g n a y g n a r o a d a k a d it a n e r a k a ti r e d n e m a i D . a ti r e d n e m a i t a u b m e m a y n ri h k a a d a p i n i n a k i p a k g n a n e m g n a u jr e b a k it e k a k u lr e t i a p m a s n a d n a k i p a k g n a n e m a y n u t n a b m e m , i s i b m a , n a g n u t n u r e b k a d it e K . n a ir i d n e
s kesepian ,dan pendertiannya membukitkan n a k h u t u b m e m a i a w h a
b pe tremanan .Sanitago membutuhkan kebutuhan in iuntuk n i a l g n a r o i r a d n a u t n a b n a k t a p a d n e
m untuk menangkap ikan dan membawanya
h e l o a m ir e ti d a s i b u ti h a l e t e s n a d g n a l u
1 I R E T P A H C
N O I T C U D O R T N I
t s i s n o c r e t p a h c s i h
T s o ffou rsecitons .The fristi s t he background of t he d n o c e s e h T . c i p o t e h t d n a l e v o n e h t g n i s o o h c r o f s n o s a e r e h t s r e v o c h c i h w , y d u t s
e h t f o n o it p ir c s e d l a r e n e g s e v i g h c i h w , n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r p e h t h ti w s n r e c n o c
y d u t s s i h t n i d e z y l a n a e b l li w t a h t m e l b o r
p .Thet hridt alk saboutt heobjecitve so f t
s s m e l b o r p e h t r e w s n a o t y d u t s e h
t ated i nt heproblemf ormulaiton .Thel as tpar t .
y d u t s s i h t n i d e s u e r a t a h t s m r e t e h t s e b ir c s e d
.
A Backgroundoft heStudy
e h
T Ame ircan society today i s the people who convinced to thei r f
o e g d e l w o n
k ltierature. Ernes tHemingway' snovel ,TheOld Man andt heSea ,i s .
e r u t a r e ti l n a c ir e m A n
a Ame ircan l tieratureha smany elementsofi deain ti .T his a
e d
i suppo trsltieraturebecausei tcan help t o analyzeltierature tisefl . eOn oft he a
e d
i s i sani deao fcompanionship . e
h
T idea o fcompanionship i salso related to the idea o fcooperaiton . Before discussing the i dea fo companionship, a tfrist the wrtie rdiscusse d abou t
f o a e d i e h
t cooperaiton .In a genera lsense ,cooperaito sn i an aciton tha tresu tl s a
m o r
f patrnership to share the purpose ,o ra desrie to cooperate. One o fthe f
o a e d i e h t n i a l p x e o h w s r o h t u
a cooperaito n wa sBenjamin Frankiln .Thisi deai s e
u l a v t n a tr o p m i e h
t in the history o fAmeircan society ,and who became an n
i spriaitont os omew iritng sbytheAmeircanauthor .s Inhisbook,Autobiography, o
t n a m a w o ll a l li w t a h t s e u tr i v d n a n o s a e r f o m e t s y s a s n i a l p x e n il k n a r
n o it c e fr e p l a r o
m . Thei deao fcooperaiton si alwaysi nt hef rameo fthediscussion n
a c ir e m A f
o society .Thei deaort hedoctirneo fcooperaitoni ssomeitme sseen i n f
o s a e d i e h t f o t n e m e l p m o c a s a n e e s e b n a c r o , t c il f n o c
a companionship ,whichi s
s e u l a v t n a tr o p m i e h t f o e n o o s l
a in Ameircan society. Frank iln beileves tha tin o
t r e d r
o fulifll na e nedi society ,peoplehavet oge t tif romsomeoneelse .Thei dea f
o cooperaito n come s from the beilef tha t being both individual and p
i h s n o i n a p m o
c are good in the communtiy . Meaning to say the idea o f p i h s n o i n a p m o c f o a
e d i e h t o t s e t a l e r n o it a r e p o o c
(h ttps://shopl.akewind .scom/store/pd /fNewsletters07l/w101107.pdf). n
o s n h o J y d n e
W in Journa lo fPersonaltiy and Socia lPsychologybeileves t
a h
t makinganaf ifilaitono rhavingeachotheri saimedtoge tsomethingf romt he .
y ti t n e d i l a i c o s a g n i v a h r o f d n a s r e h t
o The commun tiy come sfrom t hepeopl 'e s r o s i h n i n o i n a p m o c a e v a h o t e v a h t i t e g o t t n a w o h w e l p o e p e h T . t n e m n o ri v n e
l p o e p r e h t o e h t d e e n y ll a u s u n o i n a p m o c a e v a h o t t n a w o h w y e h T . e fi l r e
h 'e shelp .
n a c e r o m r o n o i n a p m o c e n O . d lr o w s i h t n i n o i n a p m o c a s d e e n y ll a u t c a e n o y r e v E
e h t ll if l u
f othe rcompanions'needs .Somepeoplemakeagroupf ort hemselvest o p u o r g A . r e h t o h c a e h ti w t c a r e t n i o t s r e b m e m r i e h t t n a w y e h T . y ti r a li m i s e n o t e g
.r e h t o h c a e t c e f f a o s l a n a c g n it c a r e t n i e r a s r e b m e m e h t t a h t
e d n e p e d n i e h t h c i h w o t e e r g e d e h t s s e s s a o t e l b i s s o p t i s e k a m o s l a t
I n t
n o s e c n e u lf n i c it e n e g f o y lt n e d n e p e d n i s t c e f f e r i e h t t r e x e s e l b a ir a
v lfie
e k a m o t g n it c a s t c e f f e l a t n e m n o ri v n e h s i u g n it s i d o t d n a n o it c a f s it a s
s r e b m e m e k a m o t t c a t a h t e s o h t m o r f r a li m i s y li m a f e m a s e h t f o s r e b m e m
e m n o ri v n E . t n e r e f fi d y li m a f e m a s e h t f
o nta leffect stha tac tto make d e r a h s d e m r e t y ll a r e n e g e r a r a li m i s y li m a f e m a s e h t f o s r e b m e m
s t c e f f e l a t n e m n o ri v n
e h t s a d e n if e d e b n a c p i h s n o i n a p m o
C idea t hat accompanie so ri sin d
o ir e p r e tr o h s r o r e g n o l a r o f r e h t o n a h ti w y n a p m o
c .Thi sidea relate sto the
l a c i g o l o h c y s
p side .The idea o fcompanionship i sabou tthe existence o fthe .
e d i s y g o l o h c y s p e h t m o r f e l p o e
p Rollo May i s the bes t known Ame ircan .t
s i g o l o h c y s p l a it n e t s i x
e Many o fMay’ sunique idea scan be found i n t he book w
e h t t a h
t rtierconside rhi sbest ,LoveandWill. Inhi seffo tr satr econciilngFreud o
t n o it n e tt a s i h s n r u t e h , s t s il a it n e t s i x e e h t d n
a et h moitvaiton.May beileves tha t e v o l g n it a u q e , ll i w d n a e v o l f o e r u t a n e u rt e h t f o t h g i s t s o l s a h y t e i c o s n r e d o m r u o
x e s h ti
w and wli lwtih wli lpower .He fu trhe rheld t ha tpsychologically heatlhy o
h c , e r a c y l p m i h t o b e s u a c e b l li w d n a e v o l e n i b m o c o t e l b a e r a e l p o e
p ice ,aciton ,
y ti li b i s n o p s e r d n
a (1974: 32 ). 7 n
o it a l e r e h
T between companionship meaning and Ernes tHemingway’ s l
e v o
n , The Old Man and the Sea, i slocated in the main character ,Sanitago . k
n i h t r e ti r w e h t t s ri f t a l e v o n s i h t g n i d a e
R s tha ti ti sabou tthe selifshness fo x e l p m o c a n i s e v il e h h g u o h t n e v e f l e s m i h y b s e h s if n a m d l o e h t e s u a c e b o g a it n a S
a e r
a .Theideao fcompanionships ideoft hi snoveli st hemainpoin to fti .Sanitago y
ll a i c e p s e , p l e h s 'r e h t o e h t s d e e n y lt n e d i v
e fromtheboy,t ocatcht he ifshi norde r .
e c n a t p e c c a e l p o e p e h t t e g o t
. o g a it n a S f o s s e n s s e lr e w o p e h t s e e s r e ti r w e h t ,l e v o n s i h t n
I LeoGurko, i n
y a s s e 5 5 9 1 s i
h ,i nterpretstha tSanitagodoe sno thavemorepowert o ifshalone .
ti li t u f d n a s s e n s s e lr e w o p g n i d ir r e v o s i h
T y oft hei ndividuali srelfected i n l
e s ti h s if g i b e h t h ti w s n o it a s r e v n o c s ’ o g a it n a S n a m r e h s if e h
t fwhliehei s
ti d n a l o t g n i y
s 'r e h t o e h t d e d e e n n a m r e h s if d l o e h t s a o g a it n a S t a h t s n a e m t n e m e t a t s s i h T
s i h n i p i h s n o i n a p m o c a d e d e e n o g a it n a S t a h t s n a e m t I . e n o l a h s if t o n n a c e H . p l e h
. e fi
l FromGurkos'statemen,tt henovel ,TheOldManandt heSea, wast hepefrec t x
e amplet or esearcht het opic.
.
B ProblemFormula iton
o w t e r a e r e h
T problemst ha taregoingt obeanalyzed: .
1 HowareSanitago’ scharacte irsitc sdescirbed? .
2 Howi stheneedf o rcompanionshipr elfecte dthroughSan itago?
.
C Objec itve soft heStudy
e h t d n a t s r e d n u d n a n r a e l o t s i y d u t s s i h t f o e v it c e j b o y r a m ir p e h
T needf o r
p i h s n o i n a p m o
c oft he main characte roft hi snovel ,Sanitago .The itlte theNeed p
i h s n o i n a p m o C r o
f A sSeenin t heMain Character, i nErnes tHemingway’ s
a e S e h t d n a n a M d l O e h
T i schosent o bet het opico fmyundergraduatet hesisi n e
h t w o h s o t r e d r
o need fo rcompanionship re lfected through the main character , s
a h r e ti r w e h T . o g a it n a
S twoobjecitvest oansweroft heproblemf ormulaiton. r
a h c e h t w o h w o n k o t s i e v it c e j b o t s ri f e h
T acte irsitc soft hemaincharacte r ,
o g a it n a S , l e v o n s i h t f
o aredesc irbed .To analyzet hi sundergraduatet hesi ,sf rist , .
o g a it n a S f o s c it s ir e t c a r a h c e h t w o n k o t s t n a w r e ti r w e h t
e h t w o h t u o d n if o t d n a d n a t s r e d n u o t s i e v it c e j b o d n o c e s e h T
t c e lf e r n a c s c it s ir e t c a r a h
c the need fo rcompanionship .From thi sobjecitve the e
z y l a n a o t s t n a w r e ti r
w tha tthe characte irsitc so fSan itago relfect shi sneed fo r p
i h s n o i n a p m o
.
D Deifni itono fTer s m
y l n o m m o c l li w t a h t s m r e t g n i w o n k t u o h ti w r e h tr u f s s u c s i d o t tl u c if fi d s i tI
. y d u t s s i h t n i d e s u e
b To avoid misinterpretaiton and to clarfiy the theme ,the r
e ti r
w would ilke to explain the term tha tneed sto be deifned .According to d
r o f x
O Advanced Learners' Dicitonary 7th Ediiton , companionship i s “the h ti w p i h s n o it a l e r y l d n e ir f a e v a h u o y n e h w e v a h u o y t a h t g n il e e f t n a s a e l p
( ” e n o l a t o n r o y d o b e m o
s Hornby ,2005 :305) .From Journa lo fPersonaltiyand y
g o l o h c y s P l a i c o
S tha t i s wirtten by Karen S. Rook , companionship i s the
n o it c a f s it a s l a i c o s f o s n o i s n e m i d e h t f o r o t c i d e r p t s e g n o rt
s because
companionshipcontirbutest oar elaitonship saitsfacitonandf eeilng sofl oneilness :
6 8 9 1
( 1132-1147 .) The wrtier asse trs tha tcompanionship mean sthe feeilng o f s
n o i n a p m o c n e e w t e b s t s i x e t a h t p i h s d n e ir f d n a s s e n e s o l
6 I I R E T P A H C
W E I V E R L A C I T E R O E H T
l li w r e t p a h c s i h
T focuson t heanalyzing of t heo ires t ha tare used i n t hi s
n i a t n o c t a h t s e i d u t s d e t a l e r e m o s n o w e i v e r o t s e ir t r e ti r w e h t ,t r a p t s ri f e h T . y d u t s
s ' y a w g n i m e H t s e n r E o t d e t a l e r m s i c it ir c r o , s t n e m m o c , n o it a m r o f n i e m o
s TheOld
a e S e h t d n a n a
M .Thes econdpatr ht we rtierreviews ons omet heo irest ha twli lbe h
T . s i s y l a n a e h t n i d e s
u e th rid par to rthe las tpatr the wrtie rdiscusse sthe
w o h n i a l p x e o t s e ir t r e ti r w e h t ,t r a p s i h t n I . k r o w e m a r f l a c it e r o e h
t thet heoire sare
e z y l a n a o t d e s
u theanalysi .s
.
A Reviewo fRelatedStudies
r o F . k r o w e h t e u g r a o t s m s i c it ir c e m o s e r a e r e h t y ll a u s u , k r o w y r a r e ti l a n I
e h t ,s c it ir c e m o
s formo fciritcismcanbean agreemen to rdisagreement .TheOld a
e S e h t d n a n a
M alsoneedst heciritcismsf o ranalyzingt hiss tudy.
S e h t d n a n a M d l O e h
T ea i saworkthati sw irtten by Ernes tHemingway . s
i l e v o n s i h
T abou t an old ifsherman named Sanitago . Sanitago , the main
s i ,l e v o n s i h t n i r e t c a r a h
c physically descirbed sa anaged ,weak ,andbraveman .
e h t a h t s e z il a e r o g a it n a S . n a m d l o y l e n o l a s a y ll a c i g o l o h c y s p d e b ir c s e d s i e H
d e d e e n e H . h s if y n a t h g u a c r e v e
n to catch ifsh because he wanted the othe r
n e m r e h s
if respec thim.
h c i h w e c r o f a d n a n a m a n e e w t e b e l g g u rt s a o t n i d e v l o s e r s i t c il f n o c e h T
a c
s rcelycomprehends ,bu twhichheknowst ha themus tconitnuet ostirve t a e f e d n i d n e t s u m e l g g u rt s e h t t a h t o o t g n i w o n k h g u o h t , t s n i a g a
s n a h r u B n o t n il
C ,a wrtie ro fThe Old Man and the Sea :Hemingway’ s n
a M f o n o is i V c i g a r
T , wrote a il kn fo San itago’ sloneliness ,solo j ourney ou tto d
n a ” , d lr o w e h t n i e l p o e p l l a d n o y e b “ , a e
s then back to hi s“good town,” to
g u t l a c i h p o s o li h p n w o s ’ y a w g n i m e
H - fo -wa rbetween the rugged individuails tin
o n , y l u rt t a h t n o it i n g o c e r e h t d n a n o it c a d n a t h g u o h
t mani san i sland(1960 :446).
k r a h s n i , a e s t a t u o r a f o o t s i t a o b e h t , n il r a m s i h s e h c t a c y ll a n if o g a it n a S n e h
W
-,s r e t a w d e t s e f n
i and t heshark sbegint ot ea rapatrt hep irzedcatch.Burhan sstated
t a h t
In hi sreailzaiton thati n going aloneand too fa rout ,he ha sruined both himsel fand also t he grea t ifsh ,suggesitng t hi ssymboilze sHemingway’ s
n a m t a h t f e il e
b . I nhisi ndividuailsmandhi sp irdeand hi sneed,i nevtiably d n a e c n e l o i v s g n ir b y b e r e h t d n a , d lr o w e h t n i e c a l p e u rt s i h d n o y e b s e o g
n o it c u rt s e
d onhimsel fandonothers (1960 :449 .)
t a h t d i a s e H . o g a it n a S f o p i h s n o i n a p m o c r o f d e e n e h t d e t a t s o s l a s n a h r u B
o g a it n a
S ifnally reailze shi s rtue soildartiy and interdependence wtih the res tof
s d n if d n a , e r o h s o t k c a b s t e g e h n e h w , s y a s s n a h r u B , d n i k n a
m tha ttii spleasantt o
e v a
h someonet ot alk t oi nsteado fspeaking onlyt o himsel fandt ot hesea (1960:
.) 3 5 4
r u G o e
L k co ommente d abou tThe Old Man and the Sea .Gurko stated .
o g a it n a S f o s s e n s s e lr e w o p e h t t u o b
a He also stated tha tSanitago wa slonely
n e h
w hewa s ifshing.Gurkosaidt hatt hi soverirdingpowelressnes sandf utlitiy o f
l a u d i v i d n i e h
t i srelfected i n t he ifsherman Sanitago’ sconversaiton swtih t hebig
l e s ti h s
if fwhlie he i s rtying to land ti (1955: 11) .From Gurko’ sstatement ,i t
n a S w o h s w o h
s itago actually canno t ifsh alone .He stli lneeded a help from t he
d e t n a w e h e r e h t u b , n o s r e p r e h t
, l e v o n s ’ y a w g n i m e H t a h t e e s n a c e w , s t n e m e t a t s e s o h t m o r
F TheOldMan
a e S e h t d n
a , ha sagrea tvalue o fthei deao fcompanionship .Wtih t hi sstudy, t he w
e n g n i h t e m o s r e v o c s i d o t s t n a w r e ti r
w ,a sthe main character ,Sanitago stli l
. h s if e h t h c t a c o t n o s r e p r e h t o e h t m o r f p l e h a d e d e e
n Thi snoveli sanattemptt o
p o l e v e
d acompanionship storyi nto tif ul lmeaning sand t oseewha tHemingway
d e z y l a n a e v a h s c it ir c y n a M . y ti l a e r a n i g n it n e s e r p e r n i e n o d s a
h TheOldmanand
a e S e h
t in the sense o fsymbo ilc meaning .Those c iritcs and comment sgive l
e v o n e h t f o y r o t s e h t e z y l a n a o t r e ti r w e h t r o f n o it a m r o f n i r e p e e
d us ch a s
d n a r e t c a r a h
c the i dea o fcompanionship. This t hesisi sdifferen tfrom t he other s
a S , r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t f o p i h s n o i n a p m o c r o f d e e n e h t n o s u c o f s i h t e s u a c e
b nitago ,
y r o t s s i h h g u o r h t n e e
s whenhewantedt ogot ot hes eauntlit he ifshing.
.
B Reviewo fRelatedTheories
.
1 Theoryo fCharacterandCharacteriza iton
n a tr o p m i n a s i r e t c a r a h c
A trole i n a play o rstory .The characte rha san
a o g a it n a S , l e v o n s i h t n I . y r o t s a p u g n i k a m n i e l o r t n a tr o p m
i st heoldman i st he
n i a
m characte ro fTheOld manand TheSea .In t heUnderstandingUnseeens , .M y
h p r u M .
J menitoned nine way s o f how an autho r reveal s the characte'r s
: e r a s y a w e n i n e h T . r e d a e r e h t o t s ti a rt d n a y ti l a n o s r e p
.
a Persona lDesc irpiton ,anautho rcandesc irbeaperson' sappearance
1 6 1 : 2 7 9 1 ( s e h t o l c d n
a -162 .)
.
b Characte ra sseen by another ,an autho ruse scharacte'r seye sand
.
c Speech ,wha ta characte rsay scan give the reade ran insigh to f
.) 4 6 1 : 2 7 9 1 ( s c it s ir e t c a r a h c s ' n o s r e p r e h t o n a
.
d Pastl fie,t heautho rgive sacluet opas tevent stha thelp t her eader s
.) 6 6 1 : 2 7 9 1 ( s c it s ir e t c a r a h c s ' n o s r e p a e p a h s o t
.
e Conversaiton o fother ,s t heconversaiton so fothe rpeopleand t he
s ' n o s r e p a o t e u l c a e b n a c r e t c a r a h c a t u o b a y a s y e h t s g n i h t
.) 7 6 1 : 2 7 9 1 ( s c it s ir e t c a r a h c
.f Reacitons ,by allowingt hereaderst o know howaperson r eactst o
e u l c a m e h t e v i g o s l a n a c r o h t u a n a , s t n e v e d n a s n o it a u ti s s u o ir a v
.) 8 6 1 : 2 7 9 1 ( s c it s ir e t c a r a h c s ' n o s r e p a o t
.
g Driec tcommen,tt heautho rcandescirbeo rcommen ton aperson' s
.) 0 7 1 : 2 7 9 1 ( y lt c e ri d s c it s ir e t c a r a h c
.
h Thoughts ,an autho rcan give the reader sa driec tknowledge o f
.) 1 7 1 : 2 7 9 1 ( t u o b a g n i k n i h t s i r e t c a r a h c a t a h w
.i Manneirsms ,aperson' smanneirsms ,habti scanbedescirbedbyt he
s ' n o s r e p e h t t u o b a g n i h t e m o s s r e d a e r s i h l l e t o t r o h t u a
) 3 7 1 : 2 7 9 1 ( s c it s ir e t c a r a h
c .
n a h c n u r o " , e l b a t s " y ll a it n e s s e n i a m e r y a m r e t c a r a h c
A ged i noultookand
n o it i s o p s i
d ,o rmayundergo ar adica lchange ,etihert hrough agradua lproces so f
i s ir c a f o t l u s e r e h t s a r o t n e m p o l e v e
d s .Whethe ra characte rremain sstable o r e
g n a h
c ,the reade ro fa rtadiitona land reailsitc work expect s"consistency" ,the
.t i w o n k o t e m o c y d a e rl a e v a h e w s a t n e m a r e p m e t r e h r o s i h n
i Abram salso said
t a h t
r d a n i d e t n e s e r p s n o s r e p e h
t amaitco rnarraitveworkwhoexaminedbyt he t a h t s e it il a u q l a n o it i s o p s i d d n a l a r o m h ti w d e h s il p m o c c a g n i e b s a s r e d a e r
y a s y e h t t a h w n i d e s s e r p x e e r
a – thedialogueand by what t hey do – the f e r u t a n l a r o m d n a t n e m a r e p m e t s ’ r e t c a r a h c n i s d n u o r g e h T . n o it c
a o rhi s
n o it a v it o m s i h e t u ti t s n o c s n o it c a s i h d n a h c e e p
s (1981:20).
r o f s d o h t e m e v it a n r e tl a n e e w t e b e d a m y lt n e u q e r f s i n o it c n it s i d d a o r b A
g n i z ir e t c a r a h
c (.ie. ,estabilshing the disitncitve character sof )the person sin a
n I . g n il l e t d n a g n i w o h s : e v it a r r a
n showing (also called "the dramaitc method") ,
r e d a e r e h t s e v a e l d n a g n it c a d n a g n i k l a t s r e t c a r a h c e h t s t n e s e r p y l p m i s r o h t u a e h t
d n a s e v it o m e h t r e f n i o
t disposiiton stha t ile behind wha tthey say and do .The
r e n n i s' r e t c a r a h c a o s l a t u b , s n o it c a d n a h c e e p s l a n r e t x e y l n o t o n w o h s y a m r o h t u a
f o e d o m d e p o l e v e d y l h g i h a r o f ; s t n e v e o t s s e n e v i s n o p s e r d n a , s g n il e e f ,s t h g u o h t
g n i w o h s r e n n i h c u
s in stream o fconsciousnes .s In t elilng, t he authori ntervene s d n a s e v it o m e h t , e t a u l a v e o t n e tf o d n a , e b ir c s e d o t r e d r o n i y l e v it a ti r o h t u a
o it i s o p s i
d na lquailite soft hecharacters( Abrams ,1981:24 .)
s a h c u s s k r o w y r a r e ti l e h t n
I drama , novels , and shor t sto ires , the
c a r a h
c teirzaiton o fimaginary persons i srevealed by the author .Holman and
t u o b a y r a n i g a m i s ’ r o h t u a e h t f o n o it a e r c e h t s i n o it a z ir e t c a r a h c “ , d i a s n o m r a H
r o f t s i x e y e h t t a h t o s s n o s r e p l a e r e h t s a s r e t c a r a h
c the reade r a slfieilke”
: 6 7 9 1
( 81) .Accordingt oRohrberge rand Woods ,“theproces sbywhich anautho r
s i s r e t c a r a h c e h t s e t a e r
c calledcharacteirzaiton”( 1976:12) .
e e r h t e r a e r e h T . r e ti r w d o o g a f o y r a m ir p s i e z ir e t c a r a h c o t y ti li b a e h T
d n a , n o it c a n i r e t c a r a h c e h t f o n o it a t n e s e r p , n o it i s o p x e t c e ri d “ h g u o r h t e r a y e h T
n a s n o it c a f o t c a p m i e h
t demoiton ,s”
t c e ri d h g u o r h t r e t c a r a h c e h t f o r o h t u a e h t y b n o it a t n e s e r p t i c il p x e e h T
l a e m e c e i p n e tf o e r o m r o k c o l b y r o t c u d o rt n i n i r e h ti e , n o it i s o p x e
r e t c a r a h c e h t f o n o it a t n e s e r p e h T . n o it c a y b d e t a rt s u ll i k r o w e h t t u o h g u o r h t
o n r o e lt ti l h c i h w , n o it c a n
i expilci t commen tby the author ,in the r o t c a e h t f o s e t u b ir tt a e h t e c u d e d o t e b l li w s r e d a e r e h t t a h t n o it a t c e p x e
f o t c a p m i e h t ,r e t c a r a h c a n i h ti w m o r f n o it a t n e s e r p e r e h T . n o it c a e h t m o r f
c e p x e e h t h ti w , fl e s r e n n i s ’ r e t c a r a h c e h t n o s n o it o m e d n a s n o it c
a taiton
e h t f o s e t u b ir tt a e h t f o g n i d n a t s r e d n u r a e l c a o t e m o c l li w s r e d a e r e h t t a h t
.) 1 8 : 6 7 9 1 ( r e t c a r a h c
e h t r o f r e i s a e s e k a m d n a n o it a n a l p x e r a e l c a s e k a m n o it a t n e s e r p t c e ri D
n o it a n a l p x e y n a t u o h ti w , d n a h r e h t o e h t n O . s r e t c a r a h c e h t y fi t n e d i o t s r e d a e
r fo
e r o m t i e z y l a n a o t e v a h s r e d a e r e h t s e k a m n o it a t n e s e r p t c e ri d n i r o r e t c a r a h c e h t
. y l p e e d
.
2 TheRela itonbetweenLtieratureandPsychology
k o o b r i e h t n
I Theoryo fLtierature ,Wellek andWarren statedf ou rstudie s h
t e r u t a r e ti l l a c i g o l o h c y s p a h c r a e s e r o
t esis .F ris,t t hepsychologica lstudy oft he
. l a u d i v i d n i n a s a r o e p y t a s a r o h t u
a I tmean stha tthi sstudy tends toward
y g o l o h c y s
p o fatr .Researchers rty t o capturet heauthors'menta lcondiitonatt he
f o e m
it b irngingf o trh a ltierarywork.Second,t hestudy o fcreaitveprocess .Thi s
o t d e t a l e r y d u t
s the menta lheatlh .I tmean sho w psychological measures when
g n i s s e r p x
e ltierary work i nto focus .Thrid, t he study o fpsychological t ype sand
y d u t s s i h T . e r u t a r e ti l f o s k r o w n i h ti w d e t n e s e r p s w a
l can bedriected tot hestudy
f
o psychologica l theo ires , such as psychoanalysis into a ltierary text . The
assump iton fo thi sstudy si et h authorso tfen usecetrain psychologicalt heo ires in
n o it a e r
e r u t a r e ti l f
o upon readers . Thi s study is m ore incilned towards pragmaitc
l a c i g o l o h c y s
p aspectsofl tierarytexts ot readers(1977:81).
y l e v it i u t n i m e e s y a m e r u t a r e ti l d n a y g o l o h c y s p n e e w t e b p i h s n o it a l e r e h T
s y a w e h t n e v i g s u o i v b
o tha t ifcitona lnarraitve scancreatet hei mpression t ha tone
.s g n il e e f t s e p e e d d n a s t h g u o h t s 'r e t c a r a h c a o t s s e c c a t c e ri d s a
h In the book
s e it i n a m u H s e n il p i c s i D d e il l A s ti d n a y g o l o h c y s
P ,Bornstein stated t ha tltierature t
s e b e h t s
i to desc irbethehuman condiiton i n dramaitcf ormand psychology ha s
s y a w c it a m e t s y s n i r o i v a h e b r o r e t c a r a h c s ’ n a m u h e t a g it s e v n i o t h t g n e rt s e h t
(1984:144 .)I tmeanst ha tbothl tieratureandpsychologystudyaboutt hehuman' s
.r e t c a r a h c
y g o l o h c y s
P ltierature i sthe study o fltierature tha tsees the work a sa
l a t n e
m acitvtiy .Psychology ha san aspec ttha texamine sthe authors' creaitve
s s e c o r
p when projectedthrough hi swork. I n hi sbookThePsychologyo fHuman r
o i v a h e
B ,R.A .Kailsh stated tha tltierature "hold sthe mriro rup to the man" )
8 : 3 7 9 1
( .Thewrtie rcanconcludet ha tpsychologyl tieratureanalyzingcharacte'r s
s c it s ir e t c a r a h
c .How fa rthe autho rdescirbe sthe characte rthu scharacteirsitc fo
e v il a e r o m s e m o c e b e r u t a r e ti
l .
.
3 Theoryo fCompanionship
n
I socia l psychology , the need fo r companionship i s an intirnsic
e l o r a s y a l p d e e n s i h T . d e t p e c c a y ll a i c o s e b d n a s r e h t o h ti w e t a il if f a o t n o it a v it o m
a n e m o n e h p l a i c o s f o r e b m u n a n
i suchass efl-presentaitonands ocia lcompairson.
w o l s a M m a h a r b A n
I ' stheory o fmoitvaiton ,stated in Mo itvaiton and y
ti l a n o s r e
h e h T . g n i g n o l e b d n a e v o l r o f d e e n r o r o i v a h e b n a m u h s e t a v it o
m ierarchy i s
e r o m d n a e s a b e h t t a s d e e n c i s a b e r o m h ti w , d i m a r y p a s a d e y a rt r o p y ll a u s u
f o r e t n e c e h t t a e il g n i g n o l e b d n a e v o l r o f d e e n e h T . k a e p e h t r a e n s d e e n x e l p m o c
s d e e n e s e h t t a h t d e t s e g g u s w o l s a M e li h W . s d e e n l a i c o s e h t f o t r a p s a d i m a r y p e h t
l e r e
w essi mpo trantt hant hephysiologica landsafetyneeds ,hebeileved t ha t" the
e c n a t p e c c a d n a p i h s n o i n a p m o c e c n e ir e p x e o t e l p o e p d e p l e h g n i g n o l e b r o f d e e n
s p i h s n o it a l e r r e h t o d n a , s d n e ir f , y li m a f h g u o r h
t . The people need fo r
i p i h s n o i n a p m o
c n orde rto avoid problem ssuch a sloneilness ,depression and
v o l l e e f o t e l p o e p r o f t n a tr o p m i s i t i , y t e i x n
a ed and accepted by othe rpeople"
7 8 9 1
( : 2 0 .)
n
I The Third Force :The Psychology o fAbraham Maslow , Maslow' s s i h T . n o it a v it o m n a m u h f o y r o e h t e h t o t e t a l e r p i h s n o i n a p m o c r o f s d e e n f o y r o e h t
n a t a h t l a u s u n u s i t I " . e l o h w d e z i n a g r o , d e t a r g e t n i n a s i l a u d i v i d n
i ac to ra
( , " n o it a v it o m e n o t u b e v a h h s i w s u o i c s n o
c Maslow ,19 : 787 3 .) In othe rwordst he
. n o s r e p t a h t f o t r a p a t s u j t o n , d e t a v it o m s i n o s r e p e l o h w
s i p i h s n o i n a p m o c r o f d e e n e h
T the relaiton between psychologica land
l a c i g o l o i s y h
p needs .They are related to each other . Maslow explained thi s
g n i e b s a t r a p n i ) s d e e n l a c i g o l o i s y h p d n a l a c i g o l o h c y s p n e e w t e b n o it a l e r (
l a c i g o l o i s y h
p -theneedf orr es torr ecovery .Bu ttii salsoapsychologicalr esponse ,
e v r e s n o c o t y c n e d n e t
a energy (1987: 45) .Psychologica land physiologica lneed s
d n a , d e tr o t s i d y li s a e , k a e w e r a y e h t t u b , s e i c e p s n a m u h e h t f o e r u t a n r e n n i e u rt e h t
. n o it i d a rt r o , ti b a h , g n i n r a e l t c e r r o c n i y b e m o c r e v o
e r a y e h
T (psychologica land physiologica l needs) intirnsic aspect s o f c
e r u tl u c h c i h w e r u t a n n a m u
h anno tkill ,bu tonly repress .The need sare e
r a e s o h t d n a d e s s e r p p u s r o d e r o n g i y li s a
e no tbad etihe rneurta lo rgood 7
8 9 1
( : 83 .)
. s s e n g n i g n o l e b d n a e v o l f o t c e p s a e h t o t s e t a l e r p i h s n o i n a p m o c f o a e d i e h T
it n e t o p e h t d n a h t w o r g e h t ,s t c e p s a o w t e s o h t m o r
F a loft he person wli ldevelop .
i h s n o i n a p m o c t u o h ti
W p , the person canno t develop the potency and i t wli l
.s d e e n r e h t o e h t t c u rt s b o
t I .s e s o n i m a ti v a e h t r o r e g n u h t l a s e k il , e s a e s i d y c n e i c if e d a s i r e g n u h e v o L
m e t a t s e h t n o it s e u q o t e n o y n a o t r u c c o t o n d l u o
w entt ha twe' need' i odine v
o l ' d e e n ' e w t a h t e c n e d i v e e h t t a h t u o y d n i m e r I . C n i m a ti v r
o ei sexaclty
7 8 9 1 ( e p y t e m a s e h
t : 14 .)
d n a n o s r e p e n o e h t n e e w t e b p i h s n o it a l e r a o t s e t a l e r a e d i p i h s n o i n a p m o C
. s n o s r e p r e h t o e h
t Thisi deaalso t alk saboutt hei dea off irendship .In t heprope r
. e s n e f e d f o g n i p p o r d a , r a e f f o k c a l a s i e r e h t , p i h s n o it a l e
r F irendship makest he
t a h t s e v e il e b r e g n i n n e M l r a K . d e r e v o c s i
d firendship which contain slove and
. y ti v it c a s i h n i l u fr e w o p e r o m n o s r e p e h t s e k a m s s e n g n i g n o l e b
a y b n a h t d e t a i c e r p p a t o n e r a e w t a h t g n il e e f e h t y b s s e l d e ri a p m i s i e v o L
e h t ,s k s a m r u o h g u o r h t e e s s r e h t o t s e l , e n o y r e v e y b t l e f s s e l r o e r o m , d a e r d
n e e b e v a h t a h t n o i s s e r p e r f o s k s a
m forced upon u sby conveniton and a n o s p i h s d n e ir f n i a t n i a m o t , y c a m it n i n u h s o t s u s d a e l t a h t s i tI . e r u tl u c
y e h t t s e l s r e h t o e t a i c e r p p a o t l i a f d n a e t a m it s e r e d n u o t , l e v e l l a i c if r e p u s
i c e r p p a o t e m o
c ateust oowell( Menninger ,1987: 14 .)
d e il p m i w o l s a
M thatt heneed f o rcompanionshipappearedwhent heneed
, e v o l r o
f affeciton ,belongingnessi sowned by t heperson. Thi sneedcomesf rom
.s d e e n e v o l d n a s s e n g n i g n o l e b e h
t These t(he belongingnes sand love needs )
o it c e f f a d n a , e v o l , g n i g n o l e b r o f s d e e n e d u l c n
i n .Maslow considered t heseneed s
s a h c u s s p i h s n o it a l e R . s d e e n y ti r u c e s d n a l a c i g o l o i s y h p n a h t c i s a b s s e l e b o t
r o f d e e n s i h t l li fl u f p l e h s e il i m a f d n a , s t n e m h c a tt a c it n a m o r , s p i h s d n e ir f
,l a i c o s n i t n e m e v l o v n i s e o d s a , e c n a t p e c c a d n a p i h s n o i n a p m o
c communtiy ,o r
7 8 9 1 ( s p u o r g s u o i g il e
r :40 .)
.
C Theoreitca lFramework
e h
T theo ire s wli l cont irbute to answe r the problem s that have been
e r o m e m o s d d a o t d e d e e n s i s e i d u t s d e t a l e r f o w e i v e r e h t d n a d e n o it n e m
t u o b a n o it a m r o f n
i the focus o fthi sundergraduate thesis .The review o frelated r e p e e d a e v i g o t s e i d u t s d e t a l e r f o w e i v e r e h t h ti w l e ll a r a p n i d n a t s l li w s e ir o e h t
d n a s e i d u t s d e t a l e r f o w e i v e r f o n o it a r o b a l e e h T . y d u t s e h t t u o b a g n i d n a t s r e d n u
p e h t f o s r e w s n a e h t n i a t b o o t r e ti r w e h t s p l e h s e ir o e h t d e t a l e r f o w e i v e
r roblem
C n i y l s u o i v e r p d e t a l u m r o
e h
T theo ire so fcharacteraret oanswert hef ris tproblem .Byknowingand
a t s r e d n u n a c r e ti r w e h t , e r a n o it a z ir e t c a r a h c d n a r e t c a r a h c t a h w d n a t s r e d n
u ndhow
r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t f o s c it s ir e t c a r a h c e h t e z y l a n a o
t .The wrtie rwli lbe able to
e h t f o s n o it p ir c s e d e h t n o s u c o
f character .Knowing the descirpitons o fthe
r e t c a r a h
c wli lgivemore decision to seetheneed fo rcompanionship t hrough t he
o g a it n a S , r e t c a r a h c n i a
m .
e h
T theo ire s of companionship ea r used to analyze the need fo r
. o g a it n a S , r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t m o r f n e e s s i t a h t p i h s n o i n a p m o
c Theset heo ire sare
n a t e g o t r e d r o n i p i h s n o i n a p m o c r o f d e e n r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t t a h t l a e v e r o t d e s u
m i h d n u o r a e v il o h w e l p o e p e h t m o r f e c n a t p e c c
a tI wli lbet hef ocusi n thi swork .
p l e h o s l a t
I s the reader s to understand deepe r abou t the theme o f thi s
s i s e h t e t a u d a r g r e d n
u .
e h
T eth ory o fthe relaiton between psychology and ltierature i sused to
p l e
h the wrtie rin analyzing thi swork from two poin to fview ,psychology and
f o s e ir o e h t e h T . e r u t a r e ti
l character sandcharacteirzaiton raet akenf romltierature
. y g o l o h c y s p m o r f n e k a t e r a p i h s n o i n a p m o c f o s e ir o e h t e h t e li h w , w e i v f o t n i o p
n a s e k a t e r u t a r e ti l d n a y g o l o h c y s p n e e w t e b n o it a l e r f o y r o e h t e h t , e r o f e r e h T
t n a tr o p m
7 1
I I I R E T P A H C
Y G O L O D O H T E M
e b n a c h c i h w , y d u t s e h t f o y g o l o d o h t e m e h t h ti w s l a e d r e t p a h c s i h T
y d u t s e h t f o t c e j b O . y d u t s e h t f o t c e j b o s i tr a p t s ri f e h T . s tr a p e e r h t o t n i d e d i v i d
l e v o n e h t h ti w s l a e
d The Old Man and the Sea and the focu so fthe wrtie'r s .
y d u t s e h t n i s i s y l a n a
e s e h
T cond par ti sthe approach o fthe study .In thi spa tr ,the wrtie r e h t s i t a h t , y d u t s e h t g n it c u d n o c n i d e s u r e ti r w e h t t a h t h c a o r p p a e h t s e d i v o r p
. h c a o r p p a l a c i g o l o h c y s p
l li w r e ti r w e h t ,t r a p t s a l s i h t n I . y d u t s e h t f o d o h t e m e h t s i tr a p d ri h t e h T
s e d i v o r
p themethod ort heproceduret ha tconcern swtih t hesteps t hatt hewrtie r .
y d u t s s i h t n i n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r p e h t g n i z y l a n a n i d e s u
.
A Objec toft heStudy
s ' y a w g n i m e H t s e n r E f o l e v o n e h t n o s e s u c o f r e ti r w e h
T TheOldManand
a e S e h
t .TheOld Man andt heSea i sHemingway' spopula rnove lsincet henove l l
e v o n e h t d e s u r e ti r w e h T . 4 5 9 1 n i e z ir P r e z ti l u P a d e v i e c e
r TheOldManandt he
a e
S tha twa spubilshed byNew York Scirbne rast hep irmary source .Thi snove l .
2 5 9 1 n i d e h s il b u p s a
w Thi snove lconsist so f127page .sWhen TheOldManand ,
1 r e b m e t p e S e h t n i d e r a e p p a t s ri f a e S e h
t 1952, i ssueo fLfiemagazine ,mliilon s l
p o e p f
o e stood i n ilnea tnewsstandst o purchaseacopy ;5,300,000 copie swere .s
t t u o b a s ll e t l e v o n s i h
T heoldmannamedSanitago .Hei sa ifsherman t ha t 7
8 r o f e n o g s a
h day swtihou tcatching a single ifsh .Thisi sconsidered salao ,o r x
e rtemeunluckines ,si n t hesmal lCuban ifshingvillagewherehe ilves .A tfert he t
s ri
f 40 days ,the parent so fthe boy named Mano iln, who normally ifshe swtih m
i
h forcehimt oswtich t o amoreproftiableboat ,andt heycatcht hreegood ifsh t
s ri f e h t n
i weekhei sonboard.
t a c o t s e ir t e h , g n i h s if s i e h n e h
W cht he ifsh by himsefl .Unit l87 days ,he g
n il g g u rt s r e tf a , n e h T . g n i h t o n s t e
g very hard , he can catch the ifsh . e h t h c t a c o t e r u li a f s i h n I .s k r a h s e h t y b d e k c a tt a e r a h s if e h t d n a e h , y l e t a n u tr o f n U
e h t a h t d i a s n e tf o d n a f l e s m i h y b s k a e p s n e tf o e H . s s e n il e n o l s i h s w o h s e h , h s if
n i h s if s i h n i m i h y n a p m o c c a o t , n il o n a M , y o b e h t s d e e
n g .Hi sneed f o rmakinga
s e h s i w o g a it n a S . m i h d n u o r a e c n a t p e c c a s 'e l p o e p e h t t e g o t s m i a p i h s n o i n a p m o c
g n ir b d n a h s if e h t h c t a c m i h p l e h o t r e d r o n i m i h o t n o it a c o l e m a s e h t n i s i y o b e h t
. y ll u f s s e c c u s e m o h t i
a s t e g r e ti r w e h t , e v o b a y r o t s e h t n o d e s a
B poin tto be discussed in thi s n i a m e h t f o n o it a z ir e t c a r a h c e h t o t n o it n e tt a e r o m s e v i g r e ti r w e h T . y d u t s
o t n o it n e tt a e r o m e v i g l li w r e ti r w e h t d n a , n a m d l o e h t s a o g a it n a S , r e t c a r a h c
. p i h s n o i n a p m o c r o f d e e n s ' o g a it n a S
.
B Approachoft heStudy
a n a e h t e k a m o
T lysi so fthi sstudy ,the wrtie ruse sthe psychologica l r o f d e e n e h t t u o b a s e z y l a n a r e ti r w e h t , e r e H . s i s y l a n a e h t g n it r o p p u s n i h c a o r p p a
y g o l o h c y s p f o y d u t s e h t h ti w p i h s n o it a l e
r ,thu sthe wrtie rneed sto make a n .
h c a o r p p a l a c i g o l o h c y s p g n i s u s i s y l a n a
d n a e r u t a r e ti l n e e w t e b p i h s n o it a l e r e s o l c a s i e r e h t t a h t g n i z i n g o c e R
n i h s il a K , y g o l o h c y s
p ThePsychologyo fHumanBehaviorimpilest ha t"ltierature .
" n a m e h t o t p u r o r ri m e h t s d l o
h A good wrtie ro rnoveils tcan communicatet he e
fi l e r o m m e e s m e h t e k a m d n a r e t c a r a h c s ri e h t f o g n il e e
f -ilket hant her ea lpeople
e h t e s u n a c r e ti r w e h T . e b ir c s e d o t t p m e tt a t s i g o l o h c y s p e h t r o i v a h e b e s o h w
ir n e o t t s i g o l o h c y s p e h t y b d e d i v o r p g n i d n a t s r e d n
u cht hesto ires ,andpsychologis t p e e d e h t m o r f g n i w a r d y b r o i v a h e b n a m u h f o g n i d n a t s r e d n u r i e h t n i n i a g n a c
. ) 8 : 3 7 9 1 ( r o h t u a d o o g f o e v it i s n e s
l a c i g o l o h c y s p t a h t d n a t s r e d n u n a c r e ti r w e h t , n o it a n a l p x e t a h t m o r F
y b y d u t s s i h t h c r a e s e r o t d e s u s i h c a o r p p
a using the theory o f psychology , o t p l e h o t d n i m n a m u h d n a y g o l o h c y s p t u o b a d e i d u t s r e ti r w e h t y a s o t g n i n a e m
f o t n e m e l e e h t s a n e k a t s i y r o e h t l a c i g o l o h c y s p , y d u t s s i h t n I . y d u t s s i h t e v r e s b o
c y s p d n a e r u t a r e ti l n e e w t e b p i h s n o it a l e r e h t s A . n o it a v r e s b o e h
t hology i sclosely
-.s i s y l a n a s i h t r o f e l b a ti u s s i h c a o r p p a l a c i g o l o h c y s p t a h t d i a s e b n a c t i h s il b a t s e
.
C Methodoft heStudy
s i h t f o r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t f o n o it a z ir e t c a r a h c e h t s s u c s i d o t d e ir t r e ti r w e h T
. p i h s n o i n a p m o c r o f d e e n s 'r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t d n a l e v o
n The method tha tthe
. h c r a e s e r y r a r b il e h t s a w y d u t s s i h t o t d e il p p a r e ti r w
y r a m ir p e h t d n a t s ri f e h T . y d u t s e h t n i d e s u a t a d f o s d n i k o w t e r a e r e h T
, y a w g n i m e H t s e n r E y b n e tt ir w l e v o n e h t s i , a t a
d TheOld Man andt heSea and i t
s e h T . 2 5 9 1 n i d e h s il b u p s a
s ’ m a r b A s a h c u s , s e ir o e h t e h t e d i v o r
p A Glossary o fLtierary Terms ,Maslows'
y ti l a n o s r e P d n a n o it a v it o
M , and May' sPsychology and The Human Dliemma .
e r e w t a h t s m s i c it ir c e m o s d e s u o s l a r e ti r w e h t ,s k o o b s e d i s e
B takenf romi nterne.t .
o t s p e t s e m o s k o o t r e ti r w e h
T answer t heproblem formulaiton tha tstated i n t he .
r e t p a h c s u o i v e r p
r e ti r w e h t ,t s ri
F obtained t he Ernes tHemingway’ sThe Old Man and t he a
e
S ast hep irmarydataors ource.Tounderstandt hemainproblemandt hei deao f d
a e r r e ti r w e h t , y d u t s e h
t s thenovelf o rmany itmest ounderstandt hes tory . r
e ti r w e h t , d n o c e
S focusedont hemainproblemst ha thadbeenanalyzedi n r
e ti r w e h t n e h T . y d u t s s i h
t tired t o formulate t heproblem formulaiton .Here, t he , r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t f o n o it a z ir e t c a r a h c e h t o t d e t a l e r n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r p
. o g a it n a S h g u o r h t d e t c e lf e r s i p i h s n o i n a p m o c r o f d e e n e h t d n a , o g a it n a S
e h t r e w s n a o t s e ir o e h t e h t f o s k o o b e h t d n if o t d e ir t r e ti r w e h t , d ri h T
o f m e l b o r
p rmulaiton .The wrtie ralso t ired to ifnd the ciritcism sabou tThe Old a
e S e h t d n a n a
M tohelpt hewrtiert oanalyzet hiss tudy.
r e ti r w e h T . s i s e h t e t a u d a r g r e d n u s i h t e z y l a n a o t d e ir t r e ti r w e h t , h tr u o F e tr o p p u
s d t heanalysi swtih sentencet osentenceoft henove last heproof
