DINA ANGGRAENI
(120820160031)
PADJADJARAN UNIVERSITY
1
1.
MARKETING ANALYSIS REPORT
To analyze how the business keep going in the middle of force the external factors, we will use PESTEL analysis. PESTEL stands for Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Environment and will more explain as follow.
Political
Since 1950, Japan is the best of economic country in East Asia due to industrialization and support from economical policies. One of them, they were protected their market and give the subsidy to domestic producers and restrict imports from other countries. This policy also make Japan refuse the Free Trade Agreement.
In 2001, all the paradigm about protected market was change since new Japan’s prime minister Junichiro Koizumi elected. He started the agreement with ASEAN countries known as Koizumi Doctrine. This agreement organize the cooperation between Japan and other ASEAN countries to do the free trade. In 2002, Japan signed the Joint Declaration to create the frame work for ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership (AJCEP).
Besides the free trade policy, Japan started privatized the national companies, such as post office to decrease cost of subsidy for unproductive national companies. Koizumi also made a policy to decrease the subsidy for the farmers at the same time and got resistance from the farmers but can not change the decision made. This situation being more complicated due to issue of rice import from other countries.
After the hard effort, it start showed the result. In negotiation with ASEAN members, Japan agree to remove tariffs on industrial product and protect their agricultural sector being closed market. Japan offer the cooperation with give the training about improvement of sanitation to increase their agriculture sector, Japan also send their expert to increase otomotive sector. This policies made export from Japan to ASEAN countries increase and also increase Japan’s Gross domestic Bruto (GDP). Now, we can see many product of Japan in others country and we can also see other’s countries product in Japan as impact of this policy. Several product that famous in Indonesia like sony, Toyota, Suzuki, Honda and many more.
Economic
To increase their economic, Japan develop tourism sector. Japan has unique culture, beautiful nature and wery well-organized city as
one of alternative for tourist destination.
To support torism sector, Japan give duty free for government tax and tax free for consumption’s tax. We can easily find shop with tax free, since they usually use flag from Japan tourism agencies. Tax free applies to all tourist except long term tourist who lived for six months in Japan, tourist who work at Japan also for Japan’s citizen.
There are several requirements to get tax free in Japan: a. Purchasing the goods in store where tax free is allowed
b. Non-food items, such as watches, clothing and daily necessities. This items sould be taken out from Japan within six months from the date of entering Japan
c. Consumption items such as cosmetics, medicines, food and drinking water should be taken out of Japan (shealed) within 30 days from the date of purchase.
2
Social
The contrast lifestyle can find between office workers and teenagers in Japan. For office workers we can see they are look very serious both in terms of dressing and socializing life. Its totally different with Indonesia, in Japan office workers mostly wear suit as their uniform. They also known as brand minded people, that’s why shopping centre in Tokyo like Ginza being the best place for office workers to shop. We can find so many brands store here. Besides being a shopping area for local people, Ginza also being one of destination for tourist to shopping.
Harajuku being one of famous area for Japanese to explore their style. They wear unique costums and act out various anime characters to show their freedom of style. This make Harajuku being as one tourist destination to see directly how unique they are. Besides it, we can also going shopping for some lifestyle items here.
Not only in style, Japanese also very respects to make their children being independence people.
Kinderganten student going to school by them self is something common in Japan. when their kids entering senior high school, they usually have permits to started part time job and get salary from it. So they can have something from their salary, such as branded phone, clothing, and others.
Technological
Japan well known as country that applied good technology in many sector. Technology and industrialist era start in 1868-1912 known as Meiji Restoration. This era as beginning for Japan to transform from feudal country to industrial country.
3
Other technology that applied is earthquake resistant buildings. Earthquake is one of the disasters that became a threat in Japan due to Japan stand on pasific plates. This technology make the existing buildings become flexibles and not easy collapsed due to effect of the earthquake. This technology also adapted to mini market
Something legal in one country maybe will not legal in other country, this is also apply in Japan. In Indonesia cigarettes is something common to buy or sale everywhere, but in Japan not everyone can buy cigarettes, we must have permits to buy cigarettes and its not for under age people.
Besides permits, Japan’s government also straight about people who smoke in public area. We must pay Y 5.000 if we smoke in places that forbid to smoke. To accommodate smokers, Japan’s government provide many smoking space in public areas. So they can smoke without break the rule. This is good for tobacco business since Japan’s government not forbid the cigarettes and give the special space for smoker, so they are not intrusive athers people with their smoke.
Environmental
Japanese very concern about environmental. Small thing that have big effect is about how they manage their trash. In japan, they categorize
their trash based on trash that could be processed naturally and couldn’t be processed naturally.
a. Moerugomi (trash that could be processed naturally)
May consist of household waste, such as kitchen waste, photo, diapers, log and pillow. For kitchen waste, it must be dry before put in in garbage plastic.
4
Moerugomi usually throw twice a week and moenaigomi once a week. Moerugomi use green garbage plastic and Moenaigomi use white plastic.
Other regulation about trash in Japan is about special trash. Special trash is paid trash. This trash may contain of television, computer, air conditioner, refrigator, microwave, closet and others. There is another way to throw up this special trash, we can throwh it in the recycle shop and get money if our goods still in good conditions.
Recommendation
Its being complicated when must compare our country with Japan, but there are very much input to make our contry better. Indonesia can make Japan as rolemodel in many sectors. Here are the recommendation:
a. For business owner in Indonesia
we can use technology to improve our production and manage the residual waste for better environment. Indonesia have so many cultures and beautiful landscapes. We can seize the opportunity by manage tourisment business better for example make tanah abang more effective for tourist as clothing shopping center. We also can make Indonesiaan traditional food being more famous with more promotion and good packaging.
b. For government in Indonesia
• We not only can being importer but also make a regulation to protect our local market, especially for basic needs, such as rice.
• We also can increase our export with high quality product and use technology to support
• Indonesia can imitate how to manage their trash from Japan
• We must create public transportation and infrastructure better to decrease traffic jam and pollution and support our economy
• Government must be more concern about the dangers of cigarretes, not only build more smoking space but also consist with regulation to not smoke in public area
• We can imitate Japan to build earthquake resistant buildings due to several area in Indonesia are earthquake prone area.
2.
CROSS-CULTURAL ANALYSIS REPORT
To determine how to enter overseas markets, market participants need to establish a form of cross cultural consumer analysis. Cross-cultural consumer analysis is an attempt to determine the degree of similarities and differences between two or more countries. This analysis can provide an understanding of the consumer's psychological, social, and cultural
characteristics that targeted by market participants, so they can design effective marketing strategies.
Differences in Values, Beliefs and Policies
Japan well known as country that very concern about what they eat and what contain in their foods. That’s why they make ingredients in food label very details. For carbohydrate japan not only consume rice but also many varians of noodles. They also eat fish and vegetables a lot.
5
Beside foods, to support their healthy life, most of Japanese have the good habit to walk, bicycleing, hiking.
Acculturation
Japan have similarity with China in several aspects. In yamato’s era, they built their kingdom with acculturation from Chinese architecture. Not only architecture, but also in language, writing, religion, agriculture, weave, even treatment and medication. Traditional massage from china known as shiatsu or anma was adopted in Japan and use to heal some diseases.
Another acculturation such as
fashion come from Europe. Most of office worker wear suit for their uniform. Now suit being something common in Japan and other countries in the world. Not only in lifestyle, most of halal food in Japan come from muslim country, such as India, Pakistan, Turkey, Malaysia. We can find halal ramen in some places in Japan, this is also show us how acculturation happened. Furthermore, as one of international student destination, we can also find the acculturation between local people and students from other countries.
World Brands
One of famous brand that existing in Indonesia is sony. Sony have a lot of varian of products, such as gadget, film production and music, video game and others. Sony established in Indonesia in 1995, in usic industry, sony mergered with BMG music being Sony BMG Music Entertainment Indonesia.
Recommendation
a. For business owner in Indonesia
We must try our best for being business leader not only in Indonesia but also in the world. We can imitate Japan how they build their business and consist with their high quality product with their dedication and discipline
b. For government
6
3.
COMPANY VISIT ANALYSIS REPORT
SHIN-KOTO INCINERATION PLANT
Waste from human activity being global issue right now. One of solution for that issue is reduce the waste as little as possible and encourage the recycling of waste as resource. Burning is the best way for processing waste and recycling energy due to combustible waste is burnt in hygienic manner and heat generated serves to generate electricity for energy recycling.
Shin-koto incineration plant built with air pollution preventive facilities that plays an important role of processing waste produced within 23 cities in Tokyo. Below are the details about Shin-Koto Incineartion Plant includes the equipments:
a. Site area : 61.000 m2 b. Incinerate 1.800 t/day.
c. Construction cost : 88 billion yen approximately d. Completed : September 1998
e. Building scale : Reinforced concreate (partially iron framed); Nine stories above (partially one under) the ground
f. Building site : 28.000 m2 approximately g. Total floor area : 77.000 m2 approximately
h. Stack : Outer cylinder, reinforced concrete made; inner cylinder : stainless steel sheet made i. Height: 150 m
j. Incinerator : Fully continuous incineration, fire grate type 600t/day x 3 units
k. Boiler : Natural circulation type water pipe boiler with heater; maximum steam generated: 121,3 t/h x 3 units
l. Turbine generator : Bleeder condensing turbine 50.000 kw x 1 unit
m. Dust collector : Bug filter dust collector, volume of freated exhaust gas : 200.000Nm3 max/h x 3 units n. Refuse bunker: 45.000 m3 approximately
o. Refuse bunker gate : 2 1 double leafed hinged gates p. Ash bunker : 2.900 m3 approximately
q. Power reception equipment : Incoming power volt, 2 lines r. Vapor emissions : 1.483 kt
7
The features of the plant describe as follow: a. National top-class waste disposal plant
As on of the biggest in Japan, incinerates 1.800 ton waste per day, and about 400.000 ton per year, generate 50.000 kw with a stam turbine generator
b. Prevention of air pollution
Plant removes most of hydrogen chloride contained in exhaust, dust, sulfur oxides, and mercury. It success reduce the emision of dioxins at a much lower level than legally stipulated using dioxin removal facilities
c. Compatible with the global and local environment
From data above we can see need huge money to built an incineration plant in Japan. In the concept of asset optimalization, Indonesian government can use idle asset such as land to minimize the budget. The incineration also manage well, they can get profit from heat as result of incineration. Details about how it works will explain below:
a. Waste carried by garbage trucks is dumped into the waste bunker
b. Waste is temporarily stored and then thrown into the waste hopper c. Waste is burned continuously on the stoker
d. Steam is generated by the heat of combustion in the incinerators
e. The steam turbine generator is a system to generate electric power utilization steam produced by the boiler
f. The opearation of the entire plants is intensively monitored in the central control room with the computers. All the equipment is also under control of the room
g. Ash is produced by incineration is temporarily stored and then transported out in ash carring vehicle
8
Besides the process in the catalyst reaction tower, there are bag filter that remove dioxins, mercury, hydrogen, chloride, sulfur, oxide, soot and dust of flue gas from the cooling tower and make clean gas as the result.
As second largest incineration plant in Tokyo, we can see if Shin-koto incineration plant have a great view and stand around other building since it free from pollutant.
To give comprehensive ililustration about incineration plant, below are list of clean authority in Tokyo and the property area:
NO Plant Name Property Area (m2) Incineration capacity
(tons/day)
1 Meguro 29.000 600
2 Ariake 24.000 400
3 Chitose 17.000 600 4 Edogawa 28.000 600
5 Sumida 18.000 600
6 Kita 19.000 600
7 Shin Koto 61.000 1800
8 Minato 29.000 900
9 Toshima 12.000 400 10 Shibuya 9.000 200
9
12 Itabashi 44.000 600 13 Tamagawa 32.000 300 14 Adachi 37.000 700 15 Shinagawa 47.000 600 16 Katsushika 52.000 500 17 Satagaya 30.000 300
18 Ota 92.000 600
19 Nerima 15.000 600
As comparative, in Indonesia the common way to manage the trash is throw them to place known as TPA (Tempat Pembuangan Akhir). There are three methods that usually used in TPA to process the trash, namely:
a. Open Dumping
In this method, trash dump in open place and left after full. This is not recomanded since could give bad impat people around and the environment.
b. Control landfill
This is is next step of open dumping method, the accumulation of trash will be covered by layer of soil to reduce bad impact from the trash.
c. Sanitary landfill
Sanitary landfill is method where trash dump into soil with layer by layer on a site that has been prepared. The trash formed into solid by heavy equipment and covered by soil every day. This method quite expensive due to infrastructure needed.
Indonesian Government regulate waste management with constitution Number 18 of 2008, in article 42 said that local government must closed TPA that used open dumping method maximum 5 years from 2008, in other words, it must applied in 2013. Mohammad Helmy as vice chairman of InSwa (Indonesia Solid Waste Association) said that main obstacle why the local government can not applied TPA as mandated in legislation is due to the expensive of land cover, especially for the region that have no hills or montains such as Kalimantan and East Sumatera. Below data show us 58% from 14 TPA in big city at Indonesia covered the trash once a month until once a year, mean quite difficult to apply the regulation about how local government manage their trash.
10
manage the trash but also people. There are no more room for scavenger when we built incineration plant, and no more slum neighborhood around. In Baubau, Southeast Sulawesi, they success manage TPA with bank sampah (waste bank). Every worker in bank sampah is paid with UMR (regional minimum wage), their task are select the trash that come, and grouping them base on type, origin and color. We can also manage the scavenger dan train them for grouping the trash it will optimize the people as asset.
Asset management could define as a process from planning until disposal, known as life cycle of asset, detail as follow:
a. Plaaning phase
In this phase, we plan and create asset based on needed b. Procurement phase
We can buy the asset, built it or create it in this phase. But buying the asset is common way. c. Operating and maintenance phase
Asset use as the function and need maintenance to make the asset life longer and use properly d. Disposal phase
When economical age of asset was end up and can not works anymore.
Siregar (2004) define asset optimizing is a work process in asset management to optimize the potential of physical, location, value, volume, legal and economy from the asset. In order to optimize the asset, asset will identifiedand grouping based on theit potential function. We need some criteria to measure how the asset will be grouping and we must know, why the asset being idle capacity. Siregar also stated that to optimize asset we must:
a. Maximize asset availability b. Maximize asset utilization c. Minimize cost of ownership
Siregar (2004) said the aim of asset optimizing are:
a. Identify and inventory all the asset based on shapes, size, physical, legal and also decide market value from each asset to know their economical benefit
b. Utilize the asset, wheter it is suitable with the function or not
c. Create the information and administration system to reach the efficiency and effectiveness
The result from asset optimizing process is an recommendation, could be as program and strategic goals.
11
18 Piyungan Yogyakarta 10 ha
To optimize TPA in Indonesia, we could also invite the private company to work together, there are several form of cooperation between central government, local government and private company to use the asset:
a. Rent
Government’s Land and building could be rent for other party to optimize the value of asset b. Lease
Lease usually only for central and local government. Local government lease the central government asset without pay anything in the period of time.
c. Cooperation of utilization
Asset utilization within certain time period to increase revenues and minimize costs d. Build, Opration and transfer
Other party build the infrastructure and facilities and used it in period of time, when the time is over the infrastructure and facilities transfer back to the government to manage and use the asset.
Massoud and M. El-fadel (2002), Public-private partenership in waste management have advantages and disadvantages, namely:
Advantages Disadvantages
Municipality (public ownership and operation) 1. Less complicated financing
2. Control of system
3. Potential for income from tipping fees 4. Retention of ownership of equipment
and facilities when debt is paid
5. Money for solid waste service stay in region
1. Assumes entire financial risk 2. Assumes entire environmental risk 3. Personnel efficiency may be lower than
companies
4. Capital expendicture may take longer to process
5. System maybe susceptible to political interfence and short term benefits MSW (Municiapl solid Waste) collection alternatives
Contracting
1. Can take advantage of private sector experience and effiecency in operation 2. Retains some control over system 3. Retain ownersip of equipment and money to pay the private company 2. Administrative involvement is minimize 3. Will result in lower cost for residents
Franchise
1. Some residents will object to changing service providers
2. Private company may want government or municipality to bear some risk for bad acoounts
3. Will not result in the lowest collection cost
MSW traetment and disposal facilities management alternatives BOO (Biuld, Operate, Own) concession
1. No up front capital cost to municipality, less strain on municipal budget
2. Financial risk assumed by private owner 3. Private owner remains commited
because of financial investment potential for generating income, and tax dollars leave region
2. Must share the environmental risks 3. Must manage contract, financial
12
5. More flexibility in establishing management structure
6. Less susceptible to political interfence
hinder service
4. Once a municipality is out of the solid waste business it may be difficult to get back whicj weakens negotiating positition in the future
5. Do not own facility or equipment after debt is paid lost of control over system BOOT (Biuld, Operation, Own, Transfer)
concession
1. Retain some control over system 2. Private sector finance facilities
3. Outline the final condition in which the facilities must be presented t o the local government at the time of ownership transfer
BOOT concession
1. Will lose some control of system 2. Ownership will eventually be
transferred over the government 3. Requires meticulously develop
spesification
Recommendation
Indonesia can adopt how Japan manage their waste with incineration plant. We can use our idle asset such as land to minimize budget if we want to start to build the incineration plant or we can change the function of TPA being incineration plant. We can also adopt technology that used in Japan to minimize our pollution level. Not only built, Japan also concern about how they treat their asset, maintenance very helpful to make sure our asset being long life and work properly.
To optimize the result, we can also make a relation with private company as our investor and also as customer who will use the heat as result of incineration for their business. The optimizing of result will give the benefit for government to increase revenue and also give the other option as energy resources. In other hand, private company must have CSR that support about waste issue in Indonesia. The cooperation could be as campaign how to manage their own waste, give the training about waste management with local communities, give the heavy equipment to facilitate the process, etc.
Japan as reference maybe quite hard to be comapred, Indonesia can start to concern about how to covered trash as mandated by law, so we can optimize the land that we have and make better environment.
13
References
Dasuki, A. 2008. Strategi Pengelolaan TPA Bantar Gebang. Tesis UI
Fitri, Nafira, Sukma Sushanti and Putu Titath Kawitri Resen. 2014. Kebijakan Jepang di Kawasan Asia Tenggara melalui Penandatanganan “Joint Declaration on AJCEP” di Aera Kepemimpinan Junichiro Koizumi. Bali : FISIP Universitas Udayana
Massoud, M & M. El-Fadel. 2002. Public-private Partenership or Solid Waste Management Service. Environmental Management 30 (5):621-630
Siregar, Doli D. 2004. Manajemen Aset. Jakarta: Satyatama Graha Tara
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony
https://historyvitae.wordpress.com/2009/04/21/kebudayaan-jepang/
http://doktersehat.com/ikuti-kebiasaan-sehat-ala-orang-jepang-agar-panjang-umur-2/
http://meraputi-blog.com/?page_id=841
https://kumparan.com/komunitas-kretek/menengok-peraturan-soal-rokok-di-jepang
https://www.maxmanroe.com/inilah-jepang-negara-dengan-teknologi-paling-inovatif-intip-4-wujudnya-berikut-ini.html
https://beritamanado.com/sukses-dengan-tpa-sampah-bahkan-jadi-percontohan-internasional/
