The Utilization of Lidar Data for Directive Land Use in City of Dili.

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THESIS

LAND USE CHANGE DETECTION USING LIDAR

DATA IN DILI CITY, TIMOR-LESTE

MANUEL DA COSTA XAVIER

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

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i

THESIS

MANUEL DA COSTA XAVIER NIM 1491261017

MASTER DEGREE PROGRAM

STUDY PROGRAM OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

DENPASAR

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THESIS

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

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i

THESIS

DATA IN DILI CITY, TIMOR-LESTE

MASTER DEGREE PROGRAM

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

DENPASAR

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ii

Thesis to Get Master Degree

At Master Program on Environmental Science

Postgraduate Program Udayana University

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

DENPASAR

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iii

AGREEMENT SHEET

THIS THESIS HAS BEEN APPROVED ON JULY 19TH, 2016

First Supervisor, Second Supervisor,

Ass. Prof. Dr. Takahiro Osawa Dr. Ir. I Made Adhika, MSP

NIP.195912311986011003

Knowing,

Head of Graduate Study Director of

on Environmental Science Postgraduate Program

Udayana University

Prof.Dr.Ir.I Wayan Nuarsa,M.Si. Prof.Dr.dr.A.A.Raka Sudewi, Sp.S.(K)

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iv

Thesis Has Been Examined and Assessed By the Examiner Committees of Postgraduate Program

Udayana University on July 14th, 2016

Based on the Letter of Agreement from Rector Udayana University

Number : 3108/UN.14.4/HK/2016

Date : July 1th_{, 2016}

The Examiner Committees are:

Head of Examiner : Ass. Prof. Dr.Takahiro Osawa

Members :

1. Dr. Ir. I Made Adhika, MSP.

2. Prof. Dr. Ir. I Nyoman Rai, MS.

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v

STATEMENT FREE FROM PLAGIARISM

The undersigned below:

Name : Manuel Da Costa Xavier

NIM : 1491261017

Date of Birth : Lospalos, April 16th 1981

Address : Jl. Waturenggong no 64, Denpasar

Thesis Title : LAND USE CHANGE DETECTION USING LIDAR DATA

IN DILI CITY, TIMOR-LESTE

Hereby declare that the scientific work is plagiarism free. If in the future

prove to have plagiarism in scientific work, and then I am willing to accept

sanctions in accordance with the regulations of the Minister of Republic Indonesia

number 17 in 2010 and regulations applicable in the Republic of Indonesia.

Denpasar, July 2016

I respectfully,

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vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Praise to Almighty God for Blessing the author in finishing this thesis. The

title of this thesis is “LAND USE CHANGE DETECTION USING LIDAR

DATA IN DILI CITY, TIMOR-LESTE”.

In this opportunity, the author would like to acknowledge:

1. Prof. Dr. dr.Ketut Suastika, Sp.PD-KEMD. as Rector of Udayana

University.

2. Prof. Dr. dr. A.A. Raka Sudewi, Sp.S (K). as Director of Postgraduate

Program Udayana University.

3. Prof. Dr. Ir. I Wayan Nuarsa, M.Si. as Head of Graduate Study of

Environmental Science Udayana University.

4. Prof. Tasuku Tanaka as Director of Centre on Remote Sensing and ocean

Science (CreSOS) Udayana University for the Support and Suggestions.

5. Ass. Prof. Dr. Takahiro Osawa, Dr. Ir. I Made Adhika, MSP, Prof. Dr. Ir. I

Nyoman Rai, MS and Prof. Dr. Ir. I Wayan Nuarsa, M.Si. as an examination committee members for the correction and suggestions to improve this thesis.

6. The Government of Timor-Leste which support the author for given a

Scholarship to Study in Postgraduate Program of Environmental Sciences, University of Udayana, in Environmental Remote Sensing Concentration.

7. Parents, family, and friends who praying, helping, supporting, and

encouraging the author until this thesis can be finished.

8. Finally, especially my wife, my daughter ‘PANARATU’ and my son

‘ZEIS’

The author realized that this thesis is far from perfection and need to be improved. Therefore the author will appreciate all of the constructive criticism and suggestion to report thesis more perfect.

Denpasar, July 2016

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vii

ABSTRAK

PERUBAHAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN MENGGUNAKAN

DATA LIDAR DI KOTA DILI, TIMOR-LESTE

Kota Dili sebagai ibu kota Negara Timor-Leste, dengan penggunaan perubahan lahan yang cukup pesat, sementara itu Kota Dili lahannya terbatas dan belum ada rencana tata ruang kota. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk identifikasi perubahan lahan pada tahun 2001-2014 dan klasifikasi penggunaan lahan secara detail tahun 2014. Metode penelitian ini memanfaatkan data Lidar (foto udara, 2014) dengan digitasi dan pendekatan system informasi geografis (SIG), untuk data yang digunakan adalah peta penggunaan lahan tahun 2001 dengan skala 1:50.000 dan

interpretasi foto aerial 2014.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan di kota Dili selama

2001-2014 dari 5 klasifikasi sebagai berikut: peningkatan luas kawasan bukan lahan pertanian (251.22 ha, 19.35%), untuk kawasan lahan yang berkurang yaitu kawasan hijau (-140.17 ha, 24.34% ), kawasan pasir (-4.92 ha, 58.22%), Kawasan pertanian (-47.97 ha , 54.14%), dan penyebaran pepohonan (58.16 ha, 1.87%). Untuk hasil detail dari klasifikasi bukan lahan pertanian adalah pola pemukiman (56.46 ha, 3.79%), kawasan kantor pemerintahan (9.17 ha, 0.61%), kawasan pendidikan (56.46 ha, 3.64%), kawasan kesehatan (7.50 ha, 0.50%), kawasan perdagangan dan jasa (15.90 ha, 1.07%), kawasan warisan sejarah (49.26 ha, 3.38%) dan pemukiman selama kemerdekaan (1,405.53 ha, 90.71%) Penyebab dari perubahan lahan karena kota Dili sebagai ibu kota negara, pusat pemerintahan, perdagangan dan jasa, pendidikan, pariwisata. Oleh karena itu dengan memanfaatkan data Lidar dapat menidentifikasi perubahan penggunaan lahan dan detail penggunaan lahan yang tidak sesuai pemanfaatannya dan memberikan penataan yang lebih baik di masa yang akan datang.

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viii

ABSTRACT

Dili city as the capital of the State of Timor-Leste, with a fairly rapid land use change, while in Dili city land is limited and there has been no the city spatial plans. This study was conducted to identify land use change in 2001-2014 and land use classification in detail in 2014. This research method used with digital image to display on the screen and interpretation of aerial photographs in 2014 as well as the approach of the geographical information system (GIS), for the data used is the land use map in 2001 with a scale of 1:50,000. These results indicate the city of Dili during in 2001-2014 for five classifications as follows: increase the area of the settlement (251.22 ha, 19.35%), for the region decreased by a green area (-140.17 ha, 2.344 %), sand area (-4.92 ha, 58.22%), agriculture land (-47.97 ha, 54.14 %), and scattered trees (-58.16 ha, 1.87%). The detailed results of the classification are not agricultural land: settlement pattern (5.61 ha, 0.38 %), government offices area (9.17 ha, 0.61%), education area (56.46 ha, 3.79%), health area (7.50 ha, 0.50%), commerce and services area (15.90 ha, 1.07%), historical heritages area (49.26 ha, 3.30%) as well as residencies area after independence time (1,405.53 ha, 90.71%). The cause of the change of land for the city of Dili, the state capital, the center of government, trade and services center, an education center and a tourism center. Therefore, by utilizing Lidar data can identify land use changes and land use detail not in accordance utilization and provide arrangement in the future.

Keywords: Land Use Change, Lidar Data, and Geographical Information System

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ix

SUMMARY

Timor-Leste, as a new nation has experienced rapid development and growth of urban population in the past few years. There are two things which cause the resident come and lived in urban areas: pull factors and push factors. Pull factor involves high level of service in urban public facilities, high income levels, accessibilities, and size of opportunities to improve the self-identity. Push factor of rural areas includes the low level of public services, low income, the difficulty of economic development, and the reduction in productive agricultural land as submitted. Dili is one of the cities in Timor-Leste that consists of 4 Sub-districts/Administrative post consisting of 22 villages.

This study is remote sensing (Lidar data) and geographic information system (GIS) methods were employed. The identification and interpretation manual can also be made to the digital image to display on the screen with the GIS approach and map of land use in 2001 and also aerial photos in 2014, by five categories. Remote Sensing and GIS can be processed and mapped according to land use change (2001-2014) and detail classification land use in 2014. The data used in this research are land use inventory map which was collected by The relevant agencies such as the Ministry of Public Works (National Director of Housing and Urban Planning), Ministry of Justice (National Land Agency), Ministry of Energy Natural Resources (Institute of Petroleum and Geology), Ministry of Education and reports of study of the Dili Urban Master Plan for the city and several studies on land use performed by Universities, Private Institutions and Government Agencies. With those mentioned above in mind, the objective of this study are: (1) To identify the land use change and area in 2001-2014 using Lidar data in Dili city.(2)To detect land use classification in 2014 using Lidar data in Dili city.

The result of this research shown that based on the land use change, there

is an increased non-agriculture land by 251.22 ha(19.35%), decreased areas of

evergreens by (-) 140.17 ha (24.34%), sand area by (-) 4.92 ha (58.22%),

agriculture land by (-) 47.97 ha (54.14%) and scattered trees by (-) 58.16 ha

(1.87%). The detail classifications that are non-agricultural land are as follows: settlement pattern area (5.61 ha, 0.38%), government office area (9.17 ha, 0.61%), education area (56.46 ha, 3.79%), health area (7.50 ha, 0.50%), commerce and services area (15.90 ha, 1.07%), historical heritages area (49.26 ha, 3.30%) and residencies area after independence time 1,405.53 ha 90.71%)

To use Lidar data of 2014 is very important to identify land use change and detail classification for the area of agriculture and non-agriculture land. Dili is the capital of Timor-Leste. Therefore it needs rules, supervision and

comprehensive plan as well as improvements or _{arrangement in accordance with}

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LIST OF CONTENTS

Pages

INSIDE COVER………...i

PREREQUISITES DEGREE………..ii

AGREEMENT SHEET………..iii

APPROVED BY COMMITTEES………..iv

STATEMENT FREE FROM PLAGIARISM……….v

ACKNOWLEDGMENT……….vi

ABSTRAK……….vii

ABSTRACT……….viii

SUMMARY………....ix

LIST OF CONTENTS……….x

LIST OF TABLES ………...xii

LIST OF FIGURES………..xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………...xiv

LIST OF APPENDIXS………..xv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION………...1

1.1 Background………..1

1.2 Problems Formulation...4

1.3 Objectives of Research……….5

1.4 Benefits of Research..………..5

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW...6

2.1 Land Use………..6

2.1 Remote Sensing and Lidar Data………....7

2.2.1 Remote Sensing……….…...7

2.2.2 Lidar Data……….8

2.3 GIS (Geography Information System)…...10

2.4 Previous Research………..……12

CHAPTER III FRAMEWORK OF RESEARCH……….…....14

CHAPTER IV RESEARCH METHODS………..16

4.1 General Description of the Research Location…………..16

4.2 Research Methods………...19

4.3 Data Sources………...19

4.4.1 Primary Data Sources……….19

4.4.2 Secondary Data Sources………...19

4.4 Tools of Research……….……..20

4.5 Procedures of Research………...20

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xi

CHAPTER V RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS………..……..22

5.1 Land Use………....22

5.1.1 Non Agriculture Land…….………...22

5.1.2 Evergreen Area………..23

5.1.3 Sand Area………...24

5.1.4 Agriculture Land……….…...24

5.1.5 Scattered Trees...………....25

5.2 Land Use Change………...27

5.2.1 Change of Non Agriculture Land (2014-2001)…..27

5.2.2 Change of Evergreen Area (2014-2001)…….…...28

5.2.3 Change of Sand Area (2014-2001)...…...29

5.2.4 Change of Agriculture Land (2014-2001)………..29

5.2.5 Change of Scattered Trees (2014-2001)…….…....30

5.3 Detail Classifications in 2014………35

5.3.1 Non Agriculture …...……….36

5.3.1.1 Settlement Pattern………..36

5.3.1.2 Public Facilities and Services………40

5.3.1.3 Commerce and Service………..48

5.3.1.4 Historical and Cultural Heritages………...50

5.3.2 Agriculture Land………53

5.3.3 Protect Area………55

CHAPTER VI CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS……….………58

5.1 Conclusions...…...58

5.2 Suggestions………...59

REFERENCES………...60

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xii

LIST OF TABLES

Pages

4.1 Sub-Districts, Villages, and Aldeias………...17

4.2 Data Sources of Research………...20

4.3 Tools of Research……….. …………....20

5.1 Change of Land Use (2014-2001)………...34

5.2 Detail Classification in 2014………...35

5.3 Typical Settlement Pattern by Two Areas Based on Different Historical……….36

5.4 Unplanned Settlement of Independence Time………...39

5.5 Government Administrative Facilities in Dili City.………....42

5.6 Number of Schools by Administrative Post………...44

5.7 Health Service Facilities……….47

5.8 Environmental Protected Area in Dili City.………...56

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xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Pages

1.1 Zonation (Environment and Urban Planning Dili,

Master plan in 1972)……….. ………..1

3.1 Framework of Research……….15

4.1 Map of Research Location……….18

5.1 Map of Land Use in 2001………...22

5.2 Map of Non Agriculture Land in 2001………..23

5.3 Map of Evergreen Area in 2001………..……….. 23

5.4 Map of Sand Area in 2001...…...24

5.5 Map of Agriculture Land in 2001……….……….25

5.6 Map of Scattered Trees in 2001……….…....25

5.8 Lidar Data (Aerial Photo, 2014)…….………27

5.9 Change of Non Agriculture Land in 2014………..………28

5.10 Change of Evergreen Area in 2014………28

5.11 Change of Sand Area in 2014………29

5.12 Change of Agriculture Land in 2014……….…30

5.13 Change of Scattered Trees in 2014………....31

5.14 Map of Land Use in 2014………...32

5.15 Map of Land Use Change in 2014-2001………33

5.16 Location of Settlement Pattern………...40

5.17 Identification & National Offices, District & Sub Districts………...41

5.18 Identification Village Offices……….41

5.19 Identification of Ministerial Offices………..42

5.20 Direction of Arrangement Government Administration Facilities………43

5.21 School Buildings (Basic, Primary, Secondary and Technical)…………..44

5.22 Identification of University and Institution………46

5.23 Distribution of the Health Facilities………...47

5.24 Location of Commerce’s and Services………..49

5.25 Historical and Culture Heritages………51

5.26 Arrange to Historical Center Conservation Zone………...53

5.27 Identification of Agriculture Land……….54

5.28 Direction of Agriculture and Plantation Area………55

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xiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CBD : Central Business District

DEM : Digital Elevation Models

DSM : Digital Surface Models

DTM : Digital Terrain Models

DNE : National Directorate of Environment

ESRI : Environment System Research Institute

FAO : Food and Agriculture Organization

GPS : Global Positioning System

IFC : International Finance Corporation

JICA : Japan International Cooperation Agency

LIDAR : Light Detection and Ranging

MOTAC : Ministry of Tourism, Arts, and Culture

NESP : National Education Strategic Plan 2011-2030

NHSSP : National Health Sector strategic Plan 2011-2030

SEAC : State Secretariat of Arts and Culture

SDP : Strategic Development Plan 2011-2030

SIG : Geographic Information System

SRTM : Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission

RTRWK : City Spatial Planning

UTM : Universal Transverse Mercator

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xv

LIST OF APPENDIXS

Pages

Appendix 1 Non Agriculture Land in 2001………..……….63

Appendix 2 Evergreen Area in 2001………..70

Appendix 3 Sand Area in 2001………..72

Appendix 4 Agriculture Land in 2001………...72

Appendix 5 Scattered Trees in 2001………..………73

Appendix 6 Non Agriculture Land in 2014………...………75

Appendix 7 Change of Evergreen Area in 2014……….…...76

Appendix 8 Change of Sand Area in 2014……….76

Appendix 9 Change of Agriculture Land in 2014……….….…76

Appendix 10 Change of Scattered Trees in 2014……….……….……….77

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THESIS

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

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i

THESIS

MASTER DEGREE PROGRAM

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

DENPASAR

(22)

ii

Thesis to Get Master Degree

At Master Program on Environmental Science

MANUEL DA COSTA XAVIER NIM 1491261017

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

DENPASAR

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iii

AGREEMENT SHEET

THIS THESIS HAS BEEN APPROVED ON JULY 19TH, 2016

First Supervisor, Second Supervisor,

Ass. Prof. Dr. Takahiro Osawa Dr. Ir. I Made Adhika, MSP

NIP.195912311986011003

Knowing,

Head of Graduate Study Director of

on Environmental Science Postgraduate Program

Udayana University

Prof.Dr.Ir.I Wayan Nuarsa,M.Si. Prof.Dr.dr.A.A.Raka Sudewi, Sp.S.(K)

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iv

Thesis Has Been Examined and Assessed By the Examiner Committees of Postgraduate Program

Udayana University on July 14th, 2016

Based on the Letter of Agreement from Rector Udayana University

Number : 3108/UN.14.4/HK/2016

Date : July 1th_{, 2016}

The Examiner Committees are:

Head of Examiner : Ass. Prof. Dr.Takahiro Osawa

Members :

1. Dr. Ir. I Made Adhika, MSP.

2. Prof. Dr. Ir. I Nyoman Rai, MS.

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v

STATEMENT FREE FROM PLAGIARISM

The undersigned below:

Name : Manuel Da Costa Xavier

NIM : 1491261017

Date of Birth : Lospalos, April 16th 1981

Address : Jl. Waturenggong no 64, Denpasar

Thesis Title : LAND USE CHANGE DETECTION USING LIDAR DATA

IN DILI CITY, TIMOR-LESTE

Hereby declare that the scientific work is plagiarism free. If in the future

prove to have plagiarism in scientific work, and then I am willing to accept

sanctions in accordance with the regulations of the Minister of Republic Indonesia

number 17 in 2010 and regulations applicable in the Republic of Indonesia.

Denpasar, July 2016

I respectfully,

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vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Praise to Almighty God for Blessing the author in finishing this thesis. The

title of this thesis is “LAND USE CHANGE DETECTION USING LIDAR

DATA IN DILI CITY, TIMOR-LESTE”.

In this opportunity, the author would like to acknowledge:

1. Prof. Dr. dr.Ketut Suastika, Sp.PD-KEMD. as Rector of Udayana

University.

2. Prof. Dr. dr. A.A. Raka Sudewi, Sp.S (K). as Director of Postgraduate

Program Udayana University.

3. Prof. Dr. Ir. I Wayan Nuarsa, M.Si. as Head of Graduate Study of

Environmental Science Udayana University.

4. Prof. Tasuku Tanaka as Director of Centre on Remote Sensing and ocean

Science (CreSOS) Udayana University for the Support and Suggestions.

5. Ass. Prof. Dr. Takahiro Osawa, Dr. Ir. I Made Adhika, MSP, Prof. Dr. Ir. I

Nyoman Rai, MS and Prof. Dr. Ir. I Wayan Nuarsa, M.Si. as an examination committee members for the correction and suggestions to improve this thesis.

6. The Government of Timor-Leste which support the author for given a

Scholarship to Study in Postgraduate Program of Environmental Sciences, University of Udayana, in Environmental Remote Sensing Concentration.

7. Parents, family, and friends who praying, helping, supporting, and

encouraging the author until this thesis can be finished.

8. Finally, especially my wife, my daughter ‘PANARATU’ and my son

‘ZEIS’

The author realized that this thesis is far from perfection and need to be improved. Therefore the author will appreciate all of the constructive criticism and suggestion to report thesis more perfect.

Denpasar, July 2016

(27)

vii

ABSTRAK

PERUBAHAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN MENGGUNAKAN

DATA LIDAR DI KOTA DILI, TIMOR-LESTE

Kota Dili sebagai ibu kota Negara Timor-Leste, dengan penggunaan perubahan lahan yang cukup pesat, sementara itu Kota Dili lahannya terbatas dan belum ada rencana tata ruang kota. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk identifikasi perubahan lahan pada tahun 2001-2014 dan klasifikasi penggunaan lahan secara detail tahun 2014. Metode penelitian ini memanfaatkan data Lidar (foto udara, 2014) dengan digitasi dan pendekatan system informasi geografis (SIG), untuk data yang digunakan adalah peta penggunaan lahan tahun 2001 dengan skala 1:50.000 dan

interpretasi foto aerial 2014.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan di kota Dili selama

2001-2014 dari 5 klasifikasi sebagai berikut: peningkatan luas kawasan bukan lahan pertanian (251.22 ha, 19.35%), untuk kawasan lahan yang berkurang yaitu kawasan hijau (-140.17 ha, 24.34% ), kawasan pasir (-4.92 ha, 58.22%), Kawasan pertanian (-47.97 ha , 54.14%), dan penyebaran pepohonan (58.16 ha, 1.87%). Untuk hasil detail dari klasifikasi bukan lahan pertanian adalah pola pemukiman (56.46 ha, 3.79%), kawasan kantor pemerintahan (9.17 ha, 0.61%), kawasan pendidikan (56.46 ha, 3.64%), kawasan kesehatan (7.50 ha, 0.50%), kawasan perdagangan dan jasa (15.90 ha, 1.07%), kawasan warisan sejarah (49.26 ha, 3.38%) dan pemukiman selama kemerdekaan (1,405.53 ha, 90.71%) Penyebab dari perubahan lahan karena kota Dili sebagai ibu kota negara, pusat pemerintahan, perdagangan dan jasa, pendidikan, pariwisata. Oleh karena itu dengan memanfaatkan data Lidar dapat menidentifikasi perubahan penggunaan lahan dan detail penggunaan lahan yang tidak sesuai pemanfaatannya dan memberikan penataan yang lebih baik di masa yang akan datang.

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viii

ABSTRACT

Dili city as the capital of the State of Timor-Leste, with a fairly rapid land use change, while in Dili city land is limited and there has been no the city spatial plans. This study was conducted to identify land use change in 2001-2014 and land use classification in detail in 2014. This research method used with digital image to display on the screen and interpretation of aerial photographs in 2014 as well as the approach of the geographical information system (GIS), for the data used is the land use map in 2001 with a scale of 1:50,000. These results indicate the city of Dili during in 2001-2014 for five classifications as follows: increase the area of the settlement (251.22 ha, 19.35%), for the region decreased by a green area (-140.17 ha, 2.344 %), sand area (-4.92 ha, 58.22%), agriculture land (-47.97 ha, 54.14 %), and scattered trees (-58.16 ha, 1.87%). The detailed results of the classification are not agricultural land: settlement pattern (5.61 ha, 0.38 %), government offices area (9.17 ha, 0.61%), education area (56.46 ha, 3.79%), health area (7.50 ha, 0.50%), commerce and services area (15.90 ha, 1.07%), historical heritages area (49.26 ha, 3.30%) as well as residencies area after independence time (1,405.53 ha, 90.71%). The cause of the change of land for the city of Dili, the state capital, the center of government, trade and services center, an education center and a tourism center. Therefore, by utilizing Lidar data can identify land use changes and land use detail not in accordance utilization and provide arrangement in the future.

Keywords: Land Use Change, Lidar Data, and Geographical Information System

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