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i
POLITENESS STRATEGIES OF REQUESTS
IN THE MOVIE
SYDNEY WHITE
THESIS
Submitted to Meet a Part of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree from English Department
Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University
By:
Yuni Hastuti
C0307059
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
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iv
PRONOUNCEMENT
Name : Yuni Hastuti
NIM : C0307059
I stated whole-heartedly that the thesis entitled The Analysis of Request Expression in the Movie Sydney White (Pragmatic Approach) is not plagiarism of
other’s piece of work. The things related to other people’s work are written in
quotation and included within bibliography.
If it is then proven that this pronouncement is incorrect, I am ready to take the responsibility.
Surakarta,
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v
MOTTOS
Verily, with every difficulty, there is a relief
(Alam Nasyrah: 6)
Do not put until tomorrow what you can do today
When there is a will, there is a way
Nafsu jangan terlalu dituruti, diri jangan terlalu dimanjakan.
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DEDICATION
This Thesis is dedicated to:
My beloved parents
My only one brother
My friends
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vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,
All praises are just to Alloh SWT, the Lord of the worlds, who always gives me blessing so that I can complete this Thesis, a partial fulfillment of graduating requirement of the Sarjana Degree.
I realize that in accomplishing this thesis, I have got helps, supports, and encouragements from many persons. Therefore, I would like to give my special thank to all of them who have give me valuable contributions. My gratitude goes to:
1. The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed, Ph.D, for approving this thesis.
2. The Head of English Department, Prof. Dr. Djatmika, M.A, for giving me permission to write this thesis.
3. Agus Dwi Priyanto, S.S, M.CALL, my thesis consultant, for his guidance, patience, and advice in completing this thesis.
4. Dyah Ayu Nila Khrisna, S.S, M.Hum, my academic supervisor, for her guidance during my study.
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viii
6. My best mother, for working hard to fulfill what I want, and my father, for giving me support and lesson about hard-work.
7. My only one brother, Pak Lurah, who has provided me everything I need, and my sister in law, Bu Lurah, who always provides me delicious dishes.
8. Dek Andre Febri Pramana, who always makes me smile when I am sad. 9. My little sisters, Dek Emon, Laras, Nindul and Shary, for cheering my life. 10.The “pony”, Mama Dyah, Nanul, and Arin, for the endless friendship we
have made.
11.Mbak Endah, Mbak Susi, and Nhia, for being my nice partners. 12.Mas A&B, for teaching me how to be a stronger lady.
13.CQ40 and AD2578FR, the helpful things for me.
14.The big family of Linguistics 2007, Mbak Siska, Farida, Mama Dyah, Nanul, Enok, Idul, Ikul, Hanif, Helmi, Barbara, Pathy, Ulfha, and Mbak Dian. Having time to study with the linguistics students is an unforgettable moment for me.
15.All my friends of English Department 2007, for every great moment we have spent.
Surakarta, 2011
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Approval of The Thesis Consultant ... …..i
Approval of The Board of Examiners ... ii
Pronouncement ... iii
Motto ... iv
Dedication ... v
Acknowledgement... vi
Table of Content ... viii
List of Tables...xi
Abstract ... xii
CHAPTER I: INRODUCTION A. Research Background... 1
B. Research Objectives ... 4
C. Research Questions ... 4
D. Research Significance ... 5
E. Scope of Study ... 6
F. Thesis Organization ... 6
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW A. Pragmatics ... 7
B. Context ... 8
C. Speech act... 11
1. Definition of Speech Act ... 11
2. Classification of Speech Act……… 13
D. Directive………. 14
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x
1. Definition of Request ... 16
2. Classification of Request... 17
F. Politeness Strategy……… 21
2. The Relationships between the Characters ... 33
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2. Politeness Strategy to Express Requests ... 73
2.1Politeness Strategy of Request for Action ... 73
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xi
2.3Politeness Strategy of Offer ... 76
2.4Politeness Strategy of Invitation ... 77
2.5Politeness Strategy of Proposal ... 77
3. Reasons of choosing the politeness strategy ... 79
3.1Reason of Choosing Bald on Record ... 79
3.2Reasons of Choosing Positive Politeness ... 82
3.3Reasons of Choosing Negative Politeness ... 84
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion ... 86
B. Suggestion ... 90
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1.Types of Requests...71
Table 4.2.1. Politeness Strategies of Request for Action………73
Table 4.2.2. Politeness Strategies of Request for Permission………..75
Table 4.2.3. Politeness Strategies of Offer………..76
Table 4.2.4. Politeness Strategy of Invitation………..77
Table 4.2.5. Politeness Strategy of Proposal………77
Table 4.3.1. Factors of Choosing Bald on Record………...79 Table 4.3.2. Factors of Choosing Positive Politeness………...82
Table 4.3.3. Factors of Choosing Negative Politeness……….84
commit to user requests, the politeness strategies to express requests, and the reasons of choosing the politeness strategy.
The research uses pragmatics study to analyze the request expressions. The descriptive qualitative research is employed in this research. The data in this research are all of request utterances in the movie Sydney White. There are 17 data which have been analyzed by using Tsui’s classification of requests and Brown and Levinson theory of politeness strategy.
The findings of the research are: First, there are five types of request expressions employed by the characters in the movie Sydney White. They are request for action, request for permission, offer, invitation, and proposal. Request for action and request for permission are mostly employed by the speakers. There are seven data that belong to request for action and six data that belong to request for permission. Then, the act of offer is expressed twice by the speakers. Finally, invitation and proposal are each employed once by the speakers to the hearers. Second, there are three politeness strategies employed by the speakers to express requests. The strategies are bald on record, positive politeness, and negative politeness strategy. Positive politeness is mostly chosen by the speakers to express requests. There are 9 data which show that the speakers apply positive politeness in uttering requests. Then, bald on record is employed five times by the speakers to express request. Finally, there are three occurrences of negative politeness strategy used by the speaker in expressing requests.
Third, there are several factors which influence the speakers to the choice of the politeness strategy. The choice of bald on record strategy is influenced by the informality of the situation, the time and channel limitation, close relationship and the status of the participants. Positive politeness strategy is chosen by the speaker to express requests because of the good relationship, the aim to minimize the imposition and social distance between the participants. Finally, the choice of negative politeness strategy is influenced by the social distance and no close relationship between the participants.
THE ANALYSIS OF REQUEST EXPRESSIONS IN THE analyze the request expressions employed by the characters in the movie Sydney White. The research explores the types of requests, the politeness strategies to express requests, and the reasons of choosing the politeness strategy.The research uses pragmatics study to analyze the request expressions. The descriptive qualitative research is employed in this research. The data in this research are all of request utterances in the movie Sydney White. There are 17 data which have been analyzed by using Tsui’s classification of requests and Brown and Levinson theory of politeness strategy.The findings of the research are: First, there are five types of request expressions employed by the characters in the movie Sydney White. They are request for action, request for permission, offer, invitation, and proposal. Request for action and request for permission are mostly employed by the speakers. There are seven data that belong to request for action and six data that belong to request for permission. Then, the act of offer is expressed twice by the speakers. Finally, invitation and proposal are each employed once by the speakers to the hearers. Second, there are three politeness strategies employed by the speakers to express requests. The strategies are bald on record, positive politeness, and negative politeness strategy. Positive politeness is mostly chosen by the speakers to express requests. There are 9 data which show that the speakers apply positive politeness in uttering requests.
1Mahasiswa Jurusan Sastra Inggris dengan NIM C0307059 2
Dosen Pembimbing
commit to user CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. RESEARCH BACKGROUND
Request is one type of speech acts that commonly happens in daily conversation. This kind of speech act focuses on calling someone to do something in which it gives the addressee an option for complying and not complying the requested action. As a pre-event act, speech act of request prospects the nonverbal action. Based on the aspects of who should perform the nonverbal action requested and who gets the benefit from the action performed, request can be subsumed into request for permission, offer, request for action, invitation, and proposal (Tsui, 1994). Through the request for permission, the action requested is to be carried out by the speaker and he gets benefit from the action. In the act of offer, the speaker is the one who will perform the non-verbal action prospected by his utterance, and the addressee gets benefit from it. In turn, the request for action, the action is carried out by the addressee to benefit the speaker. In invitation, the requested action is to be carried out by the addressee for his own benefit. Finally, proposal prospects speaker and addressee's action(s) which may benefit one of the participants or both.
Request speech act initiates the negotiation of face during the conversational interaction. In other words, request is intrinsically face-threatening act because it is intended to threaten someone’s face (Brown and Levinson, 1987 in Tsui, 1994). There are various strategies to minimize the
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threat, such as using hedges, apologizing for transgression, using softening mechanism that give the addressee a face-saving way out, etc. Following Brown
and Levinson’s model of politeness, request can be realized by means of linguistic strategies such as bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and bald off record strategies. Politeness that is employed in request roles as the communication strategy used by the speaker to decrease imposition on and to maintain good relationship between the participants (Kitao, 1987 in Hasan, 2009).
Each participant of conversations has particular reason and consideration in employing certain strategies to utter request expressions. The relationship, status, role of the participants, the setting, the aim of utterances, and the situation are all influencing the strategy used by the speaker. This makes a speaker performs different request strategy when speak to different people, aim, setting and situation.
Sydney white as the chosen source of data is an American teenage movie which tells about the life of the students in the campus. Within this movie, the writer found some types of request expressions which are realized by politeness strategies of Brown and Levinson. The following example may be useful to clarify the background of the study.
Tyler : Hey! Sydney.Sydney. Hi. Listen, about last night...
Sydney: Last night? Hm, wait, let me think. Oh, yeah! When your girlfriend
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Tyler : Trust me, Rachel's not my girlfriend. And not everyone in Greek Row is
like her. Give me a chance to prove that to you!
The conversation above contains two types of request expressions. Both of sentences which are typed in bold characters can be categorized as request since they are intended to make someone to do something in which the hearer in this case is not obligated to comply it. The utterance Hi. Listen, about last night... delivered by Tyler intends to ask an action from Sydney for his benefit.
Tyler wants Sydney to listen to him as an attempt to repair his relationship with her after experiencing an unexpected event happened in the previous night. Tyler implicitly expects that Sydney will be eager to be his friend again. Thus, the utterance can be categorized into request for action. Meanwhile, the second utterance delivered by Tyler Give me a chance to prove that to you! shows that Tyler wants Sydney let him to do something. If Sydney gives positive response, the requested action will be performed by Tyler and it is also intended for his benefit. Thus, the utterance can be classified into request for permission.
Both of the request utterances are expressed by Tyler directly by using imperative sentences. It implies that he utters the request by using bald on record strategy particularly channel limitation that is caused by Sydney’s ignorance to Tyler. Sydney tries to get rid of Tyler, meaning that she does not want to meet him anymore. This requires Tyler to maximize the efficiency of his speaking. It is proved that Tyler speaks to Sydney in a high voice and intonation. In this case,
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limitation, Tyler decides to employ bald on record strategy because he has had close relationship with Sydney. Both of them occupy the same status as the students and they have known each other fairly well. Another reason of employing the strategy is that the conversation takes place in the street, meaning that it happens in informal situation.
Based on the example above, the researcher is interested to analyze the request speech act in the American teenage movie Sydney White.
B. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The objectives in this research are:
1. To figure out the types of request utterances performed by the characters in the movie entitled Sydney White.
2. To identify how the characters perform request utterances in the movie entitled Sydney White based on the politeness strategy of Brown and Levinson.
3. To explore the reason why the characters of the movie Sydney White employ certain strategy in performing request utterances.
C. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Based on research objective, the research interests discussed in this research are formulated as follows:
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2. How do the characters of the movie Sydney White employ request utterance?
3. Why do the characters of the movie Sydney White employ certain strategy in performing request?
D. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
Most of the studies of speech acts are focused on Searle’s classification, meaning that the studies have not revealed that his classification can be subsumed into categories. This present research is conducted to find the types of request expressions in the movie Sydney White based on Tsui’s classification (1994). It is hoped that the research provides an in-depth resource for the analysis of speech act.
As an act that may threat person’s face, it is important to include politeness strategy in the analysis of request expressions. It reveals not only the aspect of the delivering of verbal and nonverbal strategy but also the maintaining
of person’s self image. Besides, this helps to map the strategies used in the different type of requests.
commit to user E. SCOPE OF STUDY
This research deals with speech act analysis in which the data are taken from the conversation within the popular American teenage movie entitled Sydney White. It does not analyze speech act in general but it only focuses on the request, based on of Tsui’s classification of request: request for permission, request for action, offer, invitation, and proposal. Besides, this research also focuses its analysis on how as well as why the characters perform request based on politeness strategy of Brown and Levinson.
F. THESIS ORGANIZATION
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LITERATURE REVIEW
A. PRAGMATICS
Pragmatics is the branch of linguistic study that focuses on the relation between language and context. According to Levinson (1997:24), pragmatics is the study of role of context that focuses on meaning of utterances. When people are engaged in conversation, they do not always perform their intention directly through their saying. Pragmatics studies the language usage to communicate in certain situation (Nadar, 2009:2).
Pragmatics is commonly defined as meaning in use or meaning in context (Thomas, 1995:2). The study of meaning in pragmatics covers the speaker meaning that puts its attention in the producer of the message and utterance interpretation that focuses its attention on the receiver of the message. As stated by Yule (1996: 4), pragmatics deals with the study of utterance meaning as communicated by the speaker (or writer) and utterance meaning interpreted by the listener (or reader).
The definitions imply that language and context are inseparable terms in the discussion of meaning interpretation. Context which is related to the participants, time, place, and the situation in which the utterances occur plays a crucial role in constructing the meaning of utterances. Thus, it can be concluded that pragmatics is linguistic branch that focuses its study on the meaning of utterances by determining the relation between language and context.
commit to user B. CONTEXT
Context plays an important role in spoken or written language. People have to pay attention to context in interpreting the meaning of utterances or sentences, unless there might be misinterpretation, the meaning interpreted may be different from what is intended. As stated by Edward T Hall in Parera (1991), information taken out of context is meaningless and cannot reliability interpreted.
Context is considered as the relevant aspect of the physical or social setting of utterances (Leech, 1983:13). It is a background of knowledge assumed by the speaker and hearer. Context becomes the most important thing in meaning interpretation since the different context creates different meaning. It makes the utterance to be presented either directly or indirectly. Malinowsky (in Halliday and Hasan, 1983) suggests two kinds of context. The first is the context of situation and the second is the context of culture. The context of situation is the context in which the speech is uttered. It includes the participants involved, time, place, social environment, etc. Meanwhile, the context of culture is the context of background or history behind the participant (Halliday and Hasan, 1983:13). It covers norm, rule, belief, tradition, etc.
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performance. The relevant participants are a customer who wants to purchase a ticket and a booking clerk who has access to information about availability and the means of receiving payment. The verbal action includes greeting, checking, requesting, confirming, and so on, while the nonverbal action involves keying information on the computer, and handing over a credit card. The relevant object includes a computer, a credit card, and a machine for transacting credit card payment. Finally, the effect of verbal action is that the customer receives tickets for the performance.
Further, Halliday and Hasan (1983: 38-39) explain the features of context as follows:
a. Participant
Participant refers to those who participate in communication. Participants are classified into three roles, namely addressor, addressee, and audience. Addressor roles as the producer of the message, addressee roles as the receiver of the message, and audience contribute to the specification of the speech event.
b. Topic
commit to user c. Setting
Setting refers to the setting and scene including time, place, and concrete physical circumstances in which the utterance is produced.
d. Channel
Channel refers to the means of communication that is used by the communicator in sending message to the communicant. It can be in the form of speaking, writing, and signing. The use of different channel will result different meaning of message.
e. Message form
Message form refers to what form is intended to communicate the message, whether it is a poem, sermon, or joke. The use of different message form will produce different meaning of the message.
f. Code
Code refers to what language, the dialect, or the style of language that is being used. The choice of code in communicating a message will influence whether the receiver understands the message or not.
g. Event
Event refers to the speech event in which the usage is determined by the speech purposes. The different event will produce different meaning of message.
h. Key
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can be serious or painstaking. It is important for the participant to understand what key is being used because key affects and produces the meaning of message.
i. Purpose
Purpose refers to the goal of communicative event. It is what the participant intend to come about as a result of the communication, for example persuading, asking, requesting, etc. the different purpose will result different way of communication and finally it will make the communicant interpret different meaning.
C. SPEECH ACT 1. Definition of Speech Act
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The concept of speech act was originally proposed by a philosopher, Jane L Austin (1962). Further, according to Austin speech acts can be analyzed on three levels:
1. Locutionary act
It is an act of saying something. It can be defined as the actual words or literal meaning of utterance.
2. Illocutionary act
It is what the speaker does in saying something. It can be defined as the force behind the words. It conveys the intended meaning of the words delivered by the speaker.
3. Perlocutionary act
It is the actual result or effect of the illocutionary act produced by the speaker on the listener.
In order to get clearer understanding, it is necessary to consider the example of utterance below:
A: Can you help me?
B: Oh, sure
The act of saying Can you help me is called locutionary act. Then, the
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2. Classification of Speech Act
According to Searle (in Levinson, 1983:240), Speech act can be classified into five categories as follows:
1. Representative
Representative is a kind of speech act that commits the speaker to state his belief about something. Acts such as asserting, describing, concluding, and
making a statement, are the examples of the speaker‟s intention in uttering
his/her belief. For Example:
a. Elephant is not a wild animal.
b. The moon is round. 2. Directive
Directive is a kind of speech act that is intended to make someone do something. In this case, the speaker utters directive in order to get the prospective action. Acts such as requesting, commanding, prohibiting, and persuading can be classified into directive.
For example:
a. Find me immediately after you’ve got the answer!
b. Don’t break the rules! 3. Commisive
commit to user For example:
a. I promise to visit you next month.
b. If you don’t give me money, I will kill you
4. Expressive
Expressive is a kind speech act that is used by the speaker to express his feelings that are either pain or pleasure. It conveys the psychological state of the speaker toward the particular state of affairs. Acts of apologizing, congratulating, and thanking can be classified into expressive.
For example:
a. I’m sorry to hear that
b. I heard that you’re the winner of this game. Congratulations.
5. Declaration
Declaration is a kind of speech act that is used by the speaker to change the reality in accord with the proposition content of the declaration. The speakers of declaration have authority with special institutional role. Acts such as naming and pronouncing are the examples of declarations.
For example:
a. I name this plane Garuda Indonesia
b. I pronounce you as husband and wife
D. DIRECTIVE
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information, the speaker employs directive speech act. Directive is one of speech act category which intends to make the hearer do something (Searle at Levinson, 1984:240). It focuses on calling the addressee to do an action.
According to Allan (1986:199), directive can be classified into four categories as follows:
1. Request is a kind of directive in which the speaker asks the hearer to do an action or something. In this case, the hearer has an option for not complying the nonverbal action requested by the speaker. For example:
A: Can I borrow your pen?
B: Oh, I’m sorry, this is the only one.
2. Question is a kind of directive in which the speaker asks the question to the hearer. It requires the verbal action from the hearer. The utterance is performed by the speaker to get the information from the hearer. For example:
A: What is your name?
B: My name is Rachel.
3. Requirement is a kind of directive that demands both verbal response and non verbal response from the hearer. The speaker has greater authority than the hearer. Command or order is the example of requirement. The requirement delivered by the speaker is a must for the hearer. Thus, it means that the hearer has no option for not complying the required action demanded by the speaker. For example:
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4. Prohibition is a kind of directive that is delivered by the speaker to prohibit, proscribe, or restrict the hearer to do certain action. This can be for the sake of both the speaker and hearer. For example:
A: Don’t spend your time too much on playing game!
B: Don’t worry Mom…
E. REQUEST 1. Definition of Request
Request is a speech act that prospects the nonverbal action. It is intended by the speaker to make hearer do something. As stated by Fraser (in Tsui, 1994:92), request conveys the speaker desire to bring about the state of affairs expressed in the proposition. Thus, in giving request, the speaker wants the hearer to perform the nonverbal response according to the requested action expressed in the utterance. However, in request, the hearer gets a chance for not complying the nonverbal action requested by the speaker.
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Conversely, in command the speaker assumes that the hearer will cooperate to respond because it obligates the hearer to do the demanded action delivered by the speaker. Thus, it is reasonable that the common grammatical form of request is interrogative while the common grammatical form of command is imperative or declarative. The example below may clarify the difference between request and order.
a. A boy to his girlfriend (request)
A boy: Can you help me do the homework?
Girlfriend: I am sorry Honey…you have to do it by yourself.
The example indicates that the speaker does not assume that the hearer is able to carry out the requested action. In this case, the girl has a chance to refuse her boyfriend‟s request although he expects her to do it.
b. A leader to the members (command)
A Leader: Find me immediately when you meet her!
The members: Ok Rachel.
The example indicates that the hearers are cooperative to do the nonverbal action demanded by the speaker. In other words, the hearer has no chance for not complying the command. In this case, the hearer occupies a higher position than the hearers. Thus, the utterance delivered by the Rachel is a requirement for the hearers.
2. Classification of Request
commit to user 1. Request for action
Request for action is a request that commits the hearer to do nonverbal action as the response of the utterance delivered by the speaker. It is intended for the benefit of the speaker. This kind of request is typically realized by Can/Could you do X? Moreover, it can be also realized by Will/Would to ask the hearer to do an action for the speaker.
For example:
Lenny: Can you? Can you help me?
Sydney: Sure…
The example clarifies a request for action. Lenny asks Sydney to pull him from his trouble by saying Can you help me. Sydney complies the request by saying sure (verbal response) while performing action by pulling Lenny from the trouble (nonverbal response).
2. Request for permission
Request for permission is used by the speaker to ask permission for doing
something. It intends for the benefit of the speaker and involves the speaker‟s
performance in the future action. If the hearer gives positive response, the speaker will convey nonverbal response.
For example:
Daughter: There will be Justin music concert in SCC this night. May I go out to
watch it Mom?
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The example above clarifies request for permission. A daughter intends to make her mother allow her to see the music concert. Mother positively responds the request by giving permission. Then, daughter performs nonverbal action by going to see Justin music concert.
3. Offer
Offer is request that is used by the speaker to offer something to be accepted by the hearer. In other words, the speaker requests the hearer to accept his offer. It typically provides the benefit for the hearer. When the response is positive, the hearer will give appreciation by saying thanks. Then, the speaker will perform nonverbal action to what he offers.
For example:
Lenny: this room is so Dirty. Do you want me to clean it?
Sydney: oh…Thank you Lenny. You are so kind.
The example shows the offer. Lenny intends to make Sydney accept her help by saying Do you want me to clean it? As the response of the offer delivered by Lenny, Sydney gives the appreciation by verbally saying thanks. Then, the speaker will perform nonverbal response by cleaning the room.
4. Invitation
Invitation is a request that is used by the speaker to ask the hearer to go or come somewhere. The nonverbal response is performed by the hearer and it is intended for the benefit of the hearer. In this case, the hearer gets a chance to accept or refuse the invitation.
commit to user Sydney: What?
Tyler: I mean, hypothetically, you know, if there weren't a Santa Claus, which, of
course, there is. You guys should come hang out sometime. Bring Gurkin of
Honor. You know, actually, we're having a party tomorrow night. You guys wanna
come?
The example shows the invitation. The participants in this conversation are
Tyler and Sydney‟s friends. They are talking about Santa Clause. Tyler utters You
guys wanna come? to invite Sydney‟s friends to come to the party. Sydney‟s
friend can either accept or refuse the invitation because they are not obligated to come. If the hearers accept the invitation, they will perform nonverbal action by going to the party.
5. Proposal
Proposal is a request of suggestion in which the speaker asks the hearer to do something for the benefit of both speaker and hearer. The non-verbal action as the response of the request will be performed by the speaker and the hearer. Compared to request of offer, request of proposal is not likely to be followed by thanking expression.
A: Why don’t we try to do this homework by ourselves? We don’t need to ask
their help because it will make us be lazy.
B: You’re right guys…Let’s us do it now.
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This expression prospects non-verbal action that is performed by both the speaker and the hearer.
F. POLITENESS
Politeness is commonly interpreted as the practical application of good manners. As stated by Brown and Levinson (1987), politeness is defined as the strategies employed by the speaker to achieve a variety of goals, such as promoting or maintaining harmonious relationships. According to Yule (1996:60) politeness can be interpreted as a means employed by the speaker to show
awareness of another person‟s face. Thus, politeness strategy is applied to make
everyone feel affirmed in social interaction.
Politeness is closely related to face. In relation to politeness theory, face
can be interpreted as every individual‟s feeling of self-worth or self image
(Thomas, 1996). Yule defines that face means self image of a person. It refers to emotional and social sense of self that everyone has and expects everyone else to
recognize (1996:60). Within the interactions, someone‟s image can be damaged,
maintained, or enhanced. There are two kinds of face, positive face and negative face. Positive face is reflected as the desire to be liked, respected, and appreciated by others, while negative face is reflected as the desire not to be impeded or put upon, to have freedom to act as one chooses (Holmes, 1996).
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opposition to the wants and desires of the other. The speaker may use certain strategies in order to minimize the possibility of damage either to the hearer‟s or his own face. According to Brown and Levinson (1987), politeness strategies are
developed in order to save the hearer‟s face because certain act are liable to
damage or threaten another person face.
Brown and Levinson (1987) propose four main types of politeness strategies: bald on-record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record.
1. Bald On-record
Bald On-record strategy is employed as an attempt to maximize the efficiency of speaking. Direct imperatives stand out as clear examples of bald on record usage. Sometimes, it may be followed by mitigating devices such as please and would you. This kind of strategy provides no attempt to minimize the damage
to the hearer‟s face. Using bald on record strategy will shock, embarrass, and
make the hearers feel a bit uncomfortable. This strategy is mostly used in situation where the speaker has close relationship with the hearer, such as family or close friend.
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Moreover, this strategy will be employed when there is an obvious power differential between the participants, where the speaker occupies higher position than the hearer.
Sub strategies of bald on record are:
a. Cases of non minimization of the face threats
It happens in the condition where maximum efficiency is very important, and this is mutually known to both speaker and hearer that no face redresses is necessary.
An emergency: Help me, help me!!! Task –oriented: Give me the nails!
Request: Close the window, please!
Alerting or warning: Careful! He is a dangerous man. Channel Limitation: Come home right now!
b. Cases of FTA oriented usage
It is polite for the speaker to reduce hearer‟s anxieties by preemptively
inviting hearer to impinge on the speaker‟s preserve.
Welcoming (the speaker insists that the hearer may transgress): “Come in, don’t hesitate, I’m not busy”.
Greeting and farewell (the speaker insists that the hearer may transgress on his positive face by talking his leave):
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Offer (when the speaker insist that the hearer may impose the speaker‟s
negative face): “Don’t bother, I’ll clean it up/ leave it to me”
2. Positive Politeness
Positive politeness strategy provides an attempt to minimize the damage to the
hearer‟s face. They are used to make the hearer feel good about himself and his
possessions. It is intended to avoid the conflict and to minimize the social distance between the participants by expressing friendliness. This strategy is likely to be used by group of friends or in situations where the participants know each other fairly well.
Positive politeness deals with the redress consisting in partially satisfying
the desire by communicating that the speaker‟s wants is equally respected with the
hearer‟s face. The speaker treats the hearer as a member of group, a friend, or
someone who is personally liked. The speaker considers that the hearer is the same with himself by means of status, rights and duties. This strategy is used as a kind of social accelerator, where the speaker wants to be closer to the hearer. The statements such as friendship, solidarity, and compliment belong to positive politeness strategy.
Sub strategies of positive politeness are:
Attend to the hearer‟s desire: You look sad. Can I do anything?
Exaggerate (interest, approval, and sympathy with hearer): what a nice dress you wear!
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Use solidarity in-group identity markers: Heh, mate, can you lend me your mobile phone?
Be optimistic: I’ll just come along, if you don’t mind.
Include both speaker (S) and hearer (H) in activity (using an inclusive „we‟ form): If we help each other, I guess, we’ll both sink or swim in this course. Offer or promise: If you wash the dishes, I’ll vacuum the floor.
Avoid Disagreement: Yes, you’re right. It’s rather long, not short certainly.
Give or ask for reason: Why don’t we go to school together? Assume agreement: "So when are you coming to see us?"
Presuppose/raise/assert common ground: OK now, let’s stop the chatter and get on with our little essay.
Joke: it may be used to stress the participants share background and values. For example: How about lending me this old heap or junk?
Assert or Presuppose speaker knowledge of and concern for hearer wants. For example: I know you love roses but the florist didn’t have more, so I brought you geraniums.
Give gifts to hearer (goods, sympathy, understanding, cooperation): satisfy
hearer‟s wants.
3. Negative Politeness
Negative politeness strategy is oriented towards the hearer‟s negative
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hearer. It is assumed that the speaker may impose the hearer and intrude their space. This implies that negative politeness strategy involves some social distance between the participants. This strategy is used when the speaker wants to put a social brake on to the course of social interaction. It conveys a higher potential for awkwardness or embarrassment than in bald on record strategies and positive politeness strategies. However, this strategy also employs conventional politeness markers to minimize the imposition.
Some strategies of Negative politeness are:
Be conventionally indirect: Would you know where Oxford Street is? Use hedges or questions: Perhaps, he might have taken it, maybe. Could you please pass the rice?
Be pessimistic (expressing doubt): You couldn’t find your way to lending me a thousand dollars, could you?
Minimize the imposition: It’s not too much out of your way, just a couple of blocks.
Apologizing: I’m sorry; it’s a lot to ask, but can you lend me a thousand dollars?
Impersonalize speaker and hearer (avoid the pronoun I and you): one shouldn’t do things like that, Take them out!
State the FTA as some general social rule, regulation or obligation: Passengers will please refrain from flushing toilets on the train
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Nominalize: Your good performance on the examinations impressed us favourably.
4. Off-record
Off record is likely to be called as indirect strategy. It is considered as an attempt by the speakers to remove themselves from any imposition whatsoever. This strategy is used when the speaker wants to damage another‟s face without any responsibility of doing it, by leaving it up to the hearers to be interpreted by themselves.
Off record covers the act of employing indirectness. The speakers say something that is actually different from what they literary say. The indirect utterance is intended to be understood by the hearers as an attempt to minimize
the threat on the hearer‟s face. For example, a speaker using the indirect strategy
might merely say “Oh..its so hot here” initiating that it would be nice if the hearer
would get up and turn on air conditioner without directly asking the listener to do so.
Some sub strategies of this strategy are:
Give hints: “it is hot here”.
Be vague: “the committee should have been more creative in managing it”. Be sarcastic or joking: “Yeah, he is a real rocket scientist”.
Understate: “what do you think of Anne? (I think she is not a good girl).
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Be incomplete, use ellipsis : Well, if one leaves one’s tea on the wobbly table …
Be ambiguous: John is a pretty sharp (smooth) cookie.
Be ironic: Lovely neighborhood, eh? (in a slum)
Use contradiction: Are you upset about that? Well, yes and no/ I am and I’m not
Give association clues: Are you going to market tomorrow? … There’s a market tomorrow, I suppose. (Give me a ride there).
Presuppose: I washed a car again today.
Use tautologies: Boys will be boys. Use metaphors: Harry is a real fish.
Over generalize: People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones.
G. REVIEW OF RELEVANT STUDIES
A study having relationship with the present research is Request expression in the film entitled Philadelphia. The research was conducted by Yuliana Indrasari
(2004). The study aimed to describe the types of request expression as well as the factors influencing the use of each type of request expressions. The result found four types of request expression, namely offer, request for action, request for permission, and proposal and revealed that the use of those request expressions are influenced by the situation and the relationship between participants.
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intended to describe the form and the types of request based on Tsui‟s
classification. The result found four types of request expression namely request for action, request for permission, offer, and proposal which are realized in the form of interrogative and imperative sentence.
Another similar study having relationship with the present research is Request Strategy in the movie Winnie the Pooh conducted by Yatimah Tri P (2008). The objectives of the study are to describe the realization of request
strategy and the Leech‟s politeness principle employed in request strategy. The
results found four request strategies namely hint, questioning ability, state of speaker need and demand, and imperative strategy as well as two maxims namely tact maxim and approbation maxim.
Another study which is in line with the present study is the journal entitled Politeness Strategy in the English Interlanguage Request of Yameni Learners. The
study was conducted by Mohammed Hasan (2009). The main objective of his study is to investigate the strategy of request and politeness phenomenon in the production of request speech act by Yameni Learners of English as a foreign language. The main finding of the study revealed that the target subjects intended to use conventional indirectness strategy with constant tendency to use query preparatory request strategy accompanying with politeness markers.
The present study aims to figure out the types of request expressions based
on Tsui‟s classification. Moreover, the present study aims to describe how request
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and Levinson as well as to explain why the characters employ request in such strategy.
H. SYNOPSIS OF THE MOVIE SYDNEY WHITE
Sydney White is a movie directed by Jimmy Wales. It is the story about a girl who has to struggle to get equal position in campus. Sydney White played by Amanda Bynes is a daughter of a single father and has grown up among construction workers since her mother died when she was nine years old. She gets a scholarship for college and hopes to follow the legacy of her mother to enter Kappa Phi Nu sorority. In campus, she clashes with the sorority president, Rachel Witchburn (Sara Paxton) because Rachel sees Sydney talking to her ex-boyfriend, Tyler Prince.
Rachel makes Sydney out of the sorority by using her presidential authority to declare that Sydney is not appropriate of being a Kappa. Sydney
leaves Kappa Phi Nu and lives in with the seven outcast students in “The Vortex”
which badly needs a repair. She befriends all the guys, especially Lenny who falls
in love with Dinky, one of Sydney‟s best friends.
As an attempt to repair the vortex, Sydney tries to convince one of her
housemates, Terrance, to run for student body president on the “Freedom to the
seven powers”. However, Terrance can not be student body president because he
has graduated seven years before. This causes Sydney runs for president by
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the result, Rachel infects Sydney‟s computer so that important paper due the next
day is erased.
As the solution, Sydney studies all night at the library then fails to wake up in the time for the presidential debate. In order to wake Sydney up, Tyler kisses her. A triumphant speech delivered by Sydney invites much attention and makes her become the winner. Finally, Sydney gets her position in campus and also her prince, Tyler.
I. CHARACTERS OF THE MOVIE SYDNEY WHITE
Sydney White is a teenage movie that tells about the life of the students in the campus. Most of the characters in this movie are students having different personality as well as different relationship one to another. The more detail information about the characters of movie Sydney White is explained below. 1. The Profiles of the Characters
There are several characters in the movie Sydney White. They are Sydney White, Tyler, Rachel, Lenny, Terrence, Dinky, Rachel‟s friends, and Teacher. The profiles of each of the characters are explained as follows:
a. Sydney White
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smart, friendly and kind girl having braveness to reveal the right and to against the unfairness.
b. Tyler
Tyler is a student of Southern Atlantic University who has good achievement
and occupying good position in student council. He is Rachel‟s ex boyfriend
who lives in Beta Omega. As a handsome boy, he is liked by many girls including Sydney White. He has good personality, meaning that he is friendly to the other students having lower position than him.
c. Rachel
Rachel is a student council president of Southern Atlantic University. She is also the leader of Kappa Phi Nu sorority. As a girl occupying the prestigious position, Rachel performs arrogant behavior as an attempt to show her authority and to prevent something that may threat her occupation. She behaves unfriendly to other students even toward her close friends because she considers herself to be the sexiest and the cleverest student among others. d. Lenny
Lenny is a student who lives in the neglected house, The Vortex. He is a simple, friendly, and kind boy. He always gives Sydney helps when she has problems thought he has ever lied by her.
e. Terrance
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he likes to do some experiment that finally make him success. He is an ordinary boy with extraordinary power.
f. Dinky
Dinky is a member of Kappa. She becomes Sydney‟s close friend in Kappa Phi Nu and finally falls in love with Lenny. She behaves very friendly to Sydney because they stay in the same room. She is a girl with simple life, simple obsession, and simple style.
g. Sydney‟s friends in the Vortex (Gurkin, Spanky, Jeremy, Embele and George).
They are other Sydney‟s friends who live together with Terrence and Lenny
in the vortex. They are likely to be considered as the neglected persons living in the neglected house. All of them are judged as adored students because they have uncommon habits.
h. Father and father‟s friends
Father and his friends are group of men working as plumbers. Father is a single father who cares to her only daughter, Sydney. He performs the best for Sydney. He tries to role as father as well as friend for her. Father‟s friends
are like Sydney‟s relatives because they have been together for years.
2. The relationships between the characters
commit to user a. Sydney-Tyler
They are occupying the same status a students. They fall in love each other so that their relationship is getting close day to day. As the time goes by, they know each other fairly well.
b. Sydney-Rachel
There seems to be a gap between Sydney and Rachel because Rachel considers Sydney as her rival. Their tight competition makes them to have unharmonious relationship. Rachel always performs very unfriendly attitude to Sydney. They hate and do not give respect one to another.
c. Sydney-Lenny
Sydney and Lenny are friends who have just met accidentally. Because of their good personality, they can maintain good relationship. As the time goes by, they become close friend who always give help each other.
d. Sydney-Dinky
Sydney and Dinky are friends staying in the same room. They have good and close relationship because both of them are students entering Kappa with the legacy of their mother.
e. Sydney-Gurkin. Spanky, Embele, George, Terrence, Jeremy
They are living in the same house and getting the same unfriendly treatment from other students living outside the vortex. This makes them to have good and close relationship. They behave respectfully one to another. Such
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Tyler and Rachel had ever been a couple. It means that they have known each other quite well. However, because of Rachel‟s bad personality, Tyler does not give respect to her anymore after the end of their relationship as a couple.
g. Tyler- Sydney‟s friend ( the boys living in the vortex)
Because of his close relationship with Sydney, Tyler is getting known by
Sydney‟s friends well. They can maintain harmonious relationship because
commit to user CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. TYPE OF RESEARCH
The perspective used in this research is Pragmatics. It is appropriate to be applied since the research deals with the description and interpretation of context of situations. Pragmatics as the perspective is focused on request speech act and politeness as the strategy to utter request expressions.
The paradigm employed in this research is descriptive qualitative. It is descriptive because the data of this research are in the form of words and sentences. As stated by Moleong (1990), the collected data in descriptive method are in the form of words, pictures and not numbers. Besides, this research focuses on collecting, classifying, interpreting request speech act, and finally making the conclusion. Surakhmad (1994:147) states that descriptive method is done by collecting data, arranging or classifying data, analyzing and interpreting them.
This research is qualitative in which it uses linguistic information as the data, especially request speech acts. It will not use statistical procedure. Dornyei (2007:24) states that qualitative research involves data collection procedure that results primarily in open ended, non numerical data which is then analyzed primarily by non statistical method. Moreover, the research uses the researcher as the human instrument for the data gathering by using tactic knowledge.
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B. DATA AND SOURCE DATA
Data is interpreted as the materials used in research from which the research subject is described (Sudaryanto, 1993). They are used to find some information (Arikunto, 1998). The data in this research are in the form of words, clauses, and sentences, especially the utterances containing request expressions.
Source of data refers to the subject from which the data are obtained (Arikunto, 1998). The source of data in this research is an American teenage movie entitled Sydney White released in 2007 by Disney Studio. The researcher chooses this movie as the source of data for two reasons. First, this American movie contains many request expressions that can be categorized into some types of request based on Tsui’s classification. Second, as a teenage movie, Sydney White can show us how teenagers employ requests based on politeness strategy of
Brown and Levinson to their friends as well as why they employ request in such strategy. In other words, the movie Sydney White is chosen as the source as data because it provides the appropriate data related to the topic discussed in this research.
C. TECHNIQUE OF COLLECTING DATA The steps of collecting data in this research are:
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understanding of the context of situation helps the researcher in differentiating data and non data.
Second, after being able to identify the data, the researcher takes note on all the words, clauses, and sentences containing request expressions uttered by the characters. Besides, the researcher includes the characters employing request expressions as well as number of discs and time (minutes) from which the data are obtained in the note. Collecting data activity is completed after the researcher finishes the note.
D. TECHNIQUE OF CODING DATA
The researcher marks the data by codes in order to make easier the analysis of the data. The coding of the data in this research is as follows:
1. Number of each datum is realized by numerical order, for example: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,....etc.
2. The disc from which the data are obtained is realized by alphabetical order, for example: disc A and disc B.
3. The time in which the data are found is realized by showing the minutes of the playing of disc.
In order to get clearer understanding, it is necessary to consider the example of the coding below:
3/disc A/min 17
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E. TECHNIQUE OF ANALYZING DATA
The researcher analyzes the data by doing some activities as follows: 1. Studying the context of situation where the dialogue takes place. 2. Classifying the types of request expressions based on Tsui’s taxonomy. 3. Finding the politeness strategies following Brown and Levinson’s theory. 4. Identifying why the characters employ certain strategy in uttering request
commit to user CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
A. INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of three parts. The first part is the introduction. It gives the information of the data that will be analyzed, that is about request expressions employed by the characters in the movie Sydney White. The second is data analysis. Based on the objectives of the research, the data analysis in this
research focuses on analyzing the types of requests based on Tsui‟s taxonomy and
the politeness strategy of Brown and Levinson as the choice of the characters to express requests. The third is the discussion. It provides the discussion of some findings from the data analysis that is relevant to the research objectives.
B. DATA ANALYSIS
The data analysis in this research is conducted in four steps. Firstly, the analysis is started by describing the context of situation of the dialogue containing request expressions. Then, the analysis is done by classifying request expressions based on Tsui‟s taxonomy. Thirdly, the analysis is continued by finding the politeness strategy of Brown and Levinson. Finally, the analysis is conducted by identifying the reason of the characters in employing certain strategy to express requests. From the movie Sydney White, there are 15 data containing some types of request expressions of Tsui‟s taxonomy that are employed by various
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politeness strategies of Brown and Levinson. The analyses of each datum are presented as follows.
1/disc A/ min 2
Sydney : Big Ron
Big Ron : Hold me, please
Sydney : Oh, all right! Good Hug.
Context
After getting good news that Sydney White will enter the college,
Sydney‟s father gives her a portable computer, a thing that will be helpful for her
in college. At the same time, Sydney‟s father reminds her not to spend the time too much on the computer and not to forget her family. The fact that Sydney will
leave them for college makes Sydney‟s father and his friends feel sad. As an
attempt to show her care to the people who have lived around her since she is child, Sydney verbally expresses that she will miss all of them. One of her father‟s
friends, Big Ron seems to cry after he hears Sydney‟s words. Then, he comes
closer to Sydney to hug her.
Data interpretation
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the context, Big Ron says Hold me, please to Sydney in order that she will give him a permission to hug her.
Ron‟s utterance is categorized into positive politeness strategy. This
involves the condition of presupposing hearer‟s want is the same with speaker‟s
want. In this case, Bog Ron wants to hug Sydney as an attempt to show his care. Ron presupposes that Sydney also wants the same thing. The close and good relationship between Big Ron and Sydney has made both of them feel sad to face such situation. Besides, although this strategy has been categorized into a polite one, the marker please is also used to soften the request. Moreover, Big Ron nonverbally states his desire in low tone while crying.
Big Ron decides to use positive politeness strategy to utter his request because both of them belong to a group of people who have been living together for long time. As a girl who has been cared by single father working as a plumber,
Sydney is familiar with his father‟s works as well as his father‟s friends. This
makes the relationship between Sydney and her father‟s friend is like a family. It means that both of Sydney and Big Ron have known each other well.
2/ disc A/ min 4
Father : Girl, you are gonna fit into that place like an overflow tube in a pressure tank.
Sydney: C’mon Dad, We say no mushy stuff.
commit to user Context
In the day that Sydney has to go to the college, father delivers her to the bus station for the departure. Before entering the bus, father says something showing that he is so sad for the farewell. His father‟s words and his sad face expression make Sydney feel sad, too. Then Sydney tries to get rid of the sadness by requesting her father that they must not be sad.
Data Interpretation
The bold sentence uttered by Sydney shows that she employs request expression. By uttering “C‟mon Dad, We say no mushy stuff”, Sydney is asking her father not to be sad for her departure to the college. However, in this case,
father is not obligated to satisfy Sydney‟s request. Further, this kind of request
expression is categorized into proposal. Based on the context, Sydney‟s utterance is intended to be carried out by she herself and her father for their benefit.
In uttering her request to her father, Sydney uses positive politeness strategy. The words C’mon Dad that are uttered by Sydney White to her father reflects that Sydney and her father have very close relationship, like a close friend. Besides, the word C‟mon conveys the sense of participation and cooperation. It means that this kind of strategy includes both speaker and hearer in
activity. It is proved by the use of inclusive “we” that is used to stress the
cooperativeness of father‟s action which is implying that the request will be done
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Sydney employs positive politeness strategy because she has close relationship with her father. Having kinship relationship makes Sydney and father have known each other fairly well. Father is someone who is personally respected and loved by Sydney because he is the only parent she has after the death of her mother. Moreover, the request expression uttered by Sydney is primarily aimed for their benefit, meaning that the action will be carried out by both of the participants. Thus, by employing positive politeness strategy, she considers that father will be cooperative to satisfy the request.
3/Disc A/min 8
Dinky : Did you have luggage mishap?
Sydney : No.
Dinky : Well, what about in that bag?
Sydney : Oh, this bag..My comic book collection. Pretty cool, huh? Dinky : Yeah, you know what. Why don’t you wear something
of mine to the first rush party? Sydney : Oh, ok Yeah, That might be best.
Context
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The sentence typed in bold characters shows that Dinky utters request expression. Further, this kind of request can be classified into offer. In this situation, Dinky asks Sydney to accept something, to wear one of her dresses. This means that the perspective action of the request is carried out by Dinky for the benefit of Sydney.
In expressing the request, Dinky employs positive politeness particularly
applies the strategy of attending the hearer‟s need. According to the context,
Dinky understands that Sydney actually needs a feminine dress for attending the party but she has none. As a good friend, Dinky takes notice of Sydney‟s condition. Then, by saying Yeah, you know what. Why don’t you wear something of mine to the first rush party? Dinky tries to attend Sydney‟s need. By delivering such sentence, Dinky hopes that Sydney will finally comply her request because Dinky assumes that her want is the same with Sydney‟s desire. Based on the context, Sydney gratefully comply Dinky‟s request because Sydney badly needs such kind of dress to attend the party.
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positive politeness strategy in uttering request to Sydney because she aims to maintain a good relationship with her.
4/disc A/min 12
Tyler : Tyler Prince. Beta President
Sydney : Sydney White. No title. Sorry, this is Dinky. But, we are gonna be late to our first rush party. So, if you’ll excuse us…
Context
On the way to the Kappa Phi Nu house, Sydney accidentally meets Tyler for the first time. Tyler is impressed with Sydney‟s action of throwing the ball to the school tight end so that he comes closer to her to know who she is. After having an acquaintance with Tyler, Sydney gets nervous because this handsome boy amazes her much. Then, because of the limited time, Sydney says to Tyler that she and Dinky have to go soon because they do not want to be late to come to the first rush party in Kappa Phi Nu house.
Data interpretation
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In expressing the request, Sydney employs positive politeness strategy. She provides Tyler a reason why she has to go soon. She says that she will be late for rush party if she spends her time too much with Tyler. Giving reason is a way used by Sydney to make Tyler lets her go. Besides, by giving a reason, Sydney
attempts to minimize the damage to Tyler‟s face. Instead of abruptly expressing
her intention, Sydney prefers to give reason as to why she wants what she wants. Consequently, Tyler will feel good about himself because his self image is recognized by Sydney White.
Sydney employs positive politeness strategy in uttering her request because Tyler is someone whom she personally likes. It makes Sydney gets nervous when having direct interaction with Tyler. This can be seen from her nonverbal expression such as her red face and her rapid intonation when talking. Further, from her utterance, it can be identified that as a newcomer, Sydney tries to be friendly by positively behaves and speaks to Tyler. By expressing friendliness, it is hoped that Sydney‟s request will not damage Tyler‟s self image.
5/ disc A/ min 21
Dinky : Excuse me Sugar, can I borrow you for a date dash?
Boy : Hurry up, Girl. Come on
