Tanah bermacam-macam

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)



Klasifikasi Tanah



_{Usaha membeda-bedakan}



_{mengelompokkan}

tanah berdasarkan sifat-sifatnya



Tujuan



mengetahui sifat dan ciri tanah pada

masing-masing kelompok tanah (kelas tanah) sehingga

memudahkan pengguna tanah untuk mengelola

tanah tersebut agar dapat berproduksi secara

optimal

(5)

Alami/taksonomi:berdasarkan

sifat2_{alami tanah tanpa dihub. dgn}

pengunaannya

- Taksonomi Tanah (USDA)

Teknikal: berdasarkan tujuan khusus dgn memilih ciri2 ttt yg pgrhi

kemampuan dan penggunaannya

- - Klasifikasi Kemampuan Lahan USDA

- - Klasifikasi Kesesuaian Lahan FAO

(6)

Mengapa tanah diklasifikasikan?

• Menata atau mengorganisasi pengetahuan

tentang tanah

• Mengetahui hubungan antara individu tanah

(ilmiah)

• Mengelompokkan tanah untuk tujuan lebih

praktis

– Penggunaan optimal

– Hazard/Pembatasan/Penilaian remidiasi – Produktivitas potensial

– Penyampaian informasi yang efisien di dalam komunikasi ilmiah

(7)



Sejak th 1988 hanya gunakan

sistem Taksonomi Tanah.



Sebelum 1988 ada 3

:

-

Pusat Penelitian Tanah (PPT)

-

FAO/UNESCO

(8)



dikembangkan oleh Soil Survey Staff (USDA),

tahun 1975



_{Terus direvisi}



_{2ed, 1999}



ada 6 kategori yaitu

Order, Suborder, Great

(9)

Categories in ST:

 Order – key soil properties resulting from major

soil-forming processes (epipedons, subsurface horizons, materials, characteristics)

 Suborder – key soil properties that are major controls on

soil-forming processes, e.g., soil climate (most orders); kinds of salts (Aridisols); kinds of soil parent materials

(Entisols); degree of decomposition (Histosols); presence or absence of cryoturbation (Gelisols)

 Great Group – key soil properties that are additional

controls on soil genesis (diagnostic horizons)

 Subgroup – central concept (Typic), intergrades,

extragrades

 Family – properties important to plant growth (texture,

mineralogy, soil temperature regime, etc.)

(10)

1. Orders (

12 )

(surface and subsurface diagnostic horizons)

2. Suborders (

55 )

(Soil temperature. and moisture

regimes)

3. Great group (

238 )

(subsurface diagnostic horizon)

4. Subgroup (

1243

)

(drainage, lithic contact, PM, clay

type)

5. Family (

7504

)

(Texture of diagnostic surface horizon)

6. Series

(about 19,000) in U.S.

(11)

Kategori Nama Kategori Nama

Phylum Pteridophyta Order Alfisol

Kelas Angiospermae Sub-order Udalf

Sub-kelas Dicotyledoneae Greatgroup Hapludalf

Order Rosales Sub-group Aquic Hapludalf

Family Leguminoseae Family Aquic Hapludalf, berlempung

halus, Campuran, Aktif, Isohipertermik

Genus Trifolium Seri Lape

Species T. repens (Phase) Berbatu

(12)

Differentiating Characteristics in ST

:



Diagnostic epipedons



_{Diagnostic subsurface horizons}



_{Other diagnostic soil characteristics}



_{Soil moisture and temperature}

(13)



horison penciri yg terbentuk di

permukaan tanah.



tidak sinonim dg horizon A



dapat mencakup sebagian

(14)



Surface horizons



Influenced strongly by

biochemical and

geochemical processes



Correspond with A, E, and

sometimes upper B

horizons

(15)

 Histik: Bahan organik (BO) tinggi (>75%), tebal 20-40cm.  Mollik: BO >1%, warna gelap dg value dan kroma <3

(lembab) dan value < 5 (kering), tebal >18cm, KB >50%.

 Umbrik: seperti molik tetapi KB <50%.

 Anthropik: seperti molik, tetapi mengandung >1500 ppm P₂O₅

larut dalam 1% as sitrat.

 Ochrik: warna terang (value dan kroma lembab >3), BO

<1% atau keras-sangat keras dan masif.

 Plaggen: horizon buatan, akibat penggunaan pupuk kandang yg

terus menerus, tebal >50cm, berwarna hitam.

(16)

 Agrik: horizon iluviasi yg terbentuk krn pengaruh

pengolahan tanah shg terjadi akumulasi sejumlah debu, liat, dan humus.

 Albik: horison berwarna pucat (E) dg value lembab >5.  Argillik: horison penimbunan liat; minimal mengandung liat

>1.2 kali lebih banyak daripada kandungan liat di atasnya.Terdapat selaput liat.

 Kalsik: horizon yg mengandung karbonat sekunder

(CaCO₃ atau MgCO₃) tinggi, tebal >15cm.

 Petrokalsik: horizon kalsik yang mengeras.

 Kambik: indikasi lemah adanya argillik atau spodik, tapi tidak

(17)

 Gipsik : banyak mengandung gipsum (CaSO₄) sekunder.  Petrogipsik: horizon gipsik yg mengeras.

 Natrik : horizon argillik yg banyak mengandung Na

 Oksik : horizon bertekstur agak kasar, KTK <16 me/100g liat,

tebal >30cm.

 Salik: banyak mengandung garam sekunder mudah larut,

tebal >15cm.

 Sombrik : seperti umbrik, gelap, terjadi iluviasi humus tanpa Al,

tidak terletak di bawah horizon albik.

 Spodik : horizon iluviasi seskuioksida bebas dan BO.

 Sulfurik : horizon yg mengandung sulfat, pH ,3.5, tdpt karatan

jarosit.

(18)

“

Soil Taxonomy

"

Degree of Weathering and B Horizon Development

Little Slight Moderate Large Extreme

Entisols Aridisols

Inceptisols Alfisols

Spodosols Ultisols

Mollisols Oxisols

Soils Defined by Special Constituent Materials

Andisols Volcanic Ash

Histosols Peat, Organic Matter Vertisols “Self-Mixing” Clay Soils Gelisols Soils on Permafrost

(19)



The central concept of Alfisols is

that of soils that have an argillic,

a kandic, or a natric horizon and

a base saturation of 35% (180

cm) or greater.



They typically have an ochric

epipedon, but may have an

umbric epipedon. They may also

have a petrocalcic horizon, a

(20)

 The central concept of Andisols

is that of soils dominated by short-range-order minerals.

 They include weakly weathered

soils with much volcanic glass as well as more strongly weathered soils.

 _{Hence the content of volcanic}

glass is one of the characteristics used in defining andic soil

properties

 Soil have size horizon < 36 cm

(21)

ARIDISOL

 regim kelembaban tanah

aridik (sangat kering)

Epipedon orchic

 Kadang-kandang memeiliki horizon penciri lainnya

(22)



Tanah yang masih sangat

muda (Tingkat permulaan)



Tidak ada horison penciri

lain kecuali epipedon ochrik

atau histik (tanah sangat

lembek)

(23)

 The central concept of Gelisols is

that of soils that have permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface and/or have gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and have permafrost within 200 cm.

 Gelic materials are mineral or

organic soil materials that have evidence of cryoturbation (frost churning) and/or ice segeration in the active layer (seasonal thaw layer) and/or the upper part of the permafrost.

(24)



The central concept of Histosols is

that of soils that are dominantly

organic (BO> 20%, C-organic

>12% (sand), BO>30%, C-organic

>18% (clay)) . They are mostly

soils that are commonly called

bogs, moors, or peats and mucks.



A soil is classified as Histosols if it

does not have permafrost and is

dominated by organic soil

(25)

 _{Tanah muda, tetapi lebih}

berkembang daripada Entisol

 _{Horison kambik}  _{Cukup subur}

 _{Tanah ini dulu termasuk tanah}

Aluvial, Regosol, Gleihumus, latosol

(26)



The central concept of Mollisols

is that of soils that have a dark

colored surface horizon and are

base rich. Nearly all have a mollic

epipedon.



Many also have an argillic or

natric horizon or a calcic horizon.

A few have an albic horizon.

Some also have a duripan or a

petrocalic horizon

.

(27)



The central concept of Oxisols is

that of soils of the tropical and

subtropical regions. They have

gentle slopes on surfaces of great

age. They are mixtures of quartz,

kaolin, free oxides, and organic

matter.



For the most part they are nearly

featureless soils without clearly

marked horizons. Differences in

properties with depth are so

gradual that horizon boundaries are

generally arbitrary.

(28)

 Horison bawah terjadi penimbunan

Fe dan Al oksida dan humus (horison spodik)

 Lapisan atas terdapat horison

eluviasi (pucat)

(29)



The central concept of Ultisols is

that of soils that have a horizon

that contains an appreciable

amount of translocated silicate

clay (an argillic or kandic

horizon) and few bases (base

saturation less than 35 percent).



Base saturation in most Ultisols

(30)



Tanah dengan kandungan liat

tinggi (>30%) di seluruh

horison)



Sifat vertik (mudah

mengembang dan mengerut)



Ditemukan bidang kilir (slicken

side) dan struktur baji

(31)