a m u t i a r a @ s t a f f . g u n a d a r m a . a c . i d
2 . Fro m D igita l City to S m a rt City
Sm art Cities have attracted worldwide atten tion in
recen t years, as they m ay provide solution s to the
problem s that urban ization brin gs to global society.
S m a rt Citie s
aim to
develop system s for in telligen t
m an agem ent of population , in dustry, space, lan d,
en viron m en t, social life an d public service
, etc.
The Sm art City con cept itself is still em ergin g, an d
the work of defin in g it is in progress.
But, Digital City an d Sm art City refer to en tirely
differen t defin ition s.
The dem arcation of Digital City and Sm art City occurred in
20 0 8
w h e n th e id e a o f a S m a rt P la n e t
was proposed by
IBM.
IBM defined its view of a Sm arter Planet system through three
IT characteristics or dim ensions: Instrum ented,
(a) Digital City
Digital Cities integrate urban inform ation and create
public spaces for people living in the cities, using
digitization, inform ation, networking, and visualization
technologies to attain urban inform ation about
population, resources, environm ent, econom ics and
social statistics.
Digital Cities refer to
t h e h u g e in fo r m a t io n s y s t e m s
o f a n e n t ir e c it y w h ic h is m a n a g e d b y c o m p u t e r
d a t a b a s e s a n d c o m m u n ic a t io n n e t w o r k s
t h r o u g h d ig it a l p r o c e s s in g
.
Digital Cities con stitute data fusion from m ultiple
sources of various levels with m ultim edia an d virtual
reality techn ology.
Prim e exam ples are as follows:
Digital City Am sterdam (1996),
(b) Sm art City
The concept of Sm art Cities was born from IBM's
Sm arter Planet.
A Sm art City m akes
fu ll u s e
of the IT technology in all
walks of life,
in te gra tin g D igita l City
,
In te rn e t a n d
th e In te rn e t o f Th in gs ( IOT)
, which
e m be d s
s e n s o rs
into all corners of the city through power grids,
railways, bridges, tunnels, highways, buildings, water
supply system s, dam s, oil and gas pipelines, etc.
Th e n t h r o u g h s u p e r co m p u t in g a n d clo u d co m p u t in g, a n u r b a n s y s t e m in t e g r a t e s d a t a t r a n s fe r a n d in fo r m a t io n , e n a b lin g s m a r t m a n a g e m e n t a n d s e r v ice.
Th e u n iq u e fe a tu re lie s in th e "s ys te m o f s ys te m "
breakin g the "in form ation islan d" barriers which results from
un balan ced region al developm en t an d departm en t in terest
division s. Breakin g these barriers would result in fun ction al
subsystem s sharin g resources as well as collaborative
3 .1 B lu e p r in t a n d P e r s p e c t iv e
Con siderin g the In tern et of Thin gs is the basis of a
Sm art City, Sm art Cities will en han ce the urban
com prehen sive m an agem en t level while im provin g
the ability of reducin g an d preven tin g disasters an d
han dlin g em ergen cies.
A Sm art City operates with the in teraction of water,
en ergy, com m un ication , tran sport, busin ess, an d
people through in tegration system s.
Extensive application of sm art technology in these core areas
m axim izes the benefits of the resources.
Sm art Cities will prom ote city-wide public resource
sharing and enhance the flow-ability of people, m aterials,
inform ation and funds.
Sm art Cities show us a blueprint of what will be: that
governm ent operation can be m ore efficient, industries
m ore advanced, higher quality of life for citizens, and the
public service and inform ation infrastructure can be near
perfect.
Through further m ining, integrating and allocating of
3 .2 K e y Te c h n o lo g y , M o d e l a n d Fr a m e w o r k
A Sm art City can be described as an ISGBP m odel.
It consists of five parts: Infrastructure (I), Service (S),
Governm ent (G), Business (B), and Public (P).
Am ong them , the G, B and P com pose the m ain body,
and
the intelligent service is em phasized and is divided into
three parts: data service, function service and m odel
service.
Between the substan ce elem en t of I and the people elem en t of G, B, P, there exists a variety of related relationships: I, B-I, P-I, B, G-P, B-G-P, B-B, P-P relations, etc., which associate through the
in telligent service.
Each relationship extends to a series of specific services that com bine with each other to m ake up a higher level of services and a m ore
Sm art Cities in volve a large n um ber of techn ologies:
in form ation security techn ology, m odelin g an d sim ulation , etc.
IOT
The IOT collects real-world object in form ation by
sen sin g equipm en t such as RFID.
It also transm its inform ation to a processing center with the
aid of the internet, wireless networks or optical fiber
technologies.
After com prehensive analysis of the huge am ount of
inform ation, intelligent control and m anagem ent can be
realized and the urban efficiency operations are im proved.
The IOT in tegrated the con tact relation ship of
people-object an d object-object.
Research and em ploym ent of IOT will m ainly focus on
the wireless sen sor network n ode technology, the WSN Gateway,
system m iniaturization, UH F RFID,
intelligent wireless technology,
the com m un ication an d heterogen eous n etwork, network planning and deploym ent,
com prehensive perception and inform ation processing, the m iddle ware platform ,
code resolution service,
Cloud com putin g
Cloud com putin g develops on the basis of
parallel com puting,
distributed com puting and
grid com puting.
It is a m ixed bag of techn ologies which evolves from
virtualization,
utility Com puting,
SaaS,
Cloud storage refers to a system that, through cluster
application, grid technology, and the distributed file
system , interconnects and facilitates collaboration
am ong different types of storage equipm ent of networks,
providing data storage and transaction access servers.
Cloud storage has unlim ited expan sion ability which can supportm ass data of hundreds of TB to PB.
It uses parallel com puting so as to achieve m assive data com puting ability.
It em ploys high-availability, guaran teeing the system at an y tim e norm al operating conditions are available, even with hardware m alfunction.
The solution of cloud com putin g provides
public cloud, private cloud and m ixed cloud (public&private)
com puting environm ents with
three-level services at the sam e tim e throughout
SaaS ( Software as a Service),
Sm art n etwork
Sm art network is an im portant and integral part of a
Sm art City.
CPSM is developing to help realize sm art m anagem ent of
city pipelines, which carry out the web-integration of
urban network resources.
It also offers application sharing an d supports assistan t decision -m akin g.
It lin ks the in telligent sensors which are im planted in network facilities, realizes full perception of pipelines an d associated networks, an d processes intelligent an alysis on perceived inform ation with cloud com puting technology.
The key technology of CPSM covers:
portal in tegration , web service,
data warehouse, data acquisition ,
Architecture of a Sm art City
The architecture of a Sm art City basically follows the"3 I" features proposed by IBM: In strum en ted, In tercon n ected an d In telligen t.
Therefore, it is logically divided in to a Sen sin g Layer, Network Layer an d Application Layer.
In fact, puttin g the in form ation tran sm ission an d processin g at the sam e layer or the processin g an d application at the sam e layer effectively lim its the scope of in form ation processin g. This results in a closed loop
application .
It is n ot con ducive to sharin g an d reusin g resources am on g differen t application s or differen t item s.
Therefore, in form ation tran sm ission an d processin g both ten d to be separated.
The gen eral an d public in form ation processin g are in depen den t in IOT in frastructure, an d can be com m on ly used by m ultiple application s.
( 1) Th e S e n s in g La ye r
is m ain ly respon sible for the object
iden tification an d in form ation collection with the IOT as its
core.
It has two m ain com pon en ts: a basic iden tifier or sen sor (such
as RFID tags, reader-writers, m ultiple kin ds of sen sors,
cam eras, GPS, two dim en sion al barcode labels, etc.), as well
as a fusion n etwork with in ductors (such as sen sor n etwork).
The Sen sin g Layer in volves the techn ologies of electron ic
radio frequen cy, em ergin g sen sors, wireless n etworkin g , field
bus con trol.
It also has a part in the products of sen sors, electron ic
( 2 ) Th e Tra n s m is s io n La ye r
undertakes all kinds of
access and transport options.
It is the path of inform ation exchange and data
transm ission, including the Transm ission Network and
Access Network.
The Transm ission Network in cludes a telecom m unication network, broadcast and television n etwork, the Internet, electric power
telecom m unication n etwork, private network, and a digital trunked system .
The Access Network includes fiber access, wireless access, Ethernet access, satellite access and other kinds of access, com pleting the
( 3 ) Th e Pro ce s s in g La ye r
plays an in telligen t fun ction of
processin g an d con trollin g perceived in form ation as well as
utilizin g decision m akin g.
The Processin g Layer
is co m p o s e d o f
a busin ess support
platform , m iddleware platform , n etwork m an agem en t
platform (such as M2M m an agem en t platform ), in form ation
processin g platform , in form ation security platform , service
support platform , an d m ore.
It im plem en ts coordin ation , m an agem en t, com putin g,
storage, an alysis, m in in g, an d provides services an d other
fun ction s for in dustries an d public users.
Typical techn ology an d the service m odel in clude m iddleware
techn ology, virtual techn ology, high-reliable techn ology, a
(
4 ) Th e Ap p lica tio n La ye r
offers solution sets of widely
intelligent applications, com bining the network and
industry field.
Sm art Cities can finally realize the depth of fusion
between inform ation technologies and
industry-specialized technologies through the Application Layer.
It has an extensive effect on the national econom y as well
as social developm ent.
This layer ’s key problem s are socialization of
3 .3 A p p lic a t io n R a n g e a n d S c o p e
The application of Sm art Cities m ain ly in cludes:
1.
S m a rt m e s h in g re gio n a lize d m a n a ge m e n t
: The city can be
m ore effective in m an agem en t an d service.
2 .
S m a rt fo o d
: It en sures the food safe an d free from
con tam in ation from the source to the con sum er through the
sm art safety m an agem en t system an d trackin g con trol system ,
production evaluatin g system , an d em ergen cy system , etc.
Citizen s just n eed to press the keys of their m obile phon es,
learn in g about food origin , growth con dition , n utrition facts, even
cookin g m ethods an d recipe suggestion s.
3 .
S m a rt w a te r re s o u rce
: With the help of m an agem en t system s,
relevan t organ ization s can brin g the water situation un der
real-tim e m on itorin g, providin g fast respon se real-tim es to water pollution
em ergen cies. Sm art water resources also en sure in telligen t
4 . Sm a rt tra ffic: As people, vehicles, roads an d the en viron m en t m utually
exchan ge the in form ation on traffic, flow, n oise, acciden ts, weather,
tem perature, etc., Sm art traffic im proves the efficien cy aspect of m obility an d accessibility as well as reduces the en ergy con sum ption an d protects the en viron m en t. The tran sportation system predicts traffic flow an d gets dyn am ic con trol of road con dition s in advan ce so that diversion s appear before con gestion , allowin g drivers altern ative routes to alleviate traffic con gestion .
5 . S m a rt m e d ica l: All kin ds of m edical in form ation an d resources
in tegrate through the electron ic m edical record an d m edical in form ation in tegration platform , so doctors can refer to patien ts’ history records in which they fin d out sym ptom atic regularity. This helps en sure that
patien ts get fast, con sisten t an d accurate health care in differen t hospitals.
6 . Sm a rt e le ctric p o w e r: There is n ot on ly the curren t flow, but also the
7. Sm a rt p u blic s e cu rity s e rvice: Urban security m on itorin g is
established in public places, residen tial districts, tran sport facilities, cam puses, con struction sites, etc.
8 . S m a rt h o m e: In ter-com m un ication com es in to effect when data is
exchan ged am on g various of hom e applian ces through differen t
com m un icative m ethods. Every fam ily en joys m ore con ven ien t style of livin g an d a higher quality of life through these aspects.
9 . Sm a rt e d u ca tio n , s m a rt p a rks , a n d s m a rt e n te rp ris e s:
Em beddin g, con n ectin g, sen sin g an d m ass in form ation processin g techn ologies apply in all aspects of work an d life. They en able cities to step in to a n ew stage of m an agem en t an d developm en t of urban
in frastructure, education , scien tific an d techn ological activities, public safety, com m un ity service, etc.
10 . Oth e r typ ica l a p p lica tio n s a n d p ra ctice s in clu d e o u td o o r
s tre a m in g o f m e d ia a n d e m e rge n cy re s p o n s e lin ka ge s ys te m s. Sm art Cities attem pt to achieve the com prehen sive in telligen ce that
4 . D is cu s s io n a n d S u gge s tio n
Sm art Cities involve technology and system s that, once
they are out of control, cause panic and disaster which
can affect the national level dram atically
Data is heavily dependent on the system . H ow the data
will be used for other system s in the future is a question
on account of close correlation between data design and
software system s. The m ore the data exists, the greater
the risk will run
If a Sm art City upgrades, huge costs will be hard to bear
considering as presently m any technology schem es have
not been clearly defined. An exam ple is the design
The con struction of Sm art Cities is the com plicated
system en gin eerin g with difficulties which persist for
a lon g period an d dem an d large capitals. An y
Som e suggestion s
There are som e suggestions about how to form the Sm art
City strategy suited for local situations, m aking reference
to the experience of cases and lessons we learned.
1.
Policy guidance and top design at the national level
should com e earlier
2.
National standard on the Internet of Things and other
inform ation m anagem ent system should com e earlier
3.
Urban and regional planning should be m ore far-seeing
4.
The n ation al broadban d plan an d in frastructure
con struction should be set up an d stren gthen ed as
soon as possible.
5.
In form ation security should be con sidered all the
tim es.
6.
The im plem en tation of Sm art Cities should be
people-oriented, stage-by-stage an d step-by-step.
7.
Great atten tion m ust be paid to the cultivation an d
The process of con structin g Sm art Cities is also an
evolution of the in stitution al system an d techn ical
stan dards on a large scale in volvem en t of capital,
techn ology, talen ts, cities, in dustry, academ ia,
organ ization s, an d society.
Som e organ ization s such as the City Protocol are
m akin g effort for the developm ent of better cities
worldwide, which is an in tern ation al group of cities
an d techn ology com pan ies that will develop
5 . Co n clu s io n a n d P ro s p e ct
Sm art Cities chan ge the in teractive way am on g the govern m en t,
en terprises an d people, m akin g quick an d in telligen t respon se
to all kin ds of dem an ds of people's livelihood, en viron m en t
protection , public security, urban services an d in dustrial an d
com m ercial activities.
Sm art Cities im prove urban efficien cy, an d outlin e a vision for a
better urban life. They will m ake a differen ce in the future:
1.
Com prehen sive perception . The IOT, as an im portan t part
of Sm art Cities, will in tercon n ect urban public facilities,
hom e applian ces, office Supplies, etc., an d m ake a real-tim e
sen sin g m ethod for urban operation system .
2.
In tegration in full. The IOT an d the In tern et will be
3. Collaborative operation . Each operation system , platform an d participan t
cooperates harm on iously an d efficien tly. The city will be in the best cooperatin g con dition .
4. Clean en ergy will becom e the m ajor use of urban en ergy. Solar
photovoltaic power, win d en ergy, biom ass en ergy, tidal en ergy, an d other n ew en ergy of advan ced techn ologies will be applied on a large-scale.
5. Kn owledge-based service in dustry will becom e the m ain form of future
urban in dustry as a whole. dustry aroun d the Kn owledge-in ten sive services in dustry will flourish in future cities, such as fin an cial service, m odern logistics, in form ation service, education an d research service, an d idea an d product design .
6. Megalopolis, urban agglom eration an d city group will boom . Con ven ien t
in form ation an d traffic n etwork will close cities which develop
cooperatively an d com plem en t each other with respective characteristics. There have form ed Lon don Metropolitan Area, North Am erican Great Lakes cities group, Germ an Ruhr cities group, Chin ese Yan gtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, etc.
7. Active service. Person alized service will be provided an d prepared in
