8 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. Translation
Basically, the term translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject fields, the product (the text that has been translated) or the process (the act of producing the translation. Otherwise known as translating) (Munday, 2001: 5). Nevertheless, the definition of translation is not that simple futher elaboration is needed to make it obvious. Many experts in translation theory define translation in different ways.
Catford (1965:20) states that translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).
The process of translation between two different written languages involves the translator changing an original written text ( the source text or ST) in the original verbal language ( the source language or SL) into a written text ( the target text or TT) in a different verbal language ( target text language or TL) (Munday, 2001:5)
Moentaha ( 2006: 11) defines “terjemahan adalah proses penggantian teks dalam bahasa pemberi dengan teks dalam teks bahsa sasaran tanpa mengubah tingkat isi teks bahsa pemberi” [Translation is process of changing text from source language into target language without changing the level of content in the text of source language]. Translation the production in a receptor language of the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and second in term of style (Nida and Taber, 1982: 208)
9 translation is a process of communication: the objective of translating is to impart the knowledge of the original to the foreign reader. From the point of view of the working situation of the translator at any moment of his work (that is form the pragmatic point of view), translation is a process: a series of a certain number of consecutive situatins imposing on the translator the necessity of choosing a certain (and very often exactly definable) number of alternatives.
“Penerjemahan merupakan proses pengalihan pesan teks bahasa sumber kedalam bahasa sasaran” [translation is a process of transferring the message of a source language tesxt into the target language.] (Nababan, 2008)
Moreover, translation also deals with semantic and cultural aspects. Hatim and Mason (1997:1) say, translating.. as an act communication which attempts to relay, across cultural and linguistic boundaries, another act of communication (which may have been intended for different purpose and different readers/listeners.
To be concluded from definations above, translation is a process of changing written text in source languange into written text in target language without changing the meaning or message from source language. The content or meaning of source language should be understood widely and well, it means that only involves the material meaning and ideas on the level of content but also all of information on the source language such as lexical meaning, grammatical meaning, and stylistic or expressive meaning.
Example : SL : Rumah sakit jiwa TL : Lunatic asylum
10 to have skill to understand all of information in the source language in order to get good product of translation.
2.2. Translation Technique
Translation technique (translation procedures or translation shifts) are defined as “the smallest linguistic change ocuring in translation of ST (source text) to TT (target text)” (munday,2001:55).
Translation procedures are ways or steps to analyze and classify how translation equivalence works. The translations have to be able to deliver the message or contect in source language into target language well, so the readers understand the meaning.
Example : SL : I lost my wallet
TL : Saya menghilangkan dompet saya (WRONG) TL : Dompet saya hilang ( RIGHT)
In order to make the readers understand the meaning well, the translator have to use the translation procedures.
In this analysis, the writer uses the theory of Vinay and Darbelnet’s translation procedures. There are seven procedures:
1. Literal translation 2. Borrowing
11 There are also cases in which scholars confuse a translation technique with another. This is because the different of the translation text using a translation technique compared to using another is so little that it is easily ignored.
For example:
SL adi eats fried noodles TLa adi makan mie goreng TLb mie goring adi makan
In TLa, translation technique used is literal translation in which the text is translated word by word. Meanwhile, modulation is used in translating SL text into TLb. The difference here is the emphases on the sentence. TLa emphasize on who (adi) is doing the action (eat), wheres TLb emphasizes on the object (fried noodles) to which the action is being done (eaten).
Therefore, to avoid such error, we need to get a better understanding of each and all the translation technique used before doing translation and analyzing one.
2.2.1 Literal translation
Literal translation is a translation technique commonly used translating literary text and many other kinds of text. Literal translation may be briefly explained as follows:
12 Literal, or word by word, translation is the direct transfer or SL text into grammaticaly and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which translators’ task is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL. (Vinay and Darbelnet in venuti, 2006: 86)
Example :
SL : A shy girl SL : Cute cat
TL : Seorang anak perempuan pemalu TL : Kucing lucu
2.2.2 Borrowing
Borrowing is the simplest of all translation procedures. It would not even merit discussion in this context if translators did not occasionally need to use it in order to create a stylistic effect (Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti, 2000 : 85). Borrowing is one of translation procedures in which the translator borrows directly the word or phrase from source language.
Example :
SL : We are learning how to make flowchat in computer. TL : Kami sedang belajar membuat flowchat di kelas computer.
2.2.3 Transposition
13 Example :
My father ecpected that i come home My fatherexpected my arrival
In this case the subordinate verb becomes a noun. Transposition also includes a change in the grammar from source language to target language such as: singular tp plural; position of the adjective, changing the word class or part of speech.
Example :
SL : A pair of trousers SL : Higher wages TL : Sebuah celana panjang TL : Kenaikan gaji
2.2.4 Calque
According to Vinay and Darbelnet (in Venuti, 2000: 86). A calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression form of another, but then translates literally each of its elements. They divided calque into two kinds:
(i) Lexical calque: a calque which respects the syntactic structure of TL, whilst introducing a new mode of expression.
Example : SL TL
Table tennis Tenis meja
(ii)Structural calque: a calque which introduces a new construction into the language (TL).
Example :
14 2.2.5 Modulation
A variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view. This change can be justified when, althought a literal, or even transposed, translation results in a grammatically correct utterance, it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL.(Vinay and Darlbenet in Newmark, 1988:89).
Generally, modulation is divided into two types of modulation, those are: free modulation and fixed modulation (Vinay and Darlbenet in Newmark, 1988:89)
i. Free modulation
Free modulation is single instances not yet fixed and sanctioned by usage, so that the procedure must be carried out anew each time. This, however, is not what qualifies it as optional; when carried out as it should be, the resulting translation should correspond perfectly to the situation indicated by SL. Free modulation is used often enough, or is felt to offer the only solution, it may become fixed.
Example :
SL : The most patient of suffer TL : Tak pernah mengeluh
ii. Fixed modulation
Fixed modulation is type of modulation which turns a negative SL expression into a positive TL expression. The difference between fixed and free modulation is one of degree.
Example :
SL : priceless diamond
15 2.2.5 Equivalence
The translation of fixed expressions such as idioms with an equivalence that is very different in form. (Vinay and Darbelnet in Hatim and Munday, 2004: 339). In vinay and darlbelnet’s own word, the classical example of equivalence is given by the reaction of an amateur who accidentally hits his finger with a hammer: if he were French his cry of pain would be transcribed as “Aie!”,but if he were English this would be interpreted as “ouch!”. [ if he were Indonesia, the interpretation of his cry of pain would be: “aduh!”] Another striking case of equivalence are they many onomatopoeria of animal sounds.
Example :
SL : Cock – a – doodle – do SL : Miaou TL : Kukuruyuk TL : Meong
Vinay and Darbelnet use this term (2000: 90) to refer cases where language describe the same situation by different stylistic or structural methods. Equivalence most dominant in form of idiom and proverb.
Example :
SL : Full of beans TL: Besemangat SL : A pig headed child TL : Anak yang nakal
2.2.6 Adaptation
16 that can be considered as being equivalent. Adaptation can, therefore, be described as a special kind of equivalence, a situational equivalence. Title of books, movies, and characters fit into this category.
Example :
SL TL
After the night [ a novel by Linda Howard Menunggu fajar
Voldemort (you know who) [a character in Voldemort (kau tau siapa) J.K Rowling’s harry potter
2.3. RELATED STUDIES
Some prevoius research findings which is relevant to this to support the idea of this analysis are below :
Debora (2010) in A Comperative analysis on translation techniques used by the "original translator of Stephanie Meyer’s The Host anf by daerah sumber
Translator” writer about translator techniques used by two different translator. She concludes the original translator have used 47.47 % literal translation, 26.26% transposition, 16.16% modulation, 5.05 % adaptation, 3.03 % eqiuvalence, 2.02% calque. While the non original translator used 26.53% literal translation, 21.43% transposition, 16.3% modulation, 7.14% adaptation, 6.12% equivalence, 1.02% calque. And the other difference between both is that non original translator has several sentences left not translated, and several that are irrelevant translations of their respective ST sentences, whereas the original translator has neither.
17 The result if the analysis is 46% borrowing, 29% calque, 19% literal translation, 6% transposition. She used theory of Vinay and Darbelnet to analyze the translation procedure in her thesis.
