Volume 10, Number 3 (April 2023):4315-4324, doi:10.15243/jdmlm.2023.103.4315 ISSN: 2339-076X (p); 2502-2458 (e), www.jdmlm.ub.ac.id
Open Access 4315 Research Article
Analysis of land use and spatial planning in the Upstream Citarum watershed of West Java based on remote sensing data
Mukhoriyah1*, Samsul Arifin1, Dony Kushardono1, Mohammad Ardha1, Fajar Yulianto2
1 Research Center for Remote Sensing- Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
2 Research Center for Hydrodynamics Technology, Research Organization for Energy and Manufacture, National Research and Innovation Agency, Surabaya, Indonesia
*corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract Article history:
Received 3 September 2022 Accepted 15 December 2022 Published 1 April 2023
The Upstream Citarum watershed has a critical essential role in maintaining the quality and quantity of its water resources, which are a source of drinking water, agriculture, fisheries, irrigation, and electricity generation.
The upstream watershed acts as a water catchment area that contributes as a place to accommodate the availability of water, especially during the dry season, and also as a protector of the entire area, both downstream and middle, so that the carrying capacity of the ecological balance can be protected. The increasing total population was inversely related to the condition of land use which is decreasing in quality, so to fulfill these needs, there was a land conversion that caused changes in land use. The Landsat-8 satellite imagery, SPOT 7, and spatial planning maps were used to analyze the suitability and incompatibility of land use with spatial pattern plans, evaluation, and directions for controlling the use of space. The result of the most extensive existing land use in the Upstream Citarum watershed in 2021 used for fields is 30% of the total area of 66,831.66 ha. Meanwhile, the spatial pattern plan was classified into protected and cultivated areas.
The built-up area has the largest area, 35% or 75,223.96 ha. The results of the suitability of land use classes obtained that the level of suitability between the existing land use and the spatial pattern plan from the Maps of Regional Spatial Planning with the appropriate class was 52.50% or 96,205.43 ha, and the unsuitable class was 47.50% or 87,028.75 ha.
Keywords:
land use spatial planning Landsat-8 and SPOT-7 geographic information system
To cite this article: Mukhoriyah, Arifin, S., Kushardono, D., Ardha, M. and Yulianto, F. 2023. Analysis of land use and spatial planning in the Upstream Citarum watershed of West Java based on remote sensing data. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 10(3):4315-4324, doi:10.15243/jdmlm.2023.103.4315.
Introduction
The Upstream Citarum watershed has a critical essential role in maintaining the quality and quantity of its water resources for the people of West Java and Jakarta (Wangsaatmaja et al., 2006). The water is used as a source of drinking water, agriculture, fisheries, irrigation, and power generation for the islands of Java and Bali. According to Asdak (2014), the upstream watershed acts as a water catchment area that
contributes to accommodating water availability, especially during the dry season. However, in reality, the function of water catchment in the Upstream Citarum watershed has decreased, which is marked by the expansion of development for built-up land and the reduction of conservation areas such as forests (Hidayat et al., 2013). The increasing total population and their activities cause the expansion of development to the city limits and accommodate its growth along the city's outskirts (Ramachandra et al.,
Open Access 4316 2014). However, the increasing total population is
inversely related to the condition of land use which decreases environmental quality (Utami et al., 2020).
To fulfill these needs, there is a land conversion that causes changes in land use (Rosnila, 2004). The existing land cover is considered the only crucial significant variable in global changes that significantly affect urban ecological systems (Vitpusek, 1994).
Generally, land use in the watershed areas changed from forest land to cultivation and plantations and agricultural land to built-up land without regard to soil and water conservation efforts (Fitri, 2014). In addition, an assessment of the suitability of land use as a basis for planning and management in urban and rural environments (Ramya and Devadas, 2019; Luan et al., 2021).
The problem is that spatial planning needs to be carried out in all regions. It becomes the primary key in environmental carrying capacity, especially in upstream, middle, and downstream watersheds (Muta'ali, 2012). Like the Upstream Citarum watershed, it protects the entire area, in the downstream and middle, so that the carrying capacity of the ecological balance can be protected (Ali et al., 2016). Three parts of the watershed function help understand the watershed's characteristics and are the basis for more sustainable planning, management, control, and decision-making (Fenta et al., 2017).
Changes in land use in the Upstream Citarum watershed from year to year have added to and caused high environmental degradation. The increased demand and need for land, so development continues without considering its ecological balance. Many conservation areas experience land conversion into built-up regions and new uses (Hapsari and Ritohardoyo, 2014). This is very contrary to spatial planning in terms of structure and pattern.
However, the implementation of development is not always done under the direction of the RTRW (Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah-Regional Spatial Planning). There are many violations, so the control of damage to the Upstream Citarum watershed is obstructed. Furthermore, in land use management, several government agencies and stakeholders in the Upstream Citarum Watershed are involved with different goals (Hasan et al., 2011). This has resulted in the infiltration function in the Upstream Citarum Watershed decreasing, which is indicated by an increase in land area, development and conversion to other land use (Hidayat et al., 2013). Therefore, to avoid the problem of more extensive land use in the Upstream Citarum watershed, its development is necessary to control the implementation of spatial planning and evaluate the community's needs (Prayitno et al., 2016). Thus, in its development, the suitability of existing land use can be in line with the RTRW prepared by the government (Hapsari and Ritohardoyo, 2014). The utilization of remote sensing satellite data becomes very important in the global monitoring of planning, development, control, and
evaluation of land use suitability (Hudak and Wessman, 1998). Medium to high-resolution data detects land use changes and their suitability on the earth's surface (Lu et al., 2011). Monitoring of land use can be carried out in a multi-temporal manner by comparing current conditions with regional spatial plans (Halmy et al., 2015; Yulianto et al., 2016).
This study aimed to analyze land use and spatial planning in the Upstream Citarum watershed based on remote sensing data.
Materials and Methods Materials
This study was located in the Upstream Citarum watershed, consisting of three areas covering Kota Bandung, Kabupaten Bandung, and Kabupaten Bandung Barat in West Java Province (Figure 1). The three cities/regencies are areas that have diverse land uses. While the data used are the 2021 SPOT-7 Image which has been radiometrically corrected, the West Java Province of RTRW map, the administrative boundary map, and the watershed boundary map.
Methods
The study was conducted through the data processing stage with digital classification. Flowchart of the study is presented in Figure 2. The classification process of land use that is made using remote sensing data modeling requires huge volumes, new technologies, and resources capable of processing large and unstructured satellite images that lead to Big Data problems (Shelestov et al., 2017). The data processing was done by Google Earth Engine using machine learning techniques and the random forest algorithm.
The utilization of random forests in remote sensing is aimed at handling high data dimensionality and multicollinearity; it is also not sensitive to overfitting (Belgiu and Dragut, 2016).
Existing land use analysis and spatial pattern plan This analytical method was used to identify and analyze the existing land use conditions and spatial pattern planning. Based on the RTRW Map, the suitability and incompatibility classes for the spatial pattern plan were obtained so that the areas were maintained based on their zones and development plans.
Analysis of land suitability (spatial of overlay) Land suitability analysis was obtained from the results of overlaying the existing land use map in 2021 with the map of spatial pattern plan map in 2016-2036 and the geographic information system results (Steiner et al., 2000). The overlay result was the value and areas of land suitability in the Upstream Citarum watershed.
The process of assessing land suitability, using parameters such as land use and spatial pattern maps and as input in the spatial evaluation stage.
Open Access 4317 Figure 1. The study areas of Kabupaten Bandung Barat (marked green), Kota Bandung (marked pink), and
Kabupaten Bandung (marked brown).
Figure 2. Flowchart of the study.
Remote Sensing
Regional Spatial
Planning Maps (RTRW) Supervised Classification/
Google Earth Engine
Selection of Sampling
Land Use Result
Analysis Using Geographic Information
System
Analysis of Land Suitability
Regional Evaluation
Recommendation Land Suitability Classes
(Suitable and Unsuitable) Overlay (Land use with
Planned Spatial Pattern)
Open Access 4318 Determination of land suitability was based on the
function of the area stipulated in Government Regulation No. 26 of 2007 concerning spatial pattern plans (Soma et al., 2021), including the allocation of space for protected areas, Allotment of space for cultivation areas; and Allotment of space for other strategic areas. The direction of land use that was not made by the spatial pattern plan for the Upstream Citarum watershed must be evaluated on the land use grouped by development zones, considering environmental sustainability. Analysis of land suitability also considers the types of land use that were irreversible (difficult/unchangeable) both in terms of costs and efforts to be made and social problems that will arise.
Directions for the control of space utilization Directions for controlling space utilization in the Upstream Citarum watershed were carried out by analyzing the overall results of the analysis that were compiled based on several things to control space utilization based on the synchronization of the base map along the Upstream Citarum watershed. Data collection included field conditions, permits, preparation of structuring plans, and sanctions (Dani et al., 2017).
Results and Discussion
Analysis of existing land use in the Upstream Citarum watershed in 2021
Based on the classification results using Landsat 8 imagery data, it was known that the current land use in 2021 was implicit in the Upstream Citarum watershed, which was very concerning. This can be seen from the wide distribution of built-up land and fields. The high distribution of built-up land was concentrated in Bandung, 43,113.28 hectares or 19% because the area was the center of government, trade and services, and infrastructure services. People who work in Kota Bandung and come from the surrounding area choose to live in the area due to reduce costs and avoid traffic jams. As the needs of the population continue to increase, from the calculation of the distribution of built-up land area from 2015-2017, it has decreased by 4%, while in 2019-2020, it increased again by 2%
(Mukhoriyah et al., 2021) and was on a sloping flat (0- 8%) (Fadhil et al., 2021).
Meanwhile, fields have the highest area, which was 30% of the total area of the Upstream Citarum watershed, which spreads in Kabupaten Bandung and Kabupaten Bandung Barat. Generally, the use of field land resulted from conversion from forest areas and is located in mountainous areas with relatively steep slopes (Indra, 2013). The amount of vegetation in the Upstream Citarum watershed is 27% spread over Kabupaten Bandung and partly in Kabupaten Bandung Barat. The vegetation is in the forest, green open space, urban forest, and other vegetation. The use of forest
land has decreased, and the total area reduced due to deforestation was used for other uses such as fields, plantations, shrubs, and built-up land. The existence of vegetation, especially forests in an area, has a vital role in maintaining sustainable environmental quality (Sari et al., 2022), and changes in land use were considered as a solution to address land needs but instead become the cause of the emergence of new problems, namely the destruction of environmental ecology (Lestari et al., 2015; Sari et al., 2022).
The use of wet agricultural land occurs in the Upstream Citarum watershed in Kabupaten Bandung.
The existence of paddy fields for ten years has decreased where in 2010, the Upstream Citarum watershed was dominated by paddy fields (28%), and in 2021, 17.5% like rainfed and irrigated paddy fields.
This is due to the ease with which agricultural land can be converted into built-up land or other activities. The total land use in the Upstream Citarum watershed is in Table 1 and Figure 3.
Table 1. Total area of land use in the Upstream Citarum watershed in 2021.
No Description Area ( ha)
1 Built-up Land 43,113.28
2 Vegetation 59,426.45
3 Field 66,831.66
4 Open Land 634.67
5 Plantation 6,364.28
6 Paddy Field 38,282.14
7 Pond 79.38
8 Water Body 3,893.66
Analysis of planned spatial patterns for the Upstream Citarum watershed
Spatial planning for an area has been regulated in the Indonesian Government Regulation 26 of 2008 about National Spatial, and policy directions and strategies for its use are used as a reference for long-term planning. Designation of the spatial pattern in its implementations is divided into protected areas, cultivation areas, and other strategic areas. As stated in the Regional Spatial Planning, identification of the carrying capacity of space in the Upstream Citarum watershed was divided into development zone, including protection, conservation, agricultural, settlement, buffer, mining, industrial, and special zones.
The RTRW map was made as a guideline for implementing spatial use for the future of an area like planning, development, and control (Nuraeni et al., 2017). The 2016-2036 of RTRW was obtained based on a map of spatial planning. It was known that the Upstream Citarum watershed area was directed to be a protected area designated by the Ministry of Forestry and has a function to protect environmental sustainability (Citarum River Basin Center, www.
Citarum.org. accessed 7 May 2015).
Open Access 4319 Figure 3. Land use in the Upstream Citarum watershed in 2021.
According to the Regional Regulation of West Java Province Number 22 of 2010 concerning Spatial Planning for the Province of West Java in 2009-2029, the Upstream Citarum watershed is one of the provincial strategic areas. The direction of its development strategies focuses on handling environmental aspects, namely rehabilitation and revitalization of area conservation functions. Law Number 26 of 2007 concerning Spatial Planning, in article 17, paragraph 5, states that in the context of environmental conservation, in the regional spatial planning plan, a forest area of at least 30% of the area
of the watershed is determined. The development of the metropolitan city of Greater Bandung causes, in 2029, around 41% of the Upstream Citarum watershed will be turned into urban areas and settlements (Hidayat et al., 2013). Based on the RTRW map in the Upstream Citarum watershed, the classification of the protected and cultivated areas was spread over the three regencies (kabupaten). The high population and the need for land caused the residential zone to have the most significant area, which was 35% of the total spatial pattern and results of structure mapping (Table 2 and Figure 4).
Table 2. The total area of spatial pattern planning in the Upstream Citarum watershed based on regional spatial planning.
Spatial Pattern Planning Area (ha) Spatial Pattern Planning Area (ha)
Airport 45.70 Industrial Designated Area 3,920.03
Nature Heritage 14.42 Water Designated Area 4,267.44
Conservation Forest 4,245.57 Fishery Designated Area 670.65
Protected Forest 20,839.15 Mining Designated Area 46.19
Limited Production Forest 572.61 Farm Designated Area 103.31
Permanent Production Forest 2,063.41 Water Catchment Area 2,224.09
People Forest 11,972.67 Green Open Space 5,624.33
Horticultural Cultivation Area 2,184.92 Nature Reserve Area 80.25
Geological Reserve Area 14.76 Sustainable Crops Area 1,068.06
Government Area/public Facilities/
Social Facilities 711.38 Annual Plantation Area/Plantation 26,342.21
Trade and Service Area 1,259.40 PLTSA (Garbage Power Plant) 1.69
Settlement Area 75,223.96 Borders of Rivers/Lakes/Reservoirs/ Situ
/ Springs 2,993.73
Wetland Agricultural Area 29,944.53 Train Station 0.38
Dry Land Agricultural Area 14,574.91 Terminal 28.43
Defense Designated Area 1,037.70
Analysis of the land use suitability with spatial patterns
Land suitability analysis aims to protect the area whose utilization will be developed, so it is necessary to plan
and control development from environmental degradation. The areas to be developed are grouped into two parts: protected areas and boundary areas.
Protected areas are environmental protection and
Airport Field Built-up Land Open Land Mangrove Plantations Paddy Field Pond Water Body Vegetation
Open Access 4320 agricultural land by prioritizing potential/existing
areas with high productivity and suitability. At the same time, the boundary area is prone to flooding and landslide-prone areas. For long-term planning, the RTRW of West Java in 2016-2036 will still be used as a reference in developing the Upstream Citarum watershed. However, short-term planning will use several policies that have been made by preparing
several alternative land replacements through a mechanism that has been studied first by considering social and economic aspects of society (Salim et al., 2019). The results from overlaying the existing land use in 2021 with the spatial pattern plan from the RTRW map in the Upstream Citarum watershed area show that there are two classes of land suitability and incompatibility (Table 3 and Figure 5).
Figure 4. Spatial pattern plans in the Upstream Citarum watershed.
Table 3. Land suitability in 2021 with spatial planning.
No Land Use in 2021 Spatial Planning Area (ha) Percentage (%)
1. Fields Dry Land Agricultural Area 7,227.07 3.41
2. Built-up Land Built-up Land 3,5345.98 16.67
3. Vegetation Forest 34,270.02 16.16
4. Airport Infrastructure 96.32 0.05
5. Plantation Plantation 1,723.82 0.81
6. Paddy Field Wetland Agricultural Area 13,236.06 6.24
7. Water Body Water Body (Water Area) 3,627.73 1.71
8. Vegetation Nature Heritage 16.77 0.01
9. Vegetation Green Open Space 3,192.57 1.51
10. Open Space Mining 4.41 0.002
11. Pond Fishing Area 19.21 0.01
12. Vegetation Water Catchment Area 480.98 0.23
Airport Nature Heritage Conservation Forest Protected Forest Limited Production Forest Permanent Production Forest People Forest
Horticultural Cultivation Area Geological Reserve Area Government Area/Public Facilities Trade and Service Area
Settlement Area Wetland Agricultural Area Dry Land Agricultural Area
Defense Designated Area Industrial Designated Area Water Designated Area Fishery Designated Area Mining Designated Area Farm Designated Area Water Catchment Area Green Open Space Area Nature Reserve Area Sustainable Crops Area Annual Plantation Area/Plantation PLTSA (Garbage Power Plant)
Borders of Rivers/Lakes/Reservoirs/ Situ / Springs Train Station
Terminal
Open Access 4321
Kota Bandung as a center of built-up land Kabupaten Bandung as an agricultural area Kabupaten Bandung and Kabupaten Bandung Barat as conservation areas are protected forest and nature heritages
Figure 5. Result of analysis of sustainability area in the Upstream Citarum watershed.
Built-up land has the highest level of suitability in Kota Bandung, which was 16.67%, although it was still 50%
from the map plan of RTRW in 2016-2036, which was 35%. However, in the following years, the development of the built-up land has been projected to increase two or three times from the planned spatial pattern set. Meanwhile, in Kabupaten Bandung, the total of protected forest areas as conservation areas until 2021 has a conformity level of 16.16%. The area will continue to decrease along with the increasing demand and high land conversion to meet the
community's needs. Wet agricultural land, in this case, paddy fields, has an area of 6.24% and was far from the planned spatial pattern of 14.12% because rice fields are elementary and cheap to convert, primarily used as built-up land. Meanwhile, the incompatibility of land use with the spatial pattern plan spreads throughout the Upstream Citarum watershed. There were so many areas whose utilization was not in accordance with the existing spatial plan, especially agricultural areas widely used as built-up land and infrastructure development.
Figure 6. Suitability of land use with planned spatial pattern.
Cagar Alam Hutan Infrastruktur Kawasan Perairan Kawasan Perikanan
Kawasan Peruntukan Pertambangan Pertanian Lahan Kering Lahan Terbangun Perkebunan Pertanian Lahan Basah Resapan Air Ruang Terbuka Hijau Tubuh Air
Natural Heritages Forest
Infrastructure
Fishery Designated Area Mining Designated Area Dry Land Agricultural Area Built-up Land
Plantation
Wetland Agricultural Area Water Catchment Green Open Space Water Body
Open Access 4322 The reduction in protected areas that should become
conservation areas and cultural heritages has been converted into built-up land, plantations, and other uses.
Evaluation of land suitability
Based on the analysis of suitability and incompatibility, an evaluation of the use of space was obtained, which is classified into seven classes:
infrastructure, forest, protected, buffer, irrigated agricultural, non-irrigated agricultural, built-up areas, and strategic (Table 4 and Figure 7). Which is not fit for purpose. The evaluation results show that protected and buffer areas were essential for the forest to constantly be monitored and maintained because they were part of the analysis of space utilization needs. The high flow of urbanization, which usually requires new lands, will develop residential, commercial, and industrial areas and support infrastructure. The results of the analysis of land use suitability classes in the Upstream Citarum watershed show that in an area of 96,205.43 ha or 52.50% of the existing area, the development implementation is suitable with the direction of the RTRW policy, where the need for built-up land it is 9.87% or an area of 18,085,81 ha.
However, some land uses are unsuitable with the spatial pattern plan, which is 87,028.75 ha or 47.50%
(Table 5).
Table 4. The evaluation of incompatibility land class in the Upstream Citarum watershed.
No Suitability Classes Area (ha)
1 Infrastructure 777.75
2 Forest Area 34,270.02
3 Protected Area 665.22
4 Buffer Area 3,671.39
5 Irrigated Agricultural Areas 13,236.06 6 Non-Irrigated Agricultural Areas 11,953.77
7 Built-up Area 35,345.98
Table 5. Land use suitability classes.
Suitability Class Area (ha) Percentage (%)
Suitable 96,205.43 52.50%
Unsuitable 87,028.75 47.50%
Total 183,234.18 100.00%
Directions for controlling space utilization
In implementing spatial use control, it aims to reduce conflict and negative impacts on spatial planning in the community so that development can be carried out effectively and efficiently by the plan and consistency of the RTRW (Kartika, 2011).
Figure 7. The evaluation of land use in 2021 with spatial pattern plan.
Based on presidential regulation no. 15 of 2018 concerning the National Strategic Area Spatial Plan, which focuses on accelerating the control of pollution and damage to the Citarum watershed, namely the Bandung watershed. The implementation of control of space in the Upstream Citarum watershed was the duty
and authority of both the central government and local governments. The spatial use plan that has been prepared must be integrated into the spatial plan.
Optimizing the function of the area in the Upstream Citarum watershed sustainability can ensure the community's needs from the conservation aspect to the
Infrastructure Forest Area Protected Area Buffer Area Agricultural Area
Irrigation Agricultural Area Non Irrigated Agricultural Area Built-up Area
Open Access 4323 future. The transfer of area functions requires a good
strategy of controlling and utilizing space so that the function of the area is not disturbed in its recovery.
Some of the strategies implemented include:
1. Limiting and controlling space utilization permits that can interfere with the function of the protected area of the Upstream Citarum watershed.
Licensing that is already running needs to be improved again by creating a licensing flow that is easily understood by the community and is transparent. Monitoring of permits, especially those related to land and buildings, must follow their designation. Land use in protected areas needs to get a written warning and be directed to change land use according to the spatial pattern plan from the RTRW. If the implementation violates the existing rules, it will get administrative sanctions, fines, tax increases, or demolition of the building.
2. Formulate policies related to the control and use of space in the Upstream Citarum watershed area and the restoration of the area's carrying capacity.
Zoning must consider the following:
Use of existing land, ownership of land that is the property of the community
Protected areas must maintain the function and use of their land inside and outside the forest area. There is a conversion prohibition, and no cultivation permit is granted
In the area of built-up land, industry, and plantations, it may not be built outside the area that has been determined according to its designation
If there is an area that changes/conversions, it is allowed without disturbing other areas around it
Conclusion
Existing land use in the Upstream Citarum watershed has experienced a very high land use development due to population growth, regional development, and commercial areas. Meanwhile, based on the spatial plan, the RTRW was classified into protected and cultivated areas into spatial use zones. The results of the land suitability overlay show that the use of existing land with spatial patterns indicates that residential areas/built-up land and centralized infrastructure in Kota Bandung have the highest level of suitability. In the map plan of RTRW, the use of built-up land is projected to increase two or three times from the planned spatial pattern that has been determined. As for the incompatibility of land use with the spatial pattern plan, it spreads throughout the Upstream Citarum watershed, and many protected areas are converted into built-up land, plantations, and other uses. The evaluation results show that forest areas, protected areas, and buffer areas are constantly monitored and maintained because they are part of
analyzing space utilization needs. The direction of controlling the use of space must be carried out, especially in terms of limiting and controlling permits and formulating policies in managing development by the spatial pattern plan.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Mr. M. Rokhis Khomarudin and Mr. Rahmat Arief as the Head of the Center for Remote Sensing Research (Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space), Nasional Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia.
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