TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ………... 8
2.1 Definitions of Translation ……… 8
2.2 Types of Translation ……… 9
2.3 The Translation Process ……….. 10
2.4 Translation Procedures ……… 12
2.4.1 Literal ……… 12
2.4.3 Naturalization ……… 13
2.4.9 Shift or transposition ……… 16
2.4.10 Modulation ……… 17
2.4.11 Recognized Translation ……… 17
2.4.12 Translation label ………... 18
2.6 General Criteria Evaluation in Translation ……….. 23
2.7 Translation Competence ……….. 24
3.3 Data Collection ……….... 30
3.3.1 Data Source ………... 30
3.3.2 Collection Procedures ……….. 31
3.4 Data Analysis ……….. 32
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION……….. 34
4.1 Shifts ……….. 34
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ………... 48
5.1 Conclusion ……….. 48
5.2 Suggestions ………. 49
REFERENCES ……….. 51
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of background of the study, statements of the problems, aims
of study, research methods, significance of the study, clarification of key terms
and organization of the paper.
1.1 Background of the Study
Nowadays, the importance of translation is obviously shown in our daily life. The
effect of that phenomenon can be seen from various translation books, novels,
newspapers, and magazines. However, translation is not a simple process. It is not
simply changing words from one language to another language. This is in line
with Larson (1998) who states that translation is a complex process. Moreover, he
explains that in the process of translating, the translator moves back and forth
from the source text (ST) to target text (TT). It can be concluded that translation
cannot be done in one go. It means that, translation is conducted through several
processes.
Larson (1998) states that a good translation should be accurate, clear and
natural. Yet, it is not easy to achieve thiscriterion of a good translation. Translator
Differences between one language and another language may cause
problems in translations such as shifts. Yet, by having translation competencies,
the translator will be able to deal with such translation problems.
Transposition or shift, according to Catford (1965), is divided into several
categories i.e. level shifts and category shifts. Level shift means a shift from
grammatical unit in SL to a lexical unit in TL. Level shift include studies like
morphology, semantic, etc. Category shifts cover structure shifts, class shifts, unit
shifts and intra systems shifts. However, even though there are two kinds of
shifts, this present study only focus on category shifts.
There have been a number of studies dealing with translation (Suh, 2005;
Nasir, 2007; Suryana, 2007; Mungchomklang, 2009). They are focusing on the
strategies that are used in translating plays, biology texts, fiction texts and
abstracts of theses and master’s projects. The strategies that are used in plays are
borrowing, transcription literal translation and calque. In translating biology texts,
the strategies that are mostly used are communicative and literal translation. In
translating fiction texts, word-for-word and literal translation are used more
frequently. Meanwhile in abstracts of theses and master’s projects, the most
frequent translation strategies are omission, explanation, general words,
substitution, related words, unrelated words and expressive words.
The studies on shifts translation were also conducted. The studies analyzed
the application of Catford’s shifts in several texts. They were the Indonesian
translation on Reconstruction of Sinabang Port Specifications, the Persian
(Sofyan 2009; Khorsidi, 2010; Vossoughi & Pourebrahim, 2010). The results in
Sofyan’s study (2009) entitled Indonesian translation of Reconstruction of
Sinabung Port Specifications, showed that the same thematic structure tends to
occur in the text. Furthermore, most theme in ST were translated into the same
type in TT. Meanwhile in the Persian translation of Oliver Twist novel and the
Farsi translation of psychology text, the most frequently applied kinds of shifts
was structural shifts.
All of previous studies above; however, only concerned the types of shifts
that occur in the novel and investigated the most shifts that are used in the novel.
None of them concerned with strategies that co-occur with shifts.
Therefore, from the aforementioned above, this present study investigates
shifts and the strategies that co-occur with the shifts in the novel “The Chronicles
of Narnia: The Silver Chair”.
1.2Statement of the Problems
This study attempts to address following questions:
1. What shifts are applied in the translation of the novel The Chronicles of
Narnia The Silver: Chair by C.S Lewis into The Chronicles of Narnia:
Kursi Perak by Donna Widjajanto?
1.3Aims of the study
Aims of this study are:
1. To investigate shifts that are applied in the translation in the novel The
Chronicles of Narnia: The Silver Chair by C.S Lewis into The Chronicles of
Narnia: Kursi Perak by Donna Widjajanto.
2. To investigate strategies that co-occur with shifts.
1.4Research Methods
The study is conducted based on the qualitative method. A qualitative method is
applied to investigate kinds of category shifts and unit shifts that are found in the
novel and may affect the quality of the translation
The source of the data in this research is a novel written by C.S Lewis
entitled “The Chronicles of Narnia: The Silver Chair” and its Bahasa Indonesia
translation “The Chronicles of Narnia: Kursi Perak” that was translated by
Donna Widjajanto. This novel was chosen since according to Atlantic magazine (2001), it is bestselling classis fantasy series and considered as a classic of
children’s literature. The Chronicles of Narnia has also been adapted for radio,
television, the stage and film, whether it is in complete or in part.
To collect the data, it starts with close reading the entire chapter of the C. S. Lewis
novel entitled “The Chronicles of Narnia” both English and Indonesian version.
After reading the entire chapters, the next step is selecting the chapters from the
researcher to select the data according to the needs as a representation of whole
data (Flick, 2004).
The data acquired from the study are analyzedby applying shift translation
theory as proposed by Catford. The data are analyzed by (1) comparing the
sentences, English and bahasa Indonesia version, (b) identifying and classifying
kind of shifts, (c) analyzing and explaining shifts, (d) analyzing the structure of
the sentences, (e) describing and interpreting the result of the analysis, and (f)
drawing conclusion.
1.5Significance of the Study
The result of the study is expected to give some positive impacts to the reader and
the writer about shifts translation that might be encountered in the translation. The
results are expected to (a) give useful contribution and valuable information to the
development of translation theories and (b) give some informative input to those
1.6Clarification of key terms
The following are some clarified terms in this study to avoid
misinterpretation:
a. Translation
Translation refers to “rendering the meaning of a text into another
language in the way that the author intended the text”. (Newmark, 1988:7)
b. Shifts or transpositions
Shifts or transpositions refers to “a translation procedure involving a
change in the grammar from Source Language (SL) into Target Language
(TL)” (Newmark, 1988:85)
c. Source Language
Source language refers to “a language that is to be translated into another
language”. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)
d. Target Language
Target language refers to “a language into which a text written in another
1.7The Organization of Paper
The paper is presented in five chapters. Chapter one presents the introduction of
the research. It consists of background of the study, statements of the problems,
the aims of the study, the research method, significance of the study, and
organization of the paper. Chapter two presents theoretical foundation. It
describes some relevant theories to conduct the study. It covers the theory of
translation, the theory of shifts, novel and complex sentences. This chapter also
discusses the previous studies that are related to the present study. Chapter three
presents methodology of the study. It covers the method of the study, the subject
of the study, population and sample, and the data analysis of the study. Chapter
four presents the findings and the discussion of the study. Chapter five presents
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the methodology of the study in details in order to find the
answer to the research questions. It includes statement of problems, research design,
data collection and data analysis.
3.1 Statement of Problems
The present study seeks to investigate shifts that are applied in the translation of the
novel The Chronicles of Narnia: The Silver Chair by C.S Lewis into The Chronicles
of Narnia: Kursi Perak by Donna Widjajanto, and reveal the strategies that co-occur
with the shifts.
3.2 Research Design
This present study attempts to find out shifts that are applied in the novel and
strategies that co-occur with the shifts. This study is guided by descriptive qualitative
method. The qualitative method allows the researcher to examine the shifts and the
strategies that co-occur with the shifts. It helps the researcher to categorize the shifts
that occurred. It also helps the author to describe and explore the data analysis. This is
in line with the principles of qualitative study; namely, natural setting, descriptive,
The data are analyzed descriptively, which include collecting, classifying,
analyzing, reporting the data and making conclusion.
3.3 Data Collection 3.3.1 Data Source
The data were taken from two novels, i.e The Chronicles of Narnia: The Silver Chair
by C.S Lewis (English version) that was first published in Great Britain in 1998 by
Collins, and The Chronicles of Narnia: Kursi Perak that was translated by Donna
Widjajanto, published in 2005 by Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
The reason behind the choice of the novel was because the Chronicles of
Narnia is one of the bestselling novels. In fact, the novel has 65 billlion copies in
print in thirty languages (Atlantic magazine, 2001).
The Silver Chair is the first Narnia book without the Pevensie children (Peter,
Susan, Edmund, and Lucy) who were appear in previous series of Narnia (The Lion,
the Witch and the Wardrobe; Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia; The Voyage of
the Dawn Treader). Instead, Eustace was called back by Aslan to Narnia. Eustace
3.3.2 Collection Procedures
To collect the data for the study, the novels both in English and bahasa
Indonesia were chosen. The first step of collecting the data was close reading The
Chronicles of Narnia novel both in English and Indonesia version. After close
reading the entire chapter of the novel, the next step was selecting several chapters by
using purposive sample. By using the purposive sample, the researcher was able to
take several chapters from the novel as data representation. Thus, the data of this
present study was three chapters of the novel, i.e. the first chapter, the ninth chapter
and the final chapter. The total number of the sentences that will be analyzed total
150 sentences. Those three chapters were selected because they were considered
sufficient to represent the entire chapters. The next step was taping the selected
chapters. Taping the sentences from selected chapters would facilitate the researcher
in comparing the sentences.
Moreover, to support the data, the writer also added some complementary data
which are significant in enriching the information and developing the idea of the
study. This data were taken from many sources such as textbooks, dictionaries,
3.4 Data Analysis
The data of the study was written data. The data were sentences from selected
chapters of the novel both English and Indonesia version. The data were analyzed
through following steps. Firstly, the data were compared in order to identify shifts
that occurred in the sentences of the target text (TT). Afterwards, the data were
classified into category as proposed by Catford (1965). Shifts, according to Catford
(1965) are categorized into level shifts and category shifts. As mentioned in previous
chapter, this study focus on category shifts that cover structure shifts, class shifts, unit
shifts and intra systems shifts. Structure shifts occur when there are grammatical
change in ST and TT. Class shifts occur when SL item is translated into TL item
which belongs to a different grammatical class in ST to TT, for instance the changes
from noun in ST into adjective in TT. Unit shifts occur when a unit in SL is translated
into different unit in TL. For instance, a sentence in ST is translated into phrases in
TT. Intra systems shifts occur when there are different system in SL and TL. After
gaining the shifts, the next step was calculating and presenting the shifts that were
found. After that, analyzing and explaining the shifts that were found based on
Catford’s theory.
calculating total number and percentage of each type of strategies that co-occur with
the shifts. After calculating the total number, the next step is presenting the results of
the calculation into tables. Furthermore, describing and interpreting the results of the
analysis that were conducted. The last step was drawing conclusion based on the
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
The chapter presents the conclusion and the suggestions of the study. The
conclusion summarizes the findings and the discussion of the present study, while
the suggestions promote any possible further research in the future.
5.1 Conclusion
The present study examined shifts that occurred in the novel The Chronicles of
Narnia: The Silver Chair and its translation The Chronicles of Narnia: Kursi
Perak, and other strategies that co-occur with the shifts.
The study showed that the four types of shifts namely structure-shifts,
class-shifts, unit-shifts and intra system-shifts occurred. The most frequently
shifts that occurred were unit shifts with 91occurrences (60.6 %) followed by intra
system shifts with 36 occurrences (24%), class shifts with 17 occurrences (11.3
%) and structure shifts with 6 occurrences (4%).
Meanwhile, regarding the second research question, it is found that shifts
with no other strategies appeared mostly with 104 occurrences (69.3%), shifts and
modulation with 2 occurrences (1.3%), shifts and reduction with 33 occurrences
The data analysis reveals that unit shift tends to occur mostly in the text.
Unit shifts refers to “changes of rank that is departures from formal
correspondence in which the translation equivalence of unit at one rank in the SL
is a unit at a different rank in the TL” (Cattord, 1965:79). It can be concluded that
in this text, phrases were translated into words and vice versa. This occured
because phrases in SL cannot always be translated in phrases in TL. So, in order
to make the translation clear, accurate and natural as proposed by Larson (1984),
the translator should change or translate the phrases into words, etc as proposed
by Catford (1965).
Furthermore, in this study, shifts with no co-occur strategies were mostly
found in the translated novel. Accordingly, it can be concluded that the text is
quite easy to understand, so that there is no need to use two or more strategies in
translating the text.
5.2 Suggestion
The study concluded that in applying shifts category by Catford (1965), unit shift
occurred more frequently in the text. Moreover, the other strategies that co-occur
with the shift show that reduction occurred more frequently in the text. There are
some suggestions regarding the analysis and discussion of shifts in previous
chapter.
Regarding the data, the number of the data seems to be the limitation of
the present study. In order to obtain more objective and representative results,
analysis. In addition, not only written data such as novel, varied objects from
different sources such as newspapers, textbooks, speech, subtitles, etc. are also
suggested to be chosen by further researcher.
Moreover, further exploration in genre novel is needed to obtain more
knowledge and findings and also enrich the translation research. The last is,
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