ID121
Analysis of Governance in Coastal Area of Medan City
1
Linda Trimurni Maas, 2Isfenti Sadalia, 3Joiverdia 1Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Sumatera Utara
2
Fakultas Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, Universitas Sumatera Utara 3 Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Sumatera Utara
Abstract
The purpose of this study is: 1) to determine whether there are differences in governance applied to the six villages in the coastal area of Medan. This study uses action research method. Data processing methods used isAnova Test, to see the differences in the application of governance towards the coastal area of Medan. The results of this study indicate that governance in the coastal area of Medan precisely in six villages, namely: Belawan Bahagia, Belawan Bahari, Bagan Deli, Pulo Sicanang, Belawan Belawan I and II showed no difference at all. The application of service programs and policies implemented in the coastal area of Medan is the same. The development is also equal or it has no progress so that it can be seen that the conditions of communities in coastal areas, especially fishermen and people's lives there still remain critical; the rate of poverty is high; and the level of well-being is low. Community involvement in the program of services and the management of marine resources is still at minimum. Consequently, the level of public confidence in the program or service policies and management in the coastal area of Medan does not improve.
Keywords: governance; coastal area
1. BACKGROUND
The Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia emphasizes that development by utilizing natural resources devoted to the people's welfare. One of the natural resources used is located in the coastal and maritime areas. In the maritime area of Indonesia, which reaches 75.3% of the total territory of the Republic of Indonesia, contains potential resources that vary widely both biological and non-biological. The full potential of marine resources includes fisheries resources, oil and gas, environmental services (maritime tourism) and marine transportation. If all marine potentials are well managed, the estimated 85% of Indonesia's economy will rely heavily on marine resources.But the facts show that although the potential is huge, fishermen's welfare is very low and synonymous with poverty. Fishermen who inhabit the coast of more than 22 percent of Indonesia's population are just under the poverty line. According to data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (2008), poor people in Indonesia reached 34.96 million and 63.47 percent of them are people who live in coastal areas and rural areas. Based on the Central Bureau of Statistics of Medan, the number of poor people is mostly located in district of Medan Belawan with a population of 42,698 households (10.8%).
The appropriate good governance for coastal areas is a solution to overcome the poverty that frequently occurs in coastal areas. Since the advent of the maritime sector in the State Policy Guidelines (Guidelines) in 1999, the establishment of the department of Oceans and Fisheries Exploration as a new institution responsible for the development of oceans and fisheries, and the establishment of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, and then molded Act No. 27 2007 on the Management of coastal Areas and Small Islands are an early development of marine and coastal areas for the benefit of coastal communities, especially to improve their welfare.
The management which is intended is the use of a method that involves coastal communities directly. The implementation of community participation in the development of marine and coastal management is community-based fisheries resource management.
Community - based fisheries resource management can be defined as a process of empowerment, responsibility and opportunity to the people to manage their own resources by first defining needs and desires, goals, and aspirations (Nikijuluw, 2002). Then, it is necessary to conduct the approach for cooperation between government and local communities in the form of joint management (co - management) which is based on society. The aim is to point more in the sustainable and equitable and the balance of resource management of coastal areas in Indonesia.
As the examples are the activities and efforts which were done for four years in North Sulawesi; practice samples of resource management of coastal areas based on society such as the formulation and implementation of integrated community based coastal area management plans; mangrove planting; community based protection of marine wildlife; and others began to show encouraging results. This indicates that public participation in governance is a major role to support the success of sustainable community livelihoods.Community involvement in the development process is indeed a very big influence on the success of the development. This was stated by Nasution (2007) in his writings on "Participatory Development Plan "that the higher the level of community participation in development, the higher the success rate will be achieved and the higher the sustainability of the program will be. Thus, we can conclude that community participation is one of the main assets which can determine the success of development.
Sirojuzilam (2011) in his writings on "Spatial Planning and Regional Plan" also stresses the importance of a comprehensive and integrated treatment involving the community in planning the spatial region. Involving the community in this case means that the public position as one of the elements that actively contribute to determine the direction of development. This active involvement will be actualized of course, through the mechanism of strengthening and empowering the community which will ultimately have an impact on the economic growth of the people. In the development process, there are basically three important elements that play a role and should coordinate with each other. These three elements are the government, the private sector and the public. But in fact, in determining the direction of development it is more dominated by the government and the private sectors, while the public is often left out. As a result of these dynamics, the development that is top-down occurs.
marginalized. Thus, people need help and support from the government and stakeholders through strategic mechanisms in a climate of good governance.
2. THEORETICAL BASIS
2.1 Development and Regional Development
Physiologically, a development process can be interpreted as "systemic and sustained efforts to create a state that could provide a legitimate alternative to the achievement of the aspirations of every citizen at the most humanistic side". In other words, the development process is a process of humanizing (Rustiadi, 2009).
Development must meet three basic components that serve as the basis of conceptual and practical guidance in comprehending the development of the most essential namely: basic need fulfillment, self-esteem improvement, and freedom to choose (Rustiadi 2009).
Development can be defined as activities carried by one country / region to develop the quality of life in society. So development should be seen as a process in which there are interwoven and interplay between the factors leading to these developments and can be identified and analyzed carefully so that the arising sequence of events can be noticed and that will actualize an increase in the welfare of society from one stage of development to the next. Development can also basically be regarded as a process of change that is prepared in a deliberate way with a schedule to achieve a situation in which there is a planning process (Rustiadi, 2009).
2.2 Governance
According to Ganie & Rochman (2000) governance is interpreted as "the mechanism of the economic and social resource management which involves the influence of the government and non-government sector in a collective activity".In order to make anaccountable government real, with reference to the UNDP, Institute of Public Administration (LANRI) formulates fundamental aspects that must be concerned, namely:
1. Participation
The participation of citizens in decision-making either directly or through representative institutions which are legitimate to represent their interests.
2. Transparency
The principle of transparency is an important element that supports the realization of good and clean governance.
3. Predictability
It is a situation where people located outside the elite can predict behaviors taken by the parties based on the signals given by them from the very beginning.
4. Accountability
It is the accountability of public officials towards the people who give them the authority to take care of the people’s interests.
3. THE RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Conceptual Framework
Governance Coastal area of Medan
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of Research
From the conceptual framework it can be seen that the coastal area of Medan apply a governance working with the community in exploiting the natural resources available for improvement in the lives of coastal communities, especially fishermen.
3.2 Hypothesis
There are differences in the application of governance in each coastal area of Medan, namely Belawan Bahagia, Belawan Deli, Belawan II, Pulo Sicanang, Belawan Bahari and Belawan I.
3.3 Data processing
3.3.1 Descriptive Statistics Analysis
Through questionnaires distributed can be seen that the number of male respondents is 43 people (14.48 %) and the number of female respondents is 254 people (85.52 %). This occurs because researchers come to visit their homes and in fact, many housewives spend time at home. Then the age of respondents who dominate are in the range of 31-40 years, which is still quite productive (34.68 %).
The respondents of surveyare also dominated by housewives (50.16 %) in accordance with the data that women are the most respondents involved in this study. In terms of education it is known that coastal communities generally have a low education level, which is the level of elementary school (42.42 %).
3.3.2 ANOVA Test
Table 1
ANOVA governance
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 363.098 5 72.620 .369 .870 Within Groups 57312.444 291 196.950
Total 57675.542 296
Based on the results of data processing in Table 2 it is known that F count 0.369 and the significance 0.369 0.870 > 0.05 so that the hypothesis states that there are differences in governance at 6 villages in the coastal city of Medan was rejected. So it is known that there is no difference in governance which is applied to the six villages in the coastal area of Medan.
4. THE RESULTS OF DATA ANALYSIS DISCUSSION
predictability and transparency can runin the same portion and system for each village in the coastal area.
Accountability in every village in the coastal area is not running well, such as the use and accountability reports budget that is not appropriate and is not clearly known by the coastal communities; the problems and the provision of infrastructure needed by coastal communities in accordance with the requirements provided balanced between villages; corruption and the illegal levies also occur in every village in the coastal area of Medan. Then the issue of the involvement of community participation is still at minimum in the six villages so that policies or solutions provided by the government are not in accordance with the needs of society in six villages of coastal areas of Medan.
The next is related to predictability that people from six villages of coastal areas are in the category of no good, either on the assessment of government regulations that are applied are able to improve social stability and public services, the government's consistency in implementing policies and regulations, public input on improvement or maintenance area to the government, government policies in favor of public revenues, taxes role in building the village, as well as appropriate officials competence in managing the coastal areas for the better. The coastal communities of the six villages have the same negative response to the transparency of the government in managing coastal areas, such as the local budget accountability report, rural development funds, the lack of means of submitting complaints / suggestions / criticism to the government, a lack of public confidence in the government officials, the performance of public services by the government is still not optimal perceived by the public.
Overall, the governance of coastal areas applied by the government to the six villages: BelawanBahagia, BelawanBahari, Bagan Deli, PuloSicanang, Belawan I, Belawan II, shows no differences to us that the level of living and poverty in the coastal areas is just the same. People who make their living as fishermen, who are dependent on marine resources, are at a level of quite alarming. Management of areas is not optimal and uneven as well as perceived in urban areas. The results of this research is supported by the opinion of Aesong stating that the management and utilization of coastal areas is the authority of local goverment over the devolution of central government by law which is used as much as possible for the prosperity of the people of Indonesia. But in its process there must be a balance in terms of ecosystems, biodiversity, and the threats caused by bad management. So in this case the cooperation, coordination and communication between the community, government and related stakeholders are highly required.
In addition, Sutrisno (2014), in his research, states that appropriate government policies and their maximum attention to the environment and the lives of coastal communities, especially fishermen, are required, for example: a policy to use fishing gear that is safe for the environment of marine ecosystems, involving communities in the utilization of capital in particular to buy the purposes of making a living. Then the provision of facilities and infrastructure that is equitable fair and based on community needs is done consistently to improve the lives and well-being of coastal communities; develop fisherments through education and socialization structuring coastal areas. In addition, the policy from local authorities or the authorities in control of conservation in top down are needed; socialization and sanctions for violators.
the policies and specified service programs can run consistently and continue until the achievement of a prosperous life for coastal communities.
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
1. The coastal area of Medan city, namely Belawan Bahari, Belawan Bahagia, Bagan Deli, Pulo Sicanang, Belawan I and Belawan II do not develop so that the poverty rate is high and the welfare of the public, especially fishermen is very low due to the inconsistence and inoptimal of governance.
2. Governance applied to the six villages in the coastal city of Medan: BelawanBahari, BelawanBahagia, Bagan Deli, PuloSicanang, Belawan I andBelawan II is the same or has no difference at all. Coastal communities, especially fishermen are still very poor because there is no progress in the system of resource management of coastal areas and the lack of public participation in its management. This results in high rates of poverty and low welfare level in six villages of coastal areas of Medan.
5.2 Recommendation
Recommendations that can be given based on the results of this study are:
1. The government should involve the coastal communities and fishermen in each of the service program, setting policy and coastal zone management program.
2. The central government and local governments should coordinate with coastal communities and fishermen to consider factors the community needs so that the provision of programs, facilities and infrastructure meets the target as needed.
3. The government should be transparent and establish good communication and effectively with the public so as to foster mutual trust and support each other.
References
The Central Bureau Statistik.2008.The Central Bureau of Statistics
Medan.https://www.bps.go.id/linkTabelStatis/view/id/149. Accessed on June 16, 2016 .
Ganie-Rochman, Meuthia.2000.Good Governance Article: Principles, Components and Implementation, in human rights. Good Nation Implementation and Society of Jakarta: National Commission of Human Rights.
Nasution, M. Arifin. 2007.Participatory Development Planning ( thesis ) : the study of the preparation of the Medium- term development plan, the area of Medan in 2006 -2010 ) , the Graduate School , University of North Sumatra , USU e - Resipository , 008 .
Nikijuluw, Victor P.H. 2002. Fisheries Resource Management Regime. P3R. Jakarta.
Rustiadi, dkk, 2009. Planning and Development of Jakarta Region: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Sirojuzilam, KasyfulMahalli. 2011. Regional: development, planning, and economic, Medan, USU Press
