A STUDY OF FORMAL LINKS IN ERNEST
HEMINGWAY’S
THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA
A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Bachelor Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic
University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By:
Akhmad Yafi Alvian
Reg. Number: A03212030
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
xiii
ABSTRACT
Alvian, Akhmad Yafi. 2017. A study of Formal Links in Ernest Hemingway’s The
Old Man and the Sea.Thesis.English Department.Faculty of Letters and Humanities.Satate Islamic University of SunanAmpel Surabaya.
The Advisor: Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.Ag.
The old man and the sea is one of a novel by Ernest Hemingway tells the story of a battle between an aging fisherman with a large fish (marlin). This study focuses on kinds of formal links found in Ernest Hemingway’s The old man and the sea,
and the functions of formal link used in Ernest Hemingway’s The old man and the sea. The aim of this study is to describe the kind and give knowledge about the
functions of forma links in Ernest Hemingway’s The old man the sea. This study uses descriptive qualitative method to describe and analyze kinds of formal links in this novel. Next this study also describe about the functions of formal links used in The old man and the sea. The result of this study is expected to give beneficial contribution to English Department students to add their knowledge about the types of formal link used in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the
Sea. Practically, it will be a reference for the next researcher who is interested in analyzing formal link. It will also help the reader to understand clearly about the types of formal link that used in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea. For English teacher, this research will add the variation in teaching formal link and giving examples.
INTISARI
Alvian, Akhmad Yafi. 2017.A study of Formal Links in Ernest Hemingway’s The
Old Man and the Sea. Skripsi.Sastra Inggris.Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora.Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Pembimbing: Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.Ag.
The old man and the sea adalah sebuah novel karya Ernest Hemingway menceritakan tentang sebuah pertarungan antara seorang pemancing ikan yang tua dengan se ekor ikan yang besar (marlin). Studi ini fokus pada macam-macam formal link yang terdapat pada The old man and the sea karya Ernest Hemingway, dan fungsi-fungsi dari formal link yang di gunakan di The old man and the sea
karya Ernest Hemingway. Studi ini menggunakan cara descriptif kualitatif untuk menggambarkan dan menganalisa macam-macam dari formal link di novel ini. Selanjutnya studi ini juga menggambarkan fungsi-fungsi dari formal link yang di gunakan di The old man and the sea. Hasil dari studi ini adalah diharapkan untuk memberikan kontribusi yang bermanfaat untuk mahasiswa Program Studi Bahasa Inggris untuk menambah pengetahuan mereka tentang macam-macam formal link yang di gunakan di The old man the sea karya Ernest Hemingway. Sebenarnya, ini bisa menjadi referensi untuk peneliti berikutnya yang tertarik dalam menganalisa formal link. Ini juga akan membantu pembaca untuk memahami seacara jelas tentang macam-macam formal link yang di gunakan pada The old man and the sea karya Ernest Hemingway. Untuk guru bahasa inggris, penelitian ini akan menambah variasi mengajar formal link dan dalam memberikan contoh.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Inside Cover Page ... i
Inside Title Page ... ii
Declaration Page ... iii
Thesis Advisor’s Approval Sheet... iv
Thesis Examiner’s Approval Sheet ... v
Motto ... vi
Dedication Page ... vii
Acknowledgement ... viii
Table of Contents ... x
Abstract ... xiii
Intisari ... xiv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Research ... 1
1.2 Research Questions ... 7
1.3 Research Objectives ... 7
1.4 Significance of the Research ... 7
1.5 Scope and Limitation ... 8
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Discourse Analysis ... 10
2.2 Formal link ... 10
2.2.1 Verb Form ... 11
2.2.2 Parallelism ... 12
2.2.2.1 Grammatical Parallelism ... 12
2.2.2.2 Sound Parallelism ... 13
2.2.2.3 Semantic Parallelism ... 13
2.2.3 Referring Expressions ... 14
2.2.4 Repetition and Lexical Chains ... 15
2.2.5 Substitutions ... 16
2.2.6 Ellipsis ... 16
2.2.7 Conjunctions ... 17
2.3 Previous Study ... 18
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Approach ... 22
3.2 Data Source ... 23
3.3 Data ... 23
3.4 Data Collection ... 24
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CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 26
4.1 Findings ... 26
4.1.1 Types of Formal Links ... 26
4.1.1.1 Referring Expression ... 26
4.1.1.2 Conjunction ... 32
4.1.1.3 Substitution ... 36
4.1.1.4 Repetition ... 39
4.1.1.5 Verb Form ... 42
4.1.1.6 Parallelism ... 46
4.1.1.7 Ellipsis ... 48
4.2 Discussion ... 50
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 53
5.1 Conclusion ... 53
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents some descriptions of the study consisting of
background of study, Statement of the Problem, Objective of the study,
Significance of the study, Scope &Limitation and Definition of the key terms. All
of them will be discussed as the following below:
1.1. Background of the Research
Formal links theory of cook is the unit of discourse analysis. There are some
researchers already did the researches about formal links, such as: English reading
text of examination (Kulsum, 2008),Formal Links Approach to Grammar and
Lexicon Used in Barack Obama’s Speech “PulangKampungNih”
(RisnaCahyani,2011), and truly the literary works like a novel can be included. It
is so long than a short story. Sometimes, the author of a novel makes a sentence
concisely and compact form. A matter of fact, a novel gives the difficult sentence
to understand because it is full by lyrical sentences. The aim of study is to fill in
gap to make novel easier to understand.
As we know that novel is a part of literary work. It is a brief work of prose
fiction, and most of the terms for analyzing the component elements, the types,
and the various narrative techniques of the novel are applicable to the short story
as well (Abrams, A Glossary of Literary Terms p:286). Novel is a piece of fiction
2
a kind of long or a novelette.Novel is an invented prose narrative longer than a
short story usually dealing with a few characters and aiming at unity of effect and
often concentrating on the creation of mood rather than plot (Webster by
Merriam). Characteristicallydeveloping a single central theme and limited in
scope and number of characters (Webster’s New World College Dictionary).
Most of people who love reading spend their time by reading a novel.
Sometime they need to learn more to understand text what they read because the
language of text that we read in a novel is not easy and simple, it uses the brief
word and lyrical sentences. There are many different interpretations of people in
the world. So, to make understanding the true meaning of the text in a novel, we
need to analyze the text of the novel. Sometimes we need to look at features inside
the language or we can call it formal links that refers to facts inside language. We
can do this through knowledge of our grammar in some text. In this case, the way
we recognize whether sentences are correct or incorrect is different.
Misunderstanding might occur in reading and comprehending some texts since
they have different way to recognize sentence whether is correct or incorrect.
This study deals with discourse analysis. Discourse analysis is academic
discipline which studies about how language is used in real condition or situation
and to analyze the discourse. The data of discourse analysis are text and context.
The purpose of the discourse analysis is to get information which has relation with
situation and condition in society. Discourse analysis also has many aspects to
consider. One of the aspects is formal link which can be defined as
3
The text can be observed, counted and analyzed and are therefore more
objective. As Cook (1989: 14) stated Formal links between sentences and between
clauses are known as cohesive device. The aspect of formal link includes 7
aspects that are verb form (the verb form that can limit the verb form in the text),
parallelism (a part of formal link that is mean is connection, it connects the form
between other form to make the same form of structure in sentence),
referringexpression (it means a reference,), repetition (it is the word repetition in
text), substitution (is replacement a word or a group of word with a words which
have same meaning), ellipsis (omission of parts of sentences under the assumption
which the context make the meaning clear), andconjunction (a word which
connecting word or phrases or clauses).
A novel contains any information of formal links which are interesting to
analyze. The writer used Guy Cook theory in 1994, Cook stated that we can
describe the two ways of approaching language as contextual, referring to facts
outside language, and formal, referring to facts inside language. In approaching
language is not easy as it looks. It is not simply a sequence of sentences or
utterances (the form) by which a sender communicates a message to a receiver
(the function). Contextual features are somewhere outside this physical realization
of the language. Stretches of language treated only formally are referred to as text.
The formal link is a way of getting text hang together or has unity.
“Formal link between sentences or clauses is known as cohesive devices”, (Cook,
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how writers structure what they want to say, and may be crucial factors in our
judgments on whether something is well-written or not” (Yule, 1985: 106).
From these statements above, the writer can understand that Formal Link
is also known as cohesive devices. It’s useful to give us some insight in text what
the text is true or not as structure, it is also the important factor that we have to
understand to get what the written text is well or not as they want to say.
So, the writer is interested in choosing formal links because, it has
considered helping the readers to be able to recognize correct and incorrect
sentences whether the text is good written or not. The kinds of formal links are;
verb forms, parallelism, referring expressions, repetition and lexical chains,
substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction (Cook, 1989: 04). Formal links can help
well in communication and language learning. Formal links are needed in order to
enable the reader to comprehend the meaning of the text.
Then, a research concerns in Formal Links Used inErnest Hemingway’s
The Old Man and the Sea. The object that will be analyzed in this research is
novel, because this novel is very important to be analyzed in order to understand
what the writer said in that novel. Then, the title of this research is”A study of
Formal Links inErnest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea.”
The Old Man and the Sea, was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in1953, and in
1954 Hemingway won the Nobel Prize in Literature “for his powerful, style
-formingmastery of the art of narration.” One of the most important influences on
5
seized the imagination of the Americanpublic like no other twentieth-century
author. He died, by suicide, in Ketchum, Idaho, in 1961. This novel is 127 pages.
The researcher decides to analyze this novel because of some factors. The
first is the researcher likes this novel because this novel is a novella which is
written by American jurnalist, Ernest Hemingway. It was written at Kuba in 1951
and published in 1952. This literary is the last big work which is written and
published in his life. This book is one of his famous work, it is told about
Santiago, he is the first character in this book. He is the old fisher man who
getting difficult in catching big fish in the middle of the sea. This work have been
remembered in 20 centuries as the work that having the higest rate in
Hemingway’s literary of the world. It is the first factor why it is choosen to get
reward in Nobel literary in 1954.
Further, the researcher wants to research this novel The Old Man And The
Sea by Ernest hemingway in sub-part of Formal Link. The descriptions of the
types Formal Link are verb form, parallelism, referring expression, repetition,
substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction.The researcher is interested to analyze
Formal Link. In other hand, the novel is easy to understand and there are many
Formal Linkfound in this novel.
Having been aware of the previous studies is really important to get more
qualified in the research. There are some writers who wrote in the same field.
Risnacahyani (2011) Formal Links Approach to Grammar and Lexicon
Used inBarack Obama’s Speech“PulangKampungNih”.The purpose of this study
6
speech "Going Home Here". So from this study can known of the suitability and
the context and content of the speech the president to meaning to be conveyed by
the speaker can be conveyed properly.
Cook stated that in order to account for discourse, we need to look at
features outside the language: at the situation, the people involved, what they
know and what they are doing. These facts enable us to construct stretches of
language as discourse; as having a meaning and a unity for us. The way we
recognize correct and incorrect sentences is different. We can do this through our
knowledge or grammar without reference to outside facts (Cook, 1989:14).
The study of Formal Link also was conducted by UmmiKulsum(2007)
English Literature:Study of Formal Links used in English Reading Texts of
National Examination of Senior High School. This study is focused on analyzing
formal links in English reading section of National Examination 2007 edition.
Formal links is a fact inside language or features that operate within sentence. The
writer used the descriptive qualitative research.
In the present study, the writer chooses a novel because the writer has an
experience of stumbling in problems in understanding literary works such as
novel and some students sometimes cannot understand what the author means in
the novel. Considering to the reason above, the writer needs to strengthen the
importance of this study which discusses formal links in “The Old Man and The
Sea” novel.
In conclusion, the writer describes the sentences in Ernest
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Then, the writer identifies it using formal link theory to know what the functions
in each kind of formal link in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and The Sea.
1.2. Statement of Problem
Based on the background of the research, this study is conducted to answer
the problemformulated in the following question:
a. What arekind of formal linksfound in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old
Man and The Sea?
b. What are the functions of formal links used inErnest Hemingway’s The
Old Man and the Sea?
1.3. Research Objectives
The Objectives of the research are:
a. To describe the kind of formal link that is found in Ernest Hemingway’s
The Old Man and the Sea.
b. To describe and give knowledge about the functions in each formal link
that is in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea.
1.4. Significance of the Research
The result of this study is expected to give valuable and beneficial
contribution to English Department studentsto add their knowledge about the
types of formal link used in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea.
8
analyzing formal link. It also helps the reader to understand clearly aboutthe
typesof formal link that used inErnest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea.
For English teacher, this research will add the variation in teaching formal link
and giving examples.
1.5. Scope and Limitation
Scope and limitation is purposed to make a border of this research. So, the
researcherwill be focused on the important aspect and also deep conclusion for
this research.The scope and limitation include:
a. Novel
There are many Novels that can be found by the different titles in some
books. But, the researcher will be focused onAnalysis Formal Link in
Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea, because it is so easy to
understand and interested.
b. Formal Link
Any languagescan be analyzed uses some characteristic of language,
but now, the researcher will make limitation the thesis in formal link for
Novel as the analyzing.
1.6. Definition of the Key Terms
To avoid misunderstanding of the key terms, the writer defines some key
terms as follows;
a. Discourse: The latter kind is language in use, for
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to form grammatical units such as CLAUSE, PHRASE, and
SENTENCE, that refers to larger units of language such as
paragraphs, conversations, and interviews."
b. Discourse Analysis: The search for what gives discourse coherence.
c. Formal link:is referring to facts inside language. It is a way
ofunderstanding of formal features as in some way built up in our
minds from the black marks which form writing on the page, or from
the speech sounds pickedup by our ears. Formal links between
sentences andbetween clauses are known as cohesive device, being on
the surface of the text, can be observe, counted and analyzed and are
therefore more objective.
d. The Old Man and The Sea:the novel which is written by Ernest
10 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Discourse Analysis
Based on Guy Cook (1989) there are two different potential objects for
study. One abstracted in order to teach a language or literacy, or to study how the
rules of language work.The latter kind is language in use, for communication, is
called Discourse; and the search for what gives discourse coherence is Discourse
Analysis. Discourse analysis is defined as concerned with language use beyond
the boundaries of a sentence/utterance, concerned with the interrelationships
between language and society and as concerned with the interactive or dialogic
properties of daily communication (Slembrouck, 2003).
2.2 Formal Links
In order to account for discourse, we need to look at features outside the
language. This fact enables us to construct stretches of language as discourse, as
having a meaning and a unity for us. The way we recognize correct and incorrect
sentences is different. We can do this through our knowledge of grammar without
reference to outside facts. Cook states there are two ways of approaching language
that one of them is formal links, referring to facts inside language. A way of
understanding may be to think of formal features as in some way built up in our
minds from the black marks which form writing or from the speech sounds picked
up by our ears. formal features which operate within sentences and across
11
succession of sentences is discourse, and not just a disconnected jumble (Cook,
1994).
Actully, Cook’s theory is different with Halliday’s theory about cohesive
device. Cohesive devices are the devices that create relation. The function of these
devices is as formal link between sentences and between clauses. In other word,
the cohesive device of text or language are tools that can be used as relation
between one part of sentence to another sentences, and one of clauses to another
clauses in the text. For past and contemporary researchers alike, Cohesion in
English (Halliday and Hasan, 1976) has provides an important framework for
identifying and analyzing cohesive devices in spoken and written discourse. In
their work, Halliday and Hasan specify five types of cohesion: reference, ellipsis,
substitution, conjunction, and lexical cohesion. Each cohesive device type consists
of several subtypes.
Formal links includes: verb form, parallelism, referring expressions,
repetition and lexical chains, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction (Cook, a1994).
2.2.1 Verb Form
A link within discourse may constitute a verb form. The form of the verb
in one sentence can limit the choice of the verb form in the next. We may be
justified in saying that a verb form in one sentence is „wrong’ or at least
„unlikely’, because it does not fit with the form in another.
Consider this following part of discourse:
„When two lovers come together, their brains begin
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other’s eyes, their separate male and female minds
become like one.’
(Taken from Reader’s Digest, February 2005, page 64)
From the previous discourse, we can see that the verbs (come, begin, work,
smell, look, and become) are all in the simple present since the verbs refer to the
general truth- what happens when two people fall in love. There seems to be a
formal connection between them, a way in the first tense conditions all the others.
2.2.2 Parallelism
Another link deals with parallelism, a device which suggests a connection,
simply because the form of one sentence or clause repeats the form of another.
This can be found in speeches, prayers, poetry, and advertisements. It is used to
provide a powerful emotional effect to the audience. There are three kinds of
parallelism:
2.2.2.1 Grammatical parallelism
A discourse proceeds through arepeated grammatical structure into which
different words are slotted(Cook, 1994). Consider the following Christian prayer
as an example:
„Teach us Good Lord, to give and not to count the cost, to fight and not to heed the wounds, to toil and not to seek for rest, to labor and not to ask for reward, save that of knowing that we do
Thy will.’
This example employs parallelism to link clauses as there is a repeated
grammatical structure (to .. and not to …).
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It suggests a connection of meaning through an echo of form, it does not
have to be grammatical parallelism. It may be a sound parallelism as in the rhyme,
rhythm and other sound effects of verse.
Leisure
W.H. Davies
What is this life, if, full of care, We have no time to stand and stare, No time to see, when woods we pass, Where squirrels hide their nuts in grass,
No time to see, in broad daylight, Streams full of stars, like skies at the night…
(Simon and Schuster, 1966)
From stanzas of this poem, there are the same rhyme scheme as linked. It
is “aa” are linked, it has alsothe same sound pattern or rhythm and the same
stanza form, couplet.
2.2.2.3 Semantic Parallelism
The semantic parallelism happens when the sentences are linked because
they mean the same thing. Study the following example:
„… I oppose all forms of cruelty to animals. I
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(Taken from Reader’s Digest,March 2005, page 6)
The sentences above are connected as they reveal the same meaning, that
we should pay a better respect to animals.
2.2.3 Referring Expressions
Referring expressions mean words of which the meaning can only
discovered by referring to other words or to elements of the context which are
clear to both sender and receiver. (1) Anaphoric ref: The identity of someone or
something is given once at the beginning, and thereafter referred to with
pronouns. (2) Cataphoric ref.: The pronouns are given first and then the identity is
revealed. (3) Exophoric ref.: The meaning is found contextually from the outside
world. Referring expressions fulfill a dual purpose of unifying the text (they
depend upon some of the subject matter remaining the same) and of economy,
because they save us from having to repeat the identity of what we are talking
about again and again (Cook, 1994). Consider the following example:
„There are an estimated 195,000 elephants left
in Central Africa, but their distribution is patchy. Throughout the region, they have been heavily poached, so they tend to be nervous of people. If we come across one unexpectedly, it may well charge. And if we do not get out of the way in time we will probably be killed- speared on its tusks, thrown around like a rag doll, then trampled into the ground. Some have lived to tee the tale, but they have impressive
scars to go with their stories…’
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The meanings of they, their, them, it, and it are referred to elephants as the
identity of elephants is given at the beginning. It makes a kind of chain, running
through the discourse, in which each expression is linked to another.
2.2.4 Repetition and Lexical Chains
Another sort of chain may include repetition of words and their
synonymous or more general words or phrases. Whereas lexical chains need not
necessarily consist of words that mean the same, they may also be created by
words that associate with each other.
We have described referring expressions, repetition, and elegant repetition
as establishing `chains´ of connected words running through discourse. Such
lexical chains need not necessarily consist of words which mean the same,
however. They may also be created by words which associate with each other.
Here is an example:
It is time that we citizens celebrate love instead of hate, celebrate kindness, instead of revenge, and, for once, let us celebrate similarities instead of differences… ‘
(Taken from Reader’s Digest, September 2004, page 6)
Here the clauses are linked through the repetition of „celebrate’ and their
meanings are synonymous that we are asked to promote virtues rather than
violence.
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Another kind of formal link between sentences is the substitution of words
like do or so for a word or group of words which have appeared in an earlier
sentence. See the following example:
„Can there really be such people out there?
Aren’t these mass murderers the same people
whose mothers once held them in their arms, nurtured them, gave them an education and brought them up to be people of this world? If so, what triggers them to so much destruction?
(Taken from Reader’s Digest, March 2005, page 6)
From the example above, there is word “so”, the word “so” substitutes the
sentences that have appeared earlier. It substitutes the questions about how come
people who have been brought up and nurtured by their mothers have become
murderers.
2.2.6 Ellipsis
Ellipsis is omitting part of sentences on the assumption that an earlier
sentence or the context will make the meaning clear. Sometimes we don´t even
need to provide a substitute for a word phrase or which as already been said. We
can simply omit it, and know that the missing part can be reconstructed quite
successfully. Study the following example:
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era will be destroyed by earthquakes, but no one has yet deciphered when the Aztecs
thought the end of the fifth era would be.’
(Taken from Reader’s Digest, March 2005, 21)
In this example, there are some words that are omitted because it is clear
what the context is, for instance, „era’ in „the second, the third, etc.
2.2.7 Conjunction
Another type of formal relation between sentences is provided by those
words and phrases that explicitly draw attention to the type of relationship that
exist between one sentence or clause or another.
a. Adding more information to what has already been said.(furthermore,
in addition, etc.)
b. Elaborating or exemplifying (for instance, other words, etc.)
c. contrasting new information with old information (or, on the
otherhand, etc.)
d. Relating new information to what has already been given in terms of
causes (so, consequently, because, for this reason, etc.)
e. or in terms of time (formerly, then, in the end, etc.)
f. Indicating a new departure or a summary (by the way, well, to sumup,
etc.) (Cook, 1994).
There are many words and phrases which can be put into this category in
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the relationship of utterances in the mind or in the world and are thus in a way
contextual (Cook, 1994).
2.3 Previous Study
As the other writers have done in doing the research, having been aware of
the previous studies is really important to get more qualify in research. There are
some writers who writing in same field.
The first is according Risna cahyani (2011) Formal Links Approach to
Grammar and Lexicon Used inBarack Obama’s Speech“Pulang Kampung
Nih”Conjunctive formally part of the analysis of a discourse that serves
connecting sentence and sentences are also clauses and clauses. The relationship
also known as the coherence showing a unity of meaning between the context and
content from a discourse. In this case, there are two approaches used to knowing
how far the appropriateness and the logic of a discourse to the meaning can be
well, the approach and the approach grammatically lexicon. In a speech at the
president Barak Obama gave at the University of Indonesia on 9 November 2010,
there conjunctive formal analyzed through the theory of Guy Cook (1989). The
purpose of this study isto identify conjunctive as grammatically approach and
lexicon contained in the speech "Going Home Here". So from this study can be
known of the suitability and the context and content of the speech the president to
meaning to be conveyed by the speaker can be conveyed properly.
Second from by Ummi kulsum (2007) English Literature: Study of Formal
Links used in English Reading Texts of National Examination of Senior High
19
Senior High School before they pass from the school which is held once a year.
The test that held in Indonesia here is known as UN (Ujian Nasional), formerly
UAN (Ujian Akhir Nasinonal). The English reading texts of National
Examination of senior High School 2007 edition analyzed with formal links
proposed by Cook. He classifies the formal links theory into seven aspects, verb
form, parallelism, referring expression, repetition, substitution, ellipsis, and
conjunction. This study is focused on analyzing formal links in English reading
section of National Examination 2007 edition. Formal links is a facts inside
language or features that operate within sentence.
The writer used the descriptive qualitative research. The data are the
English reading texts of National Examination of Senior High School 2007
edition accessed from the internet, with browsed in www.ziddu.com and
www.banksoal.sbarin.com. In the data analysis, the writer used some process of
analysis, they are: (1) identifying the data of reading texts content of formal links
inside. (2) categorizing the sentence that found into any aspects of formal links.
(3) analyzing the data and explain the function, and (4) for the last process is
making conclusion from the analysis. From the result and discussion of her
analysis, the writer concluded that all types of formal links were found in the
reading texts of National Examination. The formal links found included verb
form, parallelism, referring expression, repetition, substitution, ellipsis and
conjunction.
For the function of formal links, which were found, are: for verb form, in
20
sentences and that makes the sentences in the reading texts are logically
connected, parallelism that was found is to simplify the language that used in
reading text. For referring expression is to indicate reference pronoun, for
repetition can be to stress the ideas in a passage, for substitution and ellipsis are to
make the utterance accurate, and for conjunction is to indicate cause and effect
relationship, to indicate comparison and contrast. The general conclusion is that in
written discourse, the text of passage in final examination of Senior High School
can maintain the flow of the ideas by using formal links, that is used many
repetitions that was often occur in every passage. For the last, as an English
learner, they should be sensitive to know a fact inside language that we can use
the formal links to know it. To have a wider and deeper knowledge about English,
it is very important to learn formal links, not only for English learner, but also for
English teacher, and further researcher.
From three previous studies above, the writer can make conclusion. There is
similarity with my thesis.And, it uses discourse analysis as the study and theory.
And the differencess of this thesis is the focus of the object study, they use formal
link in text but in my thesis only focus on formal linkin novel and function with
descriptive qualitative method.
So, in this study, the writer focuses on sentences, phrase, and clause inThe
Old man and The Sea by Ernest hemingway that is included in formal link and it
will be described detail one by one the function based on the types formal link
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter discusses the method that the researcher used in this research
including research approach, data source, data research instruments, techniques
of data collection and techniques of data analysis. They will be discussed below:
3.1 Research Approach
Research is any activities to collect the data, analyze it, and presents the
result. It is done in systematic and scientific steps to answer a certain problem.
because the data of this study are explained descriptively, the qualitative research
The kind of research is descriptive qualitative research (Ary, 2006:32). This study
is called descriptive is a research which is analyzed qualitatively, because the truth
can be expressed with some ways without number. Qualitative have some types
based on collecting data, one of them is descriptive qualitative approach in
document or content analysis, this analysis focused on analyzing grammatical
cohesin and giving explanation in each point of grammatical cohesion that applied
in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and The Sea. In addition, Creswell (1994:1)
stated that the qualitative research is an inquiring the process of understanding a
social or a human problem based on the building a complex, holistic picture,
formed of the words, reporting the detail view of informants and conducted in a
natural setting. Bogdan and Biklen (1998:77) stated that in qualitative research,
the human investigator is the primary instrument for the gathering and analyzing
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Therefore, the researcher used descriptive qualitative, because this method
is suitable to analyze formal link that applied in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old
Man and The Sea. In this study, the researcher conducted a research with
descriptive qualitative research in analyzing content of formal link that applied in
Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and The Sea. According to the researcher this
method also simple and easy to use in some of reasons like in method of data
collecting, data analysis. So the researcher used descriptive qualitative and content
analysis to analyze formal link that applied in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man
and The Sea.
And the researcher tried to describe every types of formal link in the
Novel that is included in; verb form, parallelism, referring expressions, repetition and lexical chains, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. And the analysis will be
explained clearly in the paragraph form.
3.2 Data Source
The data sources of this research was the novel of Ernest Hemingway’s The
Old Man and The Sea.
3.3 Data
The data of this research focused on words, phrases, clauses, sentences
used in the novel that shows verb form, parallelism, referring expressions,
repetition and lexical chains, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction that areincluded
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3.4 Data Collections
To collect the data of data sources, there wereseveral ways, the researcher
has done these several ways on this study:
3.4.1 Research Instruments
Based on the early of this chapter, this study used qualitative
approach, the instrument of this study was human. So, the main instrument
was I as the reseacher who gathered and analyzed the data. The supporting
instruments were like personal computer to download some sources of the
research, it was to make an easier in analyzing the data of the research.
3.4.2 Data Collection Techniques
To collect the data from the data sources, the researcher has the steps
as follows:
a. First, the researcher downloaded a novel, The Old Man and The Sea
of Ernest Hemingway on computer and it is printed.
b. Second, the researcher read the novel, The Old Man and The Sea of
Ernest Hemingway.
c. Third, the researcher identified, underlined a word, phrase, clause, and
coding some types of formal link and function. The type of formal
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3.5 Techniques of Data Analysis
Related to the statement of the problem, this study used descriptive
qualitative method. The researcher analyzed the data based on types of formal link
in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and The Sea.
a. The researcher noted the data
b. The reseracher classified the data into types of formal link and function.
c. The researcher describeddata based on the types of formal link and
function.
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, the researcher analyzes the types of formal link based on
Guy cook’s theory in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and The Sea. The
structure of writing research is presented in two steps. First, in findings the
researcher analyzes the data found based on the research problems. Second, in
discussion section the researcher explains the result of finding.
4.1 Findings
Based on the research problem, the researcher presentes two topics. The
first parts is types of formal links in “Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and The
Sea” and the second parts is the function formal link in the story of formal link.
4.1.1 Types of Formal Link
4.1.1.1 Referring Expression
Anaphoric referring expression points listeners or readers backwards to
what is previously mentioned. “The passengers presented themselves for checking
before boarding the plane.” is one of the examples of anaphoric referring
expression. Here the writer takes fourdata to be discussed.
Datum 1
was in the working part of his hand. He knew he would
given at the beginning. Meanwhile, the meanings of itis referred to The sun as the
identity of thing. This makes a kind of chain running through the discourse, in
which each expression is linked to another. As we know if pronoun sees from the
grammar, the pronoun his can has a function that it is as a point of view. Another
example of referring expression can be found in data 2, see below.
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erosions in a fishless desert. Everything about himwas old execpt his eyes and they were
taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. “No,” the old
man said “you’re with a lucky boat. Stay with them.”
But remember how you went eighty-seven days without
each expression is linked to another. And the function of the referring expression
that shown by pronoun he and they as the main character of the story, and using
pronoun of the text is as a figure or style in writing in order the writing is great and
nothing repetition of word, so the function of pronoun as replacement one word to
the same meaning or as point of view.Another example of referring expression can
the first light come before the sunrise. He’s headed almost
The meanings of his, and he are referred to the old man, and it referred to
water over asthe identity of someone is given at the beginning. This makes a kind
ofchain running through the discourse, in which each expression is linked
toanother.And the function of pronoun that shown in this data is make easier the
readers to understand the text, and minimized the word by simple word, and it is
also the writer style to make a good writing by using pronoun as point of view in
to stay in the deep dark water far out beyond all snares and traps and treacheries. My choice was to go there to find
him beyond all people.
referred to beyond people in the world as the identity of someone is given at the
beginning. This makes a kind of chain running through the discourse, in which
each expression is linked to another. And if we see from grammatical side, it is as
point of view as replacement the name of person.
Datum 5
As the sun set he
their forearms straight up and their hands gripped tight. after the first eight so that the referees could sleep. Blood cam eout from under the fingernails of both his and the
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Datum 6
On this circle the old man
could see the fish’e eye and
the two gray sucking fish that
swain around him.
Sometimes they attached
temselves to him. Sometimes they darted off. Sometimes they would swim easily in his shadow. They were each over three feet long and when they swam fast they lashed their whole bodies like eels.
The words of his, him, are referred to The old man, they, their,
themselvesare referred to fish.His,him is referred to the old manas the identity of
someone given at the beginning. This makes a kind of chain running through the
discourse in which each expression is linked to another. Another kinds of formal
link can be found in the next data.And the function is the replacement of the name
of person. See the more explanation below.
4.1.1.2 Conjunction
The type of formal relation between sentences is provided by those words
and phrases that explicitly draw attention to the type of relationship that exist
between one sentence or clause or another. Here the writer takes three data to be
what has already been given in terms of causes. The new information is doubted of
the old man knowsdid not leave him. Another example of conjunction can be
found in excerpt.
Datum 2
He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had been with him. But after forty days
without a fish the boy’s
down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff
contrastinginformation with old information. Then, the researcher found the same
data, see below.
Datum 3
The old man saw the brown fins coming along the wide trail the fish must make in the water. They were not even quartering on the scent. They were headed straight for the broken oar sawed off to about two and a half feet in length.
He could only use it
35
They were both
galanos.(Ernest Hemingway, 1917: 31)
The paragraph above shows that forhere adds more information to what
has already been said. It tells about a person who found in the first sentences.
Then, more information is given in the next sentence with a conjunction, that is,
for and the meaning of for same as conjunction “because”. Another example of
conjunction can be found in the next data.
Datum 4
The old man unhooked the fish, re-baited the line with another sardine and tossed it over. Then he worked his way slowly back to the bow. He washed his left hand and wiped it on his trourser. Then he shifted the heavy lie from his right hand to his left and washed his right hand in the sea while he watched the sun go into the ocean and the slant of the big cord. (Ernest Hemingway, 1917: 20)
From data above, we know that the italic bold word is included in
conjunction. The word “then” is conjunction that is used in terms of time. As the
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4.1.1.3 Substitution
In this study, the researcher finds substitution in The Old Man and The Sea
by Ernest Hemingway. These data are substitution because substitution is
replacement a word or a group of word with words which have same meanings, in
some case there are some word which can replace word. Guy Cook (1976:89)
describedSubstitution is kind of formal link that the word like do or so substitutes
for a word or group of words which have appeared in an earlier sentence. The
following is the analysis of substitution.
Datum 1
“Let us take the stuff home,” the boy said. “So I can get the
cast net and go after the
sardines”. (Ernest
Hemingway, 1917: 03)
Here “so” substitutes the underlined sentence that has appeared earlier. It
substitutes the arguments about someone who strong enough for a truly big fish. In
37
substitution is make a short sentence or omitting the same word that it has same
meaning. Another example of substitution can be found in next data.
Datum 2
When they reached the old
man’s shack the boy took the
rolls of line in the basket and the harpoon and gaff and the old man carried the mast with
the furled sail on his was still hard for him to leave his sleep. mine and your fresh baits. He brings our gear himself. He never wants anyone to carry
anything.” (Ernest
Hemingway, 1917: 06)
Here “do” substitutes the sentences that appeared earlier. In this case, word
“do” substitutes a statement, “feel confident today”. And the function of
38
that has the same meaning and it can be understood by readers that “Do” is has
same meaning with “feel confident”. Another example of substitution can be
found in next data.
Datum 3
There was yellow weed on the line but the old man knew that only made an added drag and he was pleased. It was
Here “so” substitutes the sentences that appeared earlier. It substitutes the
declaration about kill. In this case, word “so” substitutes a statement, “But I will
kill you dead before this day ends”. And the function of this substitution is as
replaced sentence with one word “so”. Then, the researcher found the same kind
of formal link, it will be discussed below.
Datum 4
39
wish I was the fish, he thought, with everything he has against only my will and
my intelligence. (Ernest
Hemingway, 1917:17)
Here “so” substitutes the sentences that appeared earlier. It substitutes the
declaration about jumped. In this case, word “so” substitutes a word,
“jumped”.And the function of this substitution is to replacement the sentence by
using one word. It has same meaning and can be understood by readers. Then, the
researcher found the same kind of formal link, it will be discussed below.
Datum 5
“I will lash the two oars
together across the stren and that will slow him in the
night,” he said. “He’s good for the night and so am I.”
(Ernest Hemingway,
1917:20)
Here “am” substitutes the word that appeared earlier. In this case, word
“am” substitutes a phrase, “good for the night”. And the function of this
substitution is to omit the sentence by using one word because the readers has
known the main of the author.The samekind of formal link found in the next data.
See below.
4.1.1.4 Repetition
Repetition is kind of formal link that repeating words in order to give
40
there are sometimes good reasons for preferring it. Repetition of a key term or
phrase in the text helps to focus your ideas and to keep your reader/listener on
track. See the data below.
Datum 1
I can do nothing with him and he can do nothing with me, he thought. Not as long as he keeps this up. (Ernest Hemingways, 1917:12)
Here the sentences are consisted of the repetition “can do nothing” and
their meanings are synonymous that they can do nothing. The first sentenceand
second sentence is about they can do anything. The function repetition is as
emphasizing. Another example of repetition can be found in the next data.
Datum 2
He thought of how some men feared being out of sight of land in a small boar and knew they were right in the months of sudden bad weather. But now they were in hurricane months and, when there are no hurricanes, the weather of hurricane months is the best of all the year. (Ernest Hemingway, 1917:16)
Here the word “hurricane” is repeated and their meanings are synonymous
41
emphasized the sentence. Another example of repetition can be found in the next
datum, see below.
Datum 3
The wind is our friends, anyway, he thought. Then he added, sometimes. And the great sea with our friends and our enemies. And bed, he
sentence that I used by the speaker in every his spoken as emphasize for himself.
He talks to himself when he is on the great sea and meets wave and wind. Then,
the researcher found the same kind of formal link, it will be explained more below.
Datum 4
He was happy feeling the gentle pulling and then he felt
something hard and
unbelievably heavy. It was the weight of the fish and he let the line slip down, down, down, unrolling of the first of the two reserve coils. As it went down, sleeping lightly
through the old man’s
Here the word “down” is repeated and their meanings are synonymous that
fall down. And the function of the repetition is to make emphasize of the sentence.
Another example of repetition can be found in the next datum, see below.
Datum 5
The old man was sweating now but from something else besides the sun. On each calm placid turn the fish made he was gaining line and he was sure that in two turn more he would have a chance to get the harpoon in. But I
“close”. In that data, the word close is repeated in three times. Their meaning of
close as repeatition is same, it is nothing. Then, the reseacher finds other formal
link, see the more explanation below.
4.1.1.5 Verb Form
Verb form is kind of formal link that deals with verb in one paragraph, the
form of the verb in one sentence can limit the choice of the verb form in the next.
was not angry. Others, of the older fisherman, looked at successful fisherman of that day were already in and had for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Havana.
From the paragraph above, there are two different verb forms. First is, we
can see that the verbs (sat, looked, carried, laid,waited, removed, skinned, cutand
44
done in the past. Second is verb form, we can see that the verbs (had drifted, had
seen,had butchered, had caught, and had taken) are all in past perfectbecause the
naration that is used in Ernest Hemingway “the old man and the sea” short story is
the verb that already done in the past. Another example of verb form can be found
in the next data.
Datum 2
The old man went out the door and the boy came after him. He was sleepy and the old man put his arm across his shoulders and said, “ I am
sorry.”
“Qua Va,” the boy said, “it is what a man must do.”
They walked down the road
to the old’s man shack and all
along the road, in the dark, barefoot men were moving, carrying the masts of their boats. (Ernest Hemingway, 1917:06)
From the paragraph above, there are three different verb forms because
there are monologue and dialogue in this paragraph. First is monologue, we can
see that the verbs (went, came,put and said) are all in the simple past since the
verbs refer to what activity that already done in the past. The first verb
wentinfluences and limits the next verb in past verb form. Second is dialogue, we
can see that the verb (do) is in simple present since the verbs refers to a
conversation between the old man and boy in “The Old Man and The Sea” short
45
continous, it is verb that already done but still doing in the past.The verb
movinginfluences and limits the next verb in present particile verb form. Another
example of influencing and limiting verbs function can be found in next data.
Datum 3 and, sitting on the bed, pulled
them on. (Ernest
since the verbs refer to the boy that excited. All the verbs here are in the past verb
form since the function of influencing and limiting verbs occurred. Then, the
researcher found the others kind of formal link in the next data, it will be
47
The paragraph above employs parallelism to link clauses as there is a
repeated grammatical structure (was… of …). The form of clauses is connected
because the repeated (was… of …) to another. It connects and become one good
paragraph to understand. Another example of connecting clause function can be
found in the next data.
Datum 2
He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had been with him. But after forty days
without a fish the boy’s
48
The above sentences are connected as they reveal the same meaning that
the old man fished alone and without taking a fish. Then, the reseacher found
others kind of formal link, see below.
4.1.1.7Ellipsis Datum1
Many fishermen were around the skiff looking at what was lashed beside it and one was in the water, his trousers rolled up, measuring the skeleton with a length of line. The boy did not go down. He
conversational sentence is categorized as verbal ellipsis. We can see from the bold
italic word. The bold italic word above shows that the word is ellipsis. Ellipsis is
always found in WH_question. From the bold italic word “sleeping”, we
49
is to make short answer. It is usually happened in some dialogue.The next data is
ellipsis. It is explained more below.
Datum 2
“no”. This is a result of clausal ellipsis by omitting all elements of sentence that is
referenced. Then, the clausal ellipsis is also explained in data two.
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“I will get the cast net and go
for sardines. Will you sit in
the sun in the doorway?” “Yes. I have yesterday’s paper and I will read the
baseball” (Ernest
Hemingway,1917: 03)
This data uses ellipsis of formal link. It can be seen from the word “yes”. It
is the type of ellipsis. The ellipsis is only occurred in “yes/no question”. It is
omitting all elements of sentence that is referenced as data before.
4.2 Discussions
Based on the description of the findings above, there are several things
thatcan be noted down. It will be arranged based on the findings of each
researchproblem.For the first research problem, the writer found and described 6
anaphoricreferring expressions, 4 conjunctions, 5 substitutions, 5 repetitions, 3
verbs from,3connecting clause, 3 ellipses, 1 grammatical parallelism, and
1semantic parallelism. The findings showed that anaphoric referring expression
ismostly used in “the old man and the sea” novel.
After the reseracher describes all kinds of formal links that occurs in “the
old man and the sea” novel, the researcher can tell that referring expressions are
completelyimportant to give pronouns that refer to identity of someone or
something.Referring expressions help and guide the reader to understand the
author meansfrom the novel. The researcher finds that every paragraph in the
51
Likewise,conjunction also appears in the novel into order to join sentence
elementssuch as words, phrases, or clauses, or even sentences.
The present study shares one important finding with the previous study
byMaharlika, (2010) “An Analysis of Formal Links Used in the English
Translationof Shahih Bukhari” that is referring expression as the most dominant
formal linksused. Referring expression is mostly used in every hadith, since the
content in thathadith is pronouns that refer to someone or something. Sahih
Bukhari is acollection of sayings and deeds of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), the
reports of theProphet's sayings and deeds are called ahadith. In Maharlika, she
chooses ShahihBukhari because there is very rich of formal links. It indicated by
using a kind offormal links, for example the use of referring expression “he” that
refers toProphet Muhammad because the hadiths are from the Prophet that
narrated byothers.
This present study has difference with the previous study by
Kulsum,(2008) “Study of Formal Links used in English Reading Texts of
NationalExamination of Senior High School (2007 edition)”. It has different
finding thatrepetition as the most dominant formal link used. Repetition is mostly
used inevery passage. In this research, repetition is the most dominant because
there is apassage tells about the making of chocolate that the word “chocolate” and
“beans”are repeated many times rather than refers to a pronoun. English reading
texts ofnational examination of senior high school need to be comprehended well,
52
Based on the findings of the second research problem about the functionsof
formal links, to describethe indicating reference pronouns,giving cause and effect,
being efficient, stressing points, contrastinginformation, illustrating terms of time,
influencing and limiting verbs, connecting clause, and adding more information.
The findings showed thatindicating reference pronoun is the dominant function
among other functions offormal links in “the old man and the sea” novel.
It is clear that pronouns save us from repeating the identity that already
given again and again. In the short story, many characters explainedwell using
referring expression as well as pronoun. There are formal connectionsbetween the
53
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
This chapter presents the conclusion of the research based on the analysis
and discussion explained in the previous chapter. It includes the kinds of the
formal linksused in Ernest Hemingways The old Man and the Sea novel. In the
other hand, this chapter also presents the suggestion of the research. Both of them
will be formulated below.
There are seven types of formal links used in Ernest Hemingways The old
Man and the Sea novel based on Guy Cook. From seven types of formal links are
verb form, parallelism, referring expression, repetition, substitution, ellipsis, and
conjunction..
parallelism is divided into three types;they are, grammatical parallelism,
sound parallelism, and semantic parallelism. Grammatical parallelism is proceeds
through a repeated grammatical structure. Semantic parallelism happens when the
sentences are linked because they mean the same thing. The writer did not find
any sound parallelism in the short story because mostly sound parallelism happens
in poetry.
Referring expressions mean words of the meaning can only be discovered
by referring to other words or elements of the context which are clear to both
54
from repeating the identity that already given again and again. It is always occurs
in every paragraph. Conjunction and ellipsisalso find in this research.
Based on the analysis, the researcher finds six data that contain anaporic
referring expression, four data contain conjunctions. There are five data that also
contain substitution, five data contain repetation. Then, there are three data
contain verb form, two data contain connecting clauses, and one data contain
adding information. 3 data containsellipsis.
After analysis the first problem of study, the researcher also gives the
functional description for each types of formal links used in Ernest Hemingway’s
The Old Man and The Sea. The researcher analyzes this study by using Guy
Cook’s theory. The functions of referring expression are “to avoid repeating the
same words”, “to point out a scale of proximity”, and “to compare something or
situation”. The function of substitution is to change word or clause to simplify a
sentence to be understood. The function of ellipsis is to simplify a sentence as
substitution, but the rule of ellipsis is omitting word or clause. Then, the functions
of conjunction are correlate two words, phrase, clause, or sentence. It means “to
correlate the similar word”, “to coordinate sentence that have the same context”,
“to support the previous sentence”, “to opposite the preceding statement”, “to
connect between cause and effect in a sentence”, and “to connect the chronology”.
From previous study and this research, the researcher hopes this research
can give constribution to develop our knowledge about linguistic, especially
