Sejarah Hukum Laut Dunia

(1)

Sejarah Hukum Laut Dunia



_{Sebelum abad ke-20}



_{Awal abad ke-20 – Perang Dunia II}



_{Pasca Perang Dunia II}



_{Menjelang UNCLOS III}

(2)

Hugo Grotius-

1

 Since navigation cannot harm any one accept the

navigator himself, it is only just that no one either can or ought to be interdicted therefrom, lest nature, free in her own realm, and least hurtful to herself, be found

impeding the liberty of navigation, and thus offending against the accepted precept and rule that all things are supposed to be permitted which are not found expressly forbidden.

 The sea is one of those things which is not an article of merchandise, and which cannot become private

property. Hence it follows, to speak strictly, that no part of the sea can be considered as the territory of any

people whatsoever ….A nation can take possession of a river, as it is enclosed within their boundaries; with the sea, they cannot do so.

(3)

Hugo Grotius-

2

 A ship sailing through the sea leaves behind it no more legal right than it does a track

 It would appear that the sea also can be acquired by him who holds the lands on both sides, even though it may extend above as a bay, or above and below as a strait, provided that the part of the sea in question is not so

large that, when compared with the lands on both sides, it does not seem apart from them (the law of war and peace)

 Everyone admits that if a great many persons hunt on the land of fish in a river, the forest is easily exhausted of wild animals and the river of fish, but such a contingency is impossible in the case of the sea

 The extent of the ocean is in fact so great that it suffices for any possible use on the part of all people, for drawing water, for fishing, for sailing

(4)

Wiiliam Welwod



_{An Abridgement of All Sea-Lawes 1613; if the}

uses of the sea should be limited in any way,

it should be mainly in regard to fishing, since

fisheries were exhaustible

(5)

Sebelum abad 20-

1

 Lautan dikuasai Portugis – Spanyol

 Hugo Grotius melontarkan “Mare Liberum”

 Pembatasan penangkapan ikan dengan alasan kualitas, harga, dan alokasi  tidak di enforce

 Pembedaan antara perairan pantai “dalam pengawasan” negara pantai dengan laut lepas (high seas)

 Konsep dominion dan jurisdiction  “cannon shot rule”  Christian Wolff (1740) dan Vattel (1758) mengemukakan

perikanan terbagi menjadi laut bebas dan laut terbatas  sumberdaya habis/tidak

 Konsep jurisdiksi pada perairan yang langsung berbatasan untuk alasan keamanan

(6)

Sebelum Abad 20-

2

 Inggris dan Perancis mengadakan perjanjian “hal eksklusif perikanan” untuk wilayah yang berada dalam jarak 3 mil laut dari pantai masing-masing negara.

 Abad 19 mulai timbul permasalahan pengaturan perikanan di satu wilayah dengan berbagai jenis/teknologi alat tangkap

 Semakin banyak pendapat mengenai perlunya pengaturan lebih baik untuk perikanan yang berada di perairan tertutup dan pantai.

 Timbul pemikiran bahwa “3-mil territorial sea” tidak lagi cukup untuk melindungi perikanan pantai. “fish do not respect the three mile or cannon shot limit”

 “The farther the exclusive right to the littoral sea is extended, the more it may be possible to accomplish an organization for the rational exploitation of fisheries and for measures which tend to increase the number of fish”  Rivier (1896)

(7)

Sebelum Abad 20

-

3

 Perikanan semakin modern  berkembangnya trawler, pemakaian es, mesin uap, bahan jaring

 Transportasi (kereta api) ke wilayah pelabuhan semakin banyak

 Teknologi pengangkutan ikan meningkat

 Bertram (1865)  “the harvest of the sea”  our free unregulated fisheries are, in my humble opinion, a thorough mistake

 Perjanjian pengelolaan sumberdaya diluar batas 3 mil laut

 North Sea Fisheries

 Timbul tuntutan untuk mengumpulkan data statistik dan studi ilmiah perikanan  Spencer Baird 1872 US

Commissioner for Fish and Fisheries

 Bering Sea Fur Seal

(8)

Awal Abad 20 – Perang Dunia 2

1



Kemungkinan bahwa sumberdaya laut tidak tak

terbatas



_{Meningkatnya konflik pemanfaatan}



_{Keterkaitan antara perikanan dengan landas}

kontinen (continental shelf).



_{Pertambangan bawah air}

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Kabel komunikasi bawah air

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Polusi akibat penemuan mesin diesel, tanker, balas,

dll



Tantangan terhadap doktrin “freedom of the seas”



Berbagai konvensi perikanan. Perjanjian bilateral –

(9)

Awal Abad 20 – Perang Dunia 2

2

• Halibut Treaties

• Alaskan Salmon Fisheries

• Transportasi minyak – polusi

• Berkembangnya doktrin-doktrin asal ikan



menentukan batas pengelolaan laut

• Kebutuhan akan adanya dasar hukum

internasional

untuk mengelola perikanan secara luas

(10)

Pasca PD-2

 Truman declaration on the continental shelf (28th _sept

1945)

 International Law Commission (ILC)  1949

 Claim/counterclaim process vs treaty

 Santiago Declaration 1952 (Chili, Ekuador, Peru)  zona 200 mil jurisdiksi dan kedaulatan

 Kontrol negara pantai vs kontrol negara-negara pengeksploit  peranan FAO, hak negara pantai sebagian diakui

 Deklarasi Djuanda 13 Desember 1957  klaim negara kepulauan  Perpu No. 4/1960 (18 Feb 1960)  Ket. MPRS No XIX/MPRS/1966 Perpu tersebut dikukuhkan sebagai UU no. 4/1960

(11)

Menjelang UNCLOS-III

1



UNCLOS-I (Geneva, Feb 24

th

_{– April 27}

th

_1958):

-

Konvensi tentang laut teritorial dan zona terusan

(territorial sea and the contiguos zone)

-

Konvensi tentang laut bebas

-

Konvensi tentang perikanan dan konservasi

sumberdaya hayati di laut bebas

-

Konvensi tentang landas kontinen

-

Optional protocol of signature concerning the

compulsory settlement of disputes

-

Indonesia first time launch idea on archipelagic

country

(12)

Menjelang UNCLOS-III

2



UNCLOS-II (Geneva, March 17

th

_{– April 26}

th

1960):

-

Failed to fix the extent of the territorial sea

and the matter of exclusive fishery zones

-

Failed to achieve agreement on straits

(13)

Menjelang UNCLOS-III

3

-

United Kingdom vs Iceland Cod War

-

Marine pollution

-

Deep Seabed

-

Creeping jurisdiction

-

Emergence of EEZ

(14)

Development of UNCLOS-III

1

 First session  3-15 December 1973, New York – USA

 Second session  20 June – 29 August 1974, Caracas – Venezuela

 _{Third session} 17 March – 9 May 1975, Geneva – Swiss

 _{Fourth session} 15 March – 7 May 1976, New York – USA

 _{Fifth session} 2 August – 17 Sept 1976, New York – USA

 Sixth session  23 May – 15 July 1977, New York – USA

 Seventh session  28 March – 19 May 1978, Geneva – Swiss resumed seventh session  21 August – 15 Sept 1978, New York

 Eight session  19 March – 27 April 1979, Geneva – Swiss

resumed eight session  19 July – 24 August 1979, New York – USA

 Ninth session  3 March – 4 April 1980, New York – USA

resumed ninth session  28 July – 29 August 1980, Geneva – Swiss

 _{Tenth session} 9 March – 24 April 1981, New York – USA resumed tenth session  3 – 28 August 1981, Geneva – Swiss

 _{Eleventh session} 8 March – 10 April 1982, New York – USA

(15)

Development of UNCLOS-III

2

 10 December 1982  the Convention was opened to signature. 117 States and two other entities became signatories

 60th _{ratification on November 16, 1993 (26}th _{Indonesia, 3 Feb}

1986)

 Finally came into force on November 16, 1994

 21 years after the first meeting of UNCLOS III and one year after ratification by the sixtieth state. The first sixty ratifications were almost all developing states.

 A major feature of the convention included the definition of maritime zones- the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the

exclusive economic zone, the continental shelf, the high sea, the international sea-bed area and archipelagic waters.

 The convention also made provision for the passage of ships, protection of the marine environment, freedom of scientific