Annual Report
SEAMEO SEAMOLEC
Jul y 2005 – June 2006
Contents
Message from Director
1
SEAMOLEC Vision and Mission
2
KRA -1:
Enhanced Program Excellence and Relevance
3
KRA-2:
Enhanced Quality and Efficiency of Management
26
KRA-3:
Ensured Financial Viability
31
KRA-4:
Increase Access to Markets SEAMOLEC Programs
33
KRA-5:
Strengthened and Increased Linkages with National,
Regional, and International Institutions
36
SEAMOLEC GB Member
42
Message from Di rector
____ _________________________Paulina Pannen Director
SEAMEO Regional Open Learning Center (SEAMEO SEAMOLEC)
The year 2005-2006 has been a challenging year for SEAMOLEC. Within that 9th year of its establishment, SEAMOLEC has been involved in variety of activities focusing on improving internal management, implementation of good governance, and also improving the quality of SEAMOLEC’s products and services.
Improvement of internal management and implementation of good governance includes the rearrangement of the center’s structure, improvement of the center’s legal instruments, obtaining approval on the 2nd Five Year Development Plan, development of standard operating procedures and communication mechanism, recruitment of new staff members to strengthen the team, seeking commitment and support from MONE and SEAMEO family. SEAMOLEC’s effort has been strongly supported by the SEAMOLEC’s Governing Board, especially expressed during the Governing Board Meeting in Bali, Denpasar, 2005. Endorsement of the High Official of SEAMEO has also been received by SEAMOLEC through the SEAMEO High Official Meeting in Bangkok, November 2005. Based on those supports, SEAMOLEC conducted an internal workshop, to raise awareness and to get all SEAMOLEC’s staff ready to embark on the new system implemented by SEAMOLEC, based on its legal instruments.
The approval of SEAMOLEC’s effort to improve internal management and implementation of good governance has been received from the SEAMEO Council during SEAMEO Council Conference in Singapore, 2006. The Council has endorsed the 2nd Five Year Development Plan of SEAMOLEC, SEAMOLEC’s Enabling Instruments, and SEAMOLEC’s Staff Rules. Based on those legal instruments, SEAMOLEC drafted the operational guidance to its daily activities, i.e., the Standard Operating Procedures.
indicated by various partners. Exploration for new programs and diversification of the present products and services will be continued
By 2007, SEAMOLEC will be completing its establishment decade. Within that period, the development of SEAMOLEC as the regional center on open and distance learning under the auspices of SEAMEO has been focused on initiation and establishment of SEAMOLEC as an organization. The efforts has been directed toward designing and implementing its organizational structure and management system, developing SEAMOLEC’s strategic planning and corporate culture, recruiting quality human resources, obtaining commitment from upper management and stakeholders, and also managing the budget allocation and appropriation. SEAMOLEC has enjoyed high support from the Government of Indonesia during its establishment period, including the construction of SEAMOLEC’s building.
Based on its present situation, it is expected that SEAMOLEC will be ready to embark on its development stage starting 2007. Within the development stage, SEAMOLEC’s efforts are to focus on gaining stronger support from stakeholders in Indonesia, Southeast Asia, as well as international setting through quality performance, credibility, and accountability. Within the present competitive situation, SEAMOLEC’s development stage is expected to evolve around creative and innovative development of quality services, quality process of delivery and management, and stronger collaboration and networking with various parties and stakeholders. Furthermore, promotion and advocacy of SEAMOLEC’s services is also a part of the development plan, in order for SEAMOLEC to gain recognition and to play more significant role in promoting open and distance learning in Southeast Asian countries.
Constraints and obstacles have always been in parallel to the strength and opportunities of the Center in its journey. Refinement and revision of the present practice to perform better is emergently demanded, and new vision for redefinition and repositioning SEAMOLEC’s in the continuous cycle of its journey is also needed. Furthermore, new challenges will emerge, and new strategies will need to be found and implemented, as SEAMOLEC continues its future journey.
VISION
To be a center of expertise in open and distance learning
Mission
To assist SEAMEO Member Countries in identifying
educational problems and finding alternative
solutions for sustainable human resources
development through the dissemination and
effective use of open and distance learning
Open and Distance Learning. . .
KRA -1:
Enhanced Program Excellence and Relevance
A. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R&D)
1. Research on the Implementation of ICT Policy in the
Development of ICT Human Resources trough the Vocational
Education System
As a collaborative research between SEAMOLEC and Directorate of Technical & Vocational Education (DTVE) this study was conducted at seven Secondary Technical and Vocational School/Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) as respondents. The seven schools are SMK Jayawisata (Jakarta), SMK Putratama (Yogyakarta), SMK Labor (Pekanbaru), SMK Cokroaminoto (Kotamobagu,Manado), SMKN 10 (Medan), SMKN 4 Palembang, and SMKN 4 Kendari.
The respondents are official governments from Jakarta and district officers. Headmasters, teachers (TI and non TI), students (TI and non TI) and stakeholders. The aim of the research is to identify support and interest stakeholders in the region toward the implementation of ICT program. This research is also to identify situation and condition for implementation of ICT program, as well as the implication of the implementation of ICT program in developing of ICT skills of the students.
The research was conducted in June 2005-March 2006. The results indicate active involvement of the official governments in each regions in monitoring and evaluation of the program.
2. Study on Student Behavior in the Use of ICT in Learning
Process
This study was conducted in June 2005-March 2006 to find out information on the implementation ICT in teaching and learning process as well as to know the accessibility of student to ICT. Furthermore, this study is intended to describe the student behavior toward ICT utilization and the perception of student in the use of ICT in teaching and learning process.
The respondents in this study are the students of S1 PGSD and AKTA 4 programs who took IDIK4403 and AKTA8831 courses from
Universitas Terbuka (UT). The survey area are regional office of UT in Semarang, Palembang, Jakarta, Banjarmasin, and Padang.
The result of the study indicated that most of the students do not have maximal accessibility ICT yet. Although the student use of ICT is not maximal, but they perceive that the use of ICT can improve teaching and learning process and can enhance to motivate students for better learning.
3. Research on the Development of Models of Web-based Courses
for Lecture of Graduate programs
The aim of this research is to obtain a system model of the use of online learning which can be implemented in higher education in Indonesia.
The respondents are lectures of the post graduate and alumni of the training on WebCT conducted by SEAMOLEC. There are 50 respondents from 2 batches of training, each batch consist of 25 participants of the training). The respondents come from higher education institutions in Indonesia.
4. Ongoing Research Project
In the year 2006, the research division is carrying out three research projects. The description of the research projects are as follows:
a. Policy Analysis of ICT Utilization
The project is continuation of a collaborative effort between SEAMOLEC and DTVE. The project is intended to study the policy platform of ICT in Technical and vocational education in Indonesia. The policy platform including: the objectives, infrastructure (such as program, human resources, software/hardware, etc), and result of the program implementation; benchmarking, budgeting, evaluation and monitoring, as well as feedback from stakeholders. The result of the research is supposed to yield models of ICT policy implementation for the teaching and learning system. Other follow up of that research is the analysis of the attitude of the stakeholders (the official, principals, teachers, students, parents and the users) toward ICT Implementation in the vocational/technical school system.
b. Quality Assurance in Open Distance Learning
This project is to describe the Quality Assurance (QA) in Higher Education, especially in Open Distance Learning (ODL). Over the past years, the development and the implementation policies to assure the quality have become a priority of distance education for higher education system. Quality Assurance is becoming even more important
as distance education becomes popular and entering a period of borderless e-learning.
The research begins with observation of the development and implementation of quality assurance policies for distance education in the ASEAN countries. The results of the study
c. Development of Principles of E-Pedagogy
This research is about a number of issues, presuppositions and questions on appropriate pedagogies for developing e-learning at distance education. E-pedagogy might consist of e-learning design that incorporates educational quality, values and effectiveness of teaching, learning, and assessment activities supported by technology. The results of the research are models of e-pedagogy in ODL in ASEAN countries.
The three projects necessitate all SEAMOLEC staff to participate in anyone of the project, so that they can obtain hand on experiences in the research activity.
Beside the three main research programs the R&D division will also conduct other programs, such as:
a. Study on feasibility of Transborder Education
b. Develop out of book on ODL Profile in Asian countries
c. Monitoring and evaluating the results of the work of the Training and IT Division,
d. The Deutsche Bank Project of Implementation of Alternative Curriculum for Aceh
B. TRAINING/WORKSHOP
In Fiscal Year 2005-2006, several trainings have been conducted to pursue quality and relevance on open and distance learning. The total numbers of training activities are 18 programs conducted in Indonesia and 3 conducted in South East Asia countries.
The participants joining the activities are 526 consist of 335 males, and 191 females. The participants in general were teachers, lecturers, instructors, administrator, and ODL provider staff. They mostly stated that they gained knowledge, skill and experience from those various trainings. It is believed that their success will have a positive impact on their institutions. The visit of trainings is as follows:
1. National
a. Training on ICT in Instruction for Basic Level
1) ICT training for Professional Development of Academic Staff in Higher Education
Objective : to train university lecturers to explore and demonstrate the use of ICT to improve the quality of teaching and for professional development
Venue : SEAMOLEC, Jakarta Date : 25 – 29 July 2006
Participants : 30 lecturers (15 Indonesian universities)
Instructors : Paulina Pannen, Abubakar, Timbul Pardede, Anti Rismayanti, Mohamad Rinaldi (SEAMOLEC)
Elang Krisnadi(Universitas Terbuka) Sahid (Yogyakarta State University)
b. Training on ICT in Instruction for Advanced Level: E-Learning Course Development
Objective : to enhance participants to package the learning material using WebCT (Web Course Tools)
1) Venue : Sultan Agung University/UNISSULA, Semarang Date : 4 – 8 July 2005
Participants : 25 lecturers of UNISSULA
Instructors : Muhammad Lukman, Abubakar, Timbul Pardede, Nurhajati, Mohamad Rinaldi (SEAMOLEC)
SEAMOLEC has signed Memorandum of Understanding with UNISSULA. The others activity conducted was national seminar on e-learning.
2) Venue : Medan State University/UNIMED, Medan Date : 19 – 23 July 2005
Participants : 20 lecturers of UNIMED
Instructors : Muhammad Lukman, Timbul Pardede, Anti Rismayanti, Sarbini (SEAMOLEC)
3) Venue : Tadulako University/UNTAD, Palu Date : 1 – 5 August 2005
Participants : 22 lecturers of UNTAD
Instructors : Abubakar, Timbul Pardede, Mohamad Rinaldi (SEAMOLEC)
The training was the second SEAMOLEC training for UNTAD. The first training was Self-learning Materials Development in SEAMOLEC has signed Memorandum of Understanding with UNIMED.
4) Venue : Harvest International Theological Seminary (HITS) Tangerang
Date : 1 – 4 May 2006 Participants : 10 lecturers of HITS
Instructors : Abubakar, Timbul Pardede, Mohamad Rinaldi (SEAMOLEC)
c. Training on ICT in Instruction for Quality Improvement of Graduate Study
Objective : to train university lecturers to explore and demonstrate the use of ICT to improve the quality of teaching and for professional development
1) THE FIRST BATCH in Year 2005
Venue : Yogyakarta State University (UNY) Date : 8 – 12 August 2005
Participants : 28 lecturers (14 Indonesian universities) 1 (from Cambodia) and 1 (from Myanmar)
Instructors : Paulina Pannen, Abubakar, Timbul Pardede, Anti Rismayanti, Mohamad Rinaldi (SEAMOLEC)
Cathy Zheng (Bee-Net, Hongkong) Sahid (Yogyakarta State University)
Adi Subyanto (Airlangga University, Surabaya)
A collaborative training program between SEAMOLEC and Directorate of Personnel, Directorate General of Higher of Education (DGHE), Ministry of National Education of Indonesia (MONE).
2) THE SECOND BATCH in Year 2005
Venue : Airlangga University (UNAIR), Surabaya Date : 5 – 9 September 2005
Participants : 28 lecturers (14 Indonesian universities) 1 (from Cambodia) and 1 (from Myanmar)
Instructors : Paulina Pannen, Abubakar, Timbul Pardede, Anti Rismayanti, Mohamad Rinaldi (SEAMOLEC)
Oki Purwanto (Sun Microsystems, Singapore) Sahid (Yogyakarta State University)
Adi Subyanto (Airlangga University, Surabaya)
3) THE FIRST BATCH in Year 2006
Venue : Sriwijaya University (UNSRI), Palembang Date : 24 – 28 April 2006
Participants : 29 lecturers (15 Indonesian universities)
Instructors : Paulina Pannen, Timbul Pardede, Anti Rismayanti (SEAMOLEC)
Abtar Kaur (Open University of Malaysia) Sahid (Yogyakarta State University)
Adi Subyanto (Airlangga University, Surabaya) Dinar Putranto (Sriwijaya University)
A collaborative training program between SEAMOLEC and Directorate of Personnel, Directorate General of Higher of Education (DGHE), Ministry of National Education of Indonesia (MONE).
4) THE SECOND BATCH in Year 2006
Venue : Airlangga University (UNAIR), Surabaya Date : 29 May – 2 June 2006
Participants : 30 lecturers (15 Indonesian universities) 1 (from Philippines) and 1 (from Singapore) Instructors : Paulina Pannen, Abubakar,
Mohamad Rinaldi (SEAMOLEC)
Sibly Maros (Universiti Sains Malaysia)
Hari Wibawanto (Semarang State University)
Dinar Putranto (Sriwijaya University)
Adi Subyanto (Airlangga University, Surabaya)
5) THE THIRD BATCH in Year 2006
Venue : Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB) Date : 19 – 23 June 2006
Participants : 26 lecturers (15 Indonesian universities)
Instructors : Paulina Pannen, Abubakar, Mohamad Rinaldi (SEAMOLEC)
Victor Yuk (ASKnLearn, Singapore)
Hari Wibawanto (Semarang State University) Dinar Putranto (Sriwijaya University)
Sahid (Yogyakarta State University)
A collaborative training program between SEAMOLEC and Directorate of Personnel, Directorate General of Higher of Education (DGHE), Ministry of National Education of Indonesia (MONE).
d. Training on Power Point for Instructional Quality Development
Objective : to motivate and improve teachers’ skill in integrating PowerPoint in teaching and learning process as a part of
instructional quality improvement at high school
level
1) YEAR 2005
Venue : SEAMOLEC, Jakarta Date : 19 – 21 December 2005
Participants : 20 teachers (private and public high schools in Jakarta)
Instructors : Abubakar, Anti Rismayanti, Nurhayati, Bagus Dwipayana, Mohamad Rinaldi (SEAMOLEC)
2) YEAR 2006
Venue : SMU Darma Karya - UT, Jakarta Date : 3 – 4 January 2006
Participants : 22 teachers of SMU Darmaya Karya and from nearest school
Instructors : Anti Rismayanti, Bagus Dwipayana, Mohamad Rinaldi (SEAMOLEC)
SEAMOLEC was invited by SMU Darma Karya-UT to conduct ICT training for them based on MoU signed by both institutions.
e. Instructional Video Script Writing
Objective : to improve participants’ skills in developing video program for instruction
Venue : SEAMOLEC, Jakarta Date : 4 – 6 January 2006
Participants: 10 lecturers of Universitas Terbuka and 1 from SEAMOLEC
f. Professional Development Training in ODL
Objective : to enable the participants to design the implementation of ODL in their institutions
1) YEAR 2005
Venue : Bumi Karsa Hotel, Jakarta Date : 19 – 22 September 2005
Participants : 30 lecturers (10 Indonesian universities)
Instructors : Paulina Pannen, Dina Mustafa, Muhammad Lukman (SEAMOLEC)
Michael Churton (University of Southern Florida)
Bambang Sutjiatmo (Ministry of Research and Technology)
Supeno Djanali (Directorate General of Higher Education)
Siti Julaiha, Sukirman (UNY), Anitah S. Wiryawan
(UNS), Adi Suryanto (Universitas Terbuka)
A collaborative training program between SEAMOLEC and Directorate of Personnel, Directorate General of Higher of Education (DGHE), Ministry of National Education of Indonesia (MONE).
2) YEAR 2006
Venue : Indonesia Education University (UPI) Bandung Date : 2 – 8 March 2006
Participants : 41 lecturers of UPI
Instructors : Paulina Pannen, Muhammad Lukman, Mohamad Rinaldi (SEAMOLEC)
Asmawi Zainul (UPI Bandung)
IGAK Wardani, Sandra Sukmaning Aji, Susi Puspitasari (Universitas Terbuka)
g. Training on ICT Pedagogy Integration
Objective : to enable the participants to appreciate the vision and guiding principles of ICT-Pedagogy integration
Venue : SEAMOLEC, Jakarta Date : 6 – 10 March 2006
Participants : 30 lecturers (22 Indonesian universities) Instructors : Satryo S. Brodjonegoro,
Sukamto, Hendarman,
Herdiana (Ministry of National Education of Indonesia) Molly N.N. Lee, Ng Wai-Kong, Miao Fengchun, John T.
Denny, Alan Joliffe (UNESCO Bangkok)
Rainbow M. Saragih (Intel Indonesia Corporation) Marta Adi Darma (Microsoft Indonesia)
A collaborative training program between SEAMOLEC UNESCO Bangkok, and Japanese Funds-in-Trust (JFIT). Overall arrangements were handled by UNESCO in collaboration with Japanese Funds-in-Trust (JFIT), and SEAMOLEC as the Indonesian host institution and co-organizers.
h. Self Learning Material Development
Objective : to enable the participants to gain knowledge and skills in writing self learning materials
Venue : Harvest International Theological Seminary (HITS), Tangerang
Date : 17 – 20 April 2006 Participants : 10 lecturers of HITS
2. Southeast Asian Countries
a. Training on Packaging Self-Learning Material at Central Luzon State University/CLSU, Philippines (15-19 August 2005)
The training was expected to enable the participants to gain knowledge and skills in writing self learning materials. The training was participated by 70 participants from Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. The facilitators were from CLSU, Universitas Terbuka, and SEAMOLEC.
b. Training on Self Learning Material Development at Hanoi Open University/HOU, Vietnam (7–11 November 2005)
The objectives of the training were that participants would be able to produce better printed materials for open and distance learning activities. The resource persons came from HOU, Universitas Terbuka, and SEAMOLEC. There were 26 participants of the training, who are senior or junior lecturers from various field of study. Mostly participants are from HOU (18 of them). The rest are from the Open University of Ho Chi Minh City (3 persons) and Hanoi School of Public Health (3 persons).
c. Training on Self Learning Material Development at Universiti Sains Malaysia/USM, Penang (14-19 November 2005)
Table-1
List of SEAMOLEC Training Programs (Indonesia)
No Date Venue M/F Participants
Nationality
Training on Basic ICT
1 25-29 July 2005 SEAMOLEC M:23
F: 2 Indonesian
Training on ICT In Instruction for Advanced Level
1 4-8 July 2005 UNISSULA, Semarang M:20
ICT Training for Quality Improvement of Graduate Study
No Date Venue M/F Participants Nationality
PowerPoint For Instructional Quality Development
1 19-21 December 2005 SEAMOLEC M:3
F:8 Indonesian
2 3-4 January 2006 SMU Dharma Karya-UT, Tangerang
M:15
F:12 Indonesian
Instructional Video Script Writing
1 4-6 January 2006 SEAMOLEC M:4
F:6 Indonesian
Professional Development Training in ODL
1 19 – 22 September 2005 Bumi Karsa Hotel, Jakarta M: 26
F 4 Indonesian
2 2-8 March 2006 UPI, Bandung M:27
F:4 Indonesian
Training for Teacher Educators On ICT Pedagogy Integration
1 6-10 March 2006 SEAMOLEC M:23
List of SEAMOLEC Training Program (other Southeast Asian Countries)
No Date Venue M/F Participants Nationality
Self-learning Material Development
1 15-19 August 2005 CLSU, Philippines M: 18
3. Staff Development
a. Training on Learning Object Material (LOM)
Learning objects are elements of computer-based instruction grounded in the object-oriented paradigm of computer science. Nowadays, LOM becomes popular especially in the e-learning areas. There are many issues to be explored with LOM, As one of participating institution in ICT-based open and distance Learning, it is highly important for SEAMOLEC’s staff members to have thorough knowledge on LOM and good skills in LOM development, especially digital learning object in instructional materials development
SEAMOLEC conducted staff development workshop on “LOM and Program Mapping”. The aim of the workshop was to enhance and to improve SEAMOLEC staff on instructional element in e-Learning which is called “LOM” and develop it to be digital Learning materials for the future use. The resources person of the workshop is SEAMOLEC Director, Prof. Paulina Pannen. The workshop was successful as the staff gained knowledge which were interesting and engaging on digital learning objects. The experienced also included activities that invite the learner to experiment and interact with the LOM directly.
b. Instructional Technology and Design
The training was held at SEAMOLEC, Jakarta from 16 to 20 January 2006. The training provided the participants with the theory and practice of instructional design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning. The resource persons of the training were from SEAMOLEC and Universitas Terbuka.
c. Training on Edu Wiz Program
SEAMOLEC has been introduced to a new software from AsknLearn Singapore called EduWiz. The software has the functions to combine the learning materials created with animation, sounds, videos and games as additional items and it is expected that these new features can make the learning process easier to understand.
Along with the familiarization of the EduWiz, SEAMOLEC has signed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with AsknLearn Singapore for the installing and training the use of EduWiz. The training was conducted and joined by all SEAMOLEC staff including the top management on June 17, 2006 at SEAMOLEC’s Computer Lab. The training was directly given by Mr. Victor Yuk as the representative of AskNlearn Singapore
The aims of the training were to improve the staff is expertise and knowledge about new technology, so the staff can utilize the technology well. This training was also a part of the staff development program. At the end of the training, the staffs were able to implement the EduWiz which will be integrated with the learning management system.
e. Training on Letter Writing
Correspondence has become an unseparated part of communication. Any failure and misperception in letter writing sometimes could happen, but a good letter writer takes the responsibility for making the best effort possible to create the solution.
The other staff development programmed, mostly in the area of finance were: a. Budgeting, from Secretariat General, MONE (8-10 March 2006), attended
by Erdih, Sarbini, and Nurhaeti. The training was about the procedures of governmental budgeting with resource person from Director General of Treasury, Ministry of Finance, and Inspectorate General of MONE.
b. Socialization for Taxation Regulations, organized by the Bureau of Finance, MONE (15 May 2006). Attended by Muhammad Lukman, Nurhaeti, Relanica.
c. Government Budgeting Planning for FY 2006, organized by Bureau of General Affairs, with resource person from Directorate General of Budget (29-31 May 2006). The training was about the socialization on changes in RKAKL for the fiscal year 2007, attended by Aprilia, Sarbini, and Nurhaeti.
d. Socialization on SAI Application held on 8-10 June 2006 in Surabaya with resource person from KPKN Depkeu. This training was attended by Nurhaeti and Relanica.
C. SEMINAR/MEETING/CONFERENCE
In the Fiscal year 2005-2006, SEAMOLEC conducted some seminars (national and international), meetings, and conference. SEAMOLEC also has participated in various seminar/workshop and meeting.
1. Seminar
a. The Asian Association of Open Universities (AAOU) Annual Conference at Jakarta (15-17 September 2005)
In this conference, SEAMOLEC staff gave presentation of their papers. Ms. Herawaty (Research Officer) presented her paper, which is titled: “The use of Learning Resources to Support the Quality of Learning” and Ms. Dina Mustafa (Research Manager) presented a paper titled: “Implementation of Information and Communication Technology in Teaching and Learning: Are we Ready? Dr.Mardhatillah Mardjohan also participated in this conference.
b. Preparing the Future Human Resources through the Application of ICT- based ODL at UNY Yogyakarta (4 March 2006)
The ninth anniversary of SEAMOLEC was celebrated in 2006 through a collaborative seminar with UNY on “Preparing the Future Human Resources through the Application of ICT Based ODL” in Yogyakarta on 4 March 2006. Basically the seminar was to explore ideas on preparing human resources through the implementation of ICT and open distance learning. The seminar was officially opened by Rector of Yogyakarta State University, Prof. Sugeng Mardiyanto, Ph.D. It was attended by about 120 participants from various educational institutions.
2. Meeting
a. Centre’s Director Meeting (Malaysia, 11-15 July 2005)
The 2005 CDM was held on 11-15 July 2005 at Park Royal Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The meeting was attended by SEAMEO Secretariat Director, Dr. Edilberto C de Jesus, SEAMEO Secretariat staff, the centre’s directors, representatives of World Bank, and KEDI as observers. SEAMOLEC was represented by Mrs. Paulina Pannen (Director) and Mr. Timbul Pardede (PR/ Marketing Manager).
In the meeting, SEAMOLEC Director as Task Force Coordinator for SEAMEO Proposal on HELP for Aceh and North Sumatera reported that SEAMOLEC has received proposals from 7 (seven) SEAMEO Centre’s. The proposals were developed based on each Centre’s strength and excellence, to be submitted for funding to donor agencies.
b. High Official Meeting (Thailand, 14 November 2005)
SEAMOLEC Director, Paulina Pannen and Mr. Abubakar (SEAMOLEC IT Manager) participated in the High Officials Meeting. Concurrent to the HOM, SEAMEO was also conducted regional workshop on “value-based Water and Sanitation Education in Southeast Asian School on 21-24 November 2005. From SEAMOLEC participated by Ms. Isti Rokhiyah (SEAMOLEC Expert).
c. SEAMEO Council Conference (Singapore, 22-24 March 2006)
D. IT DEVELOPMENT
In the area of IT system development and consulting services, the Centre has started on exploring the development of virtual campus, using Web Course Tools (WebCT) as the learning management system. SEAMOLEC provides an incubator system for education institutions/individuals who are interested in developing and trying out web-based courses or e-learning initiatives.
In Indonesia, the provision of the incubator virtual system has been carried out through a collaboration with Directorate General of Higher Education, MONE. Furthermore, SEAMOLEC has signed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Harvest International Theological Seminary Institute (HITS) to offer online course for its ODL program. At the Regional level, SEAMOLEC, has signed MoU with SEAMEO SEARCA, Philippines to offer e-learning course of Natural Research Management (NRM).
E. CONSULTING SERVICES
1. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI, Bandung) invited SEAMOLEC for collaboration in the preparation of the ODL programs in UPI. The program started with the training/workshop on ODL (2-8March 2006).
2. SEAMOLEC facilitated Harvest International Theological Seminary (HITS, Tangerang) to develop their e-Learning learning program by conducting two training programs on “e-Learning” (17 April-4 may 2006).
KRA-2:
Enhanced Quality and Efficiency of Management
By the year 2005, the establishment stage of SEAMOLEC has achieved its 9th years. Therefore, in order to achieve SEAMOLEC vision and mission, further forwarding steps must be taken. In the year 2005-2006, SEAMOLEC has developed its 2nd Five Years Development Plan, which focuses on strategic goal of accelerating its efforts to strengthen its institutional foundation and respond more actively to the needs of the Southeast Asia member countries to promote open and distance learning. The SEAMOLEC’s 2nd Five Years Development Plan has been endorsed by the SEAMEO Council during the SEAMEO Council Conference in Singapore, March 2006.
The strategic goal of SEAMOLEC’s development plan indicates two main focuses of development, i.e., strengthening institutional foundation, and responding actively to various needs in the area of ODL. The focuses are further translated into strategic objectives, program thrusts, and action plan to be carried out by SEAMOLEC during the year of 2005/2006 to 2009/2010. Within the 2nd Five
Years Development Plan, SEAMOLEC is actually carrying out transformation, from establishment stage to development stage to achieve its mission. Combined with external challenges which emphasize on quality in every aspects of an institutional endeavour, SEAMOLEC employs good governance and total quality management as the underlying principles on managing its development and transformation.
These principles of good governance and total quality management have been introduced to SEAMOLEC since early 2005, and adopted to be principles of managing SEAMOLEC’s transformation to answer
to institutional dynamics as well as services diversification. Good governance principles, as implemented in SEAMOLEC, include widening opportunity for participation, adherence to existing law, rules, and regulation, transparent management, responsive to various needs, consensus-based decision making, equity, fair and just, effective and
To ascertain the implementation of those two principles in SEAMOLEC, some steps have been taken, i.e.:
1. Reposition and Redefinition of SEAMOLEC
SEAMOLEC has been traveling its first eight years of establishment period to be the center of open and distance learning in Southeast Asian countries. With the 2nd Five Years Development Plan, SEAMOLEC will be rounding its establishment decade and then expectedly will
step into the later stage of its development phase. Under the 2nd Five Years Development Plan SEAMOLEC is shaping its programs and
activities based on the distinctive features of open and distance learning, where open learning means flexibility in learning across time and space for/by anybody through various means, while distance learning means solving geographical barrier in learning for/by anybody through various means.
Based on those assumptions, SEAMOLEC focuses its activity into five major thrusts, i.e., Training, Research and Development, Information & Communication Technology, Public Relations and Marketing, Administrative Management, and to cover all levels of education, custom-designed programs, as well as prepackaged programs of SEAMOLEC. Development and improvement of the Center’s quality services based on collaboration, accountability, responsiveness and relevance, and effectiveness and efficiency, and improvement of the Center’s internal management, as well as its organizational health are carried out accordingly.
To support the operational process, SEAMOLEC has prepared the new revised Enabling Instrument, Staff Rules, and Standard Operating Procedures. Those instruments will serve as guidance to the Centre for its daily operation and its forwarding journey to answers to the emerging challenges. In addition, SEAMOLEC will acquire new building, and some hardware’s and infrastructure to support its operation under the new development framework.
2. Improvement of Human Resources Management
SEAMOLEC’s human resources are the key players for the Centre. They are grouped into two categories, i.e., the internal staff members, and the outsourced experts. The internal staff members are the Centre’s experts staff and officers, and supporting staff who works for SEAMOLEC to support the management of SEAMOLEC’s programs and daily activities. While the outsourced experts are experts in the fields from other institutions, who are acquired by SEAMOLEC for special purposes or projects through networking.
With good skills and knowledge, experiences, and working culture, SEAMOLEC’s human resources are valuable asset. For this reason, some strategic programs have been designed for to increase their working capacity and performance. First is contract-based employment, so that each staff and expert has a working contract with the Centre on a yearly basis for implementing the Centre’s program. The semester-based staff evaluation system provides a picture of staff progress and development. It comes side by side with the reward and sanction scheme for the staff. In addition to in-kind reward, opportunities are also provided for the staff to participate in several events based on their skills and professionalism, i.e., further education, training, seminars/conferences.
Division and delegation of authority for each staff members is also drafted in the form of job description, for easy monitoring and quality control. A project island system is employed for staff to work in various teamworks based on the assignment and their expertise. That way, a staff member is required to be of a generalist, than a specialist, and each staff will experience different group dynamics from each team s/he is involved.
In 2005/2006, nine new staff members were recruited to strengthen SEAMOLEC’s working teams and divisions, as follows:
Area Number Division
Economic Management 3 (three) Finance Information & Technology 2 (two) IT and PR
3. Improvement of Financial Management
The deconcentration of financial management has been introduced in 2005, to improve the management of the Centre’s financial affairs, based on the transparancy principle. Each division is allocated the amount of budget based on their proposed activities. Division’s activities are derived from the 2nd Five Years Development Plan. The deconcentration system provides the autonomy of each division to propose budget (and receive approval from the Director and Finance Division), manage the alloted amount, and being responsible to the amount given (implementing the program and reporting).
Financial and activity report from each division is requested quarterly. Further, monthly financial report of the Centre is submitted to SEAMEO Secretariat monthly. For financial accountability report, SEAMOLEC’s financial affairs is audited by external auditor annually. The Centre’s accountability report is submitted to the SEAMOLEC Governing Board Meeting annually.
4. Improvement of General Management
Good communication among director, manager, and staff is believed to provide a conducive working atmosphere to the Center. The communication is carried through various means, e-mail, mobile phone (short messages), and also regular periodical meeting. Collective decision making is practiced for most major decision for the Centre, involving Director and Managers of Division. At the end of the year, SEAMOLEC conduct Centre’s annual meeting for discussing and evaluating the implemented program and the proposed new program for the following year. As a part of the meeting program, SEAMOLEC also conduct “outbound” program to refresh collegiality among staff members. The “family gathering” is also conducted once a year to entertain SEAMOLEC staff and their family.
Working facilities and equipment are furnished for each staff member to support productivity. At this moment, each staff member has access to a computer set and
connectivity to the internet. While space is limited, each staff member is equipped to have his/her own desk and working cubical. The situation in terms of office space will expectedly be improved when SEAMOLEC moves to its new building next year.
5. Improvement of Program Development
in-service training and seminar/conferences supports the development of staff creativity and knowledge on diversification of the Centre’s program.
To be able to answer the clients needs and demand, the Centre conducts feasibility study and needs assessment for each program, and making the Centre’s program to be custom-designed. The Centre’s program is designed by the program team consists of the Centre’s staff members as well as outsourced experts. Study on the clients satisfaction is set to be a regular and integrated part of the Centre’s program. Certification process is now well-documented through the application of certificate’s number. In addition, a follow up action is also conducted to each alumni of the Centre’s program, for at least one year after the program.
KRA-3:
Ensured Financial Viability
OPERATING FUNDS
The Operating Funds in the Fiscal year (FY) 2004/2005 was US$ 411,764.70 increase 53.17% compared with 2003/2004. This was indication the Government of Indonesia has a strong hope that SEAMOLEC will bring a good image for Indonesia in regional countries especially in education.
SPECIAL FUNDS
For Special Funds, there was small increase of the amount of US% 14, 358 in FY 2003/2004 to US$ 15,245 in FY 2004/2005 (6,17%).
OTHER FUNDS
During June 2004 to July 2005, SEAMOLEC did not earn income from any sponsored projects. It was because during the Fiscal Year, the projects with ASEAN Foundation and other donor were still in progress, and the fund has been received in FY 2003/2004.
UNALLOCATED FUNDS
Unallocated funds FY 2004/2005 was US$ 256.96, a significant decrease from FY 2003/2004to US$ 32,107.78 in 2005/2006.
SEAMEO SEAMOLEC BUDGET FY. 2005/2006 Compared with FY.2004/2005
(In US Dollars)
No Source of Fund
FY.2005/ 2006
FY.2004/
2005 Differences % Increase
1 Operating Fund 268,823.18 411,764.70 142941.52 53.173063 2 Special Fund 14,358.00 15,245.00 887 6.1777406 3 Other Fund 16,926.02 20,588.00 -206761.08 -90.944322 4 Unallocated Fund 227,349.08 256.96 12,395.24 -81.756608
KRA-4:
Increase Access to Markets SEAMOLEC Programs
A. PRINTED PUBLICATIONS
To elicit social and public awareness on the center’s operation, services, and products, SEAMOLEC took the following marketing and promotional procedures on publishing:
1. Leaflet : SEAMOLEC brochure to inform the general description on the center including rationale, mission, vision, objectives, functions, and organization of SEAMOLEC. The leaflet will be updated from time to time as may deem necessary.
2. Newsletter : Called "SEAMOLEC Info" with special concern about open and distance learning issues and activities. There were three editions published in 2005/2006, i.e., Vol.IX/No.20/August/2005, Vol.IX/No. 21/December 2005, and Vol.X/No.22/April 2006.
3. Annual Report : Report of SEAMOLEC programs based on its activities conducted from July 2005 to June 2006. This report is to be submitted to Center Directors Meeting (CDM), High Officials Meeting, SEAMEO Council Conference, and SEAMOLEC Governing Board Meeting.
6. Journal : The second volume of SEAMOLEC Journal on Open and Distance Learning was also published. The content of the journal provides information on the technology and management of open and distance learning.
7. Papers : SEAMOLEC staffs are encouraged to participate in various activities, in the country as well as abroad. The objective is not only for enhancing staff capability to participate in sharing their ideas, but also to seek ways in solving the problems faced by open and distance learning. The conversant of the idea into the written document (papers, modules, etc) will be beneficial to a larger audience.
B. DIGITAL PUBLICATIONS
1. Updating SEAMOLEC Website
SEAMOLEC continues to update information in its website every month. The information, provided in the website consist of: Center profile; program; calendar of events; SEAMOLEC GB Members; articles on open and distance learning in Southeast Asia countries; e-learning platform (WebCT); training alumni; linkages; publication; etc.
SEAMOLEC is also in the process of upgrading the information based on database with the new appearance. The upgrading is based on RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) and containing internal and external information including all information about SEAMOLEC employees. The website can be accessed at http://www.seamolec.org.
In the website, WebCT application is also installed as the tool for developing and delivering interactive course over the web, available at
http://webct.seamolec.org, and soon SEAMOLEC will upload Moodle as open source for online course management system. Each staff of SEAMOLEC has a private email account
within the domains of seamolec.org. The Center common email address is
2. Video Production
In introducing its profile and programs, SEAMOLEC has produced some video programs, i.e. ,
1. SEAMOLEC Profile (introduction to SEAMOLEC)
2. Director Report (Annual Report for July 2005 to June 2006)
3. Aceh Report (SEAMEO contribution for Aceh after earthquake and tsunami disaster)
4. Training report on ICT for Quality Improvement of Graduate Study (2 videos for two batches training)
5. Training report on ICT for Professional Development of Academic Staff in Higher Education (2 videos for two batches training)
KRA-5:
Strengthened and Increased Linkages with National,
Regional, and International Institutions
The Centre had conducted collaborative programs with national, regional, and international institutions on research and development, seminar and training.
1. RESEARCH
a. Research on the Implementation of ICT Policy in the Development of ICT Human Resources through the Vocational Education System (collaborative program between SEAMOLEC and Directorate of Technical & Vocational Education, MONE).
b. The Development of Models of Web-based Courses for Lecturers of Graduate Programs (collaborative program between SEAMOLEC and Directorate of Higher Education, MONE)
2. SEMINAR
International Seminar on Preparing the Future Human Resources through the Application of ICT-based Open and Distance Learning (collaborative program between SEAMOLEC and Yogyakarta State University)
3. TRAINING
There were 5 training programs conducted on Y-2005 and 8 training continuously programs on Y-2006 as SEAMOLEC collaborative program with Directorate of Personnel, MONE). They were:
Y-2005:
a. ICT Training For Professional Development Of Academic Staff In Higher Education (two batches training: 6-9 June and 25-29 July 2005)
b. ICT Training For Quality Improvement Of Graduate Study (two batches training: 8-12 August and 5-9 September 2005).
Y-2006:
a. ICT Training For Professional Development Of Academic Staff In Higher Education (three batches of training)
b. ICT Training For Quality Improvement Of Graduate Study (there were three batches of training: 24-28 April 2006, 29 May-2 June 2006, and August 2006).
c. Training On The Future Of Open And Distance Learning In Higher Education.
The others collaboration training programs were: 1. Training on e-Learning course development on 4-8
July 2005 (collaborative training with Islamic Sultan Agung University, based on MoU/MoA signed on Y-2005)
2. Training on ICT instruction for advanced level on 19-23 July 2005 (collaborative training with Medan State University, based on MoU/MoA signed on Y-2004/2005)
3. Training on e-Learning Packaging on 8-12 August 2005 (collaborative training with Tadulako University, based on MoU/MoA signed on Y-2004/2005)
4. International training on self-learning materials development on 15-19 August 2005 (collaborative training with Central Luzon State University, based on MoU/MoA signed on Y-2004/2005)
5. International training on self-learning materials development on 7-11 November 2005 (collaborative training with Hanoi Open University, based on MoU/MoA signed on Y-2005)
Mou and MoA signed by SEAMOLEC (July 2005 to June 2006)
No Institution Scope
1 Directorate of Technical and Vocational Education, MONE
Policy Analysis
2 Directorate of Personnel, MONE ICT Training for Teachers 3 Islamic University of Sultan Agung, Semarang ICT Training for Teacher
4 Hanoi Open University, Vietnam Training program and international seminar (next program)
5 UNDP and BAPENNAS Telecenter and Teaching Clinics 6 Yogyakarta State University, Yogyakarta International seminar on ODL 7 United State/Indonesia Teacher Education
Consortium (USINTEC)
Teacher certification
8 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI), Bandung
ODL System Development
9 SEAMEO SEARCA, Philippines NRM Online Training Development and Implementation
10 Medan State University, Medan Training programs on module writing and ICT
11 Tadulako University, Palu Training programs on module writing and ICT
12 Central Luzon State University, Philippines Training programs on module writing and e-Learning 13 Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia Training programs on module
writing and e-Learning 1 4 Harvest International Theological Seminar
(HITS), Tangerang
Assistance from Donor Agencies / Member Countries
Indonesia 1. Training on Basic ICT in Instruction Teaching at SEAMOLEC
2. Training on ICT in Instruction for Quality Improvement of Graduate Study Batch I State University of Yogyakarta 3. Training on ICT in Instruction
for Graduate Studies Batch II at Airlangga University,
4. Training on Trends and Issues in Open and Distance Learning at Bumi Karsa Hotel Jakarta, 5. Training on ICT in Instruction for Quality Improvement of Graduate Study Batch I State University of Sriwijaya 6. Training on ICT in Instruction
for Quality Improvement of Graduate Study Batch II State University of Airlangga 7. Training on ICT in Instruction
for Quality Improvement of Graduate Study Batch III Bandung Institute of Technology
Special Activities
Responding to emergency and crisis situation in Nangroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) and North Sumatra’s post Tsunami, SEAMEO, through the 40th SEAMEO Council Conference has made statement to offer prompt and relevance assistance based on its strength and expertise. SEAMEO efforts to provide assistance to NAD and North Sumatra is coordinated by the appointed Task Force.
SEAMOLEC has been involved in coordinating the development of proposals and implementation of activities from various SEAMEO Centers. Thus far, activities which have been accomplished include:
1. Rapid Nutrition Assessment by SEAMEO TROPMED Indonesia (supported by UNICEF).
2. Training for NAD medical practitioners by TROPMED Network.
3. Science Teachers Training by SEAMEO RESCAM (funded by the Government of Malaysia).
4. English Language Teachers Training by SEAMEO RELC (funded by the Government of Singapore).
5. Training on the use of GIS Software by SEAMEO BIOTROP (supported by Indonesian Geometric Society and Government of Germany).
6. Training on ICT for Instruction by SEAMOLEC for lecturers in NAD’s universities (supported by DGHE, MONE).
Future Agenda
While the present services will be maintained and upgraded in terms of its quality, new services will need to be developed to enable SEAMOLEC to cater to various needs of its clients. The delivery mode of the services will also be improved by offering some of the services in the form of web-based services, and teleconference services. Further, diversification of the Centre’s services will be carried out by responding actively to the calls for various programs as set by the SEAMEO and its Councils, the Centre’s partners, and the development in the field in general. Therefore, the improvement of SEAMOLEC’s capacity in offering quality services through professional and competent resource persons, collaboration with other centers and experts in the field, and diversification of services will be continued.
The construction of SEAMOLEC’s building will also be continued, and expectedly to be completed by March 2007. Thus, starting April 2007, SEAMOLEC will hold office in its new building. Certainly, this will require an impeccable preparation and adjustment to be able to achieve conducive working condition and system. Within the new building, an ODL classroom will be provided to house the teleconference activities, supported by the Government of Indonesia.
Further, SEAMOLEC will also make effort to apply standardized procedures to its operational management. Improvement in all points of its management system is necessary in this case, based on periodical self assessment of the Centre. The implementation of good governance principles and total quality management will also be carried through to achieve a more flexible, transparent, and accountable system.
By 2007, SEAMOLEC will have been completing its establishment decade. Within the period, efforts of development of SEAMOLEC has been focused on initiation and establishment of SEAMOLEC as an organization. The efforts has been directed toward designing and implementing its organizational structure and management system, developing SEAMOLEC’s strategic planning and corporate culture, recruiting quality human resources, obtaining commitment from upper management and stakeholders, and also managing the budget allocation and appropriation. SEAMOLEC has enjoyed high support from the Government of Indonesia during its establishment period, including the construction of SEAMOLEC’s building.
Based on its present situation, it is expected that SEAMOLEC will embark on its development stage starting 2007. Guided by the 2nd Five Year Development Plan, within the development stage, SEAMOLEC’s efforts are focused on gaining stronger support from stakeholders in Indonesia, Southeast Asia, as well as international setting through quality performance, credibility, and accountability. Within the present competitive situation, SEAMOLEC’s development stage is expected to evolve around creative and innovative development of quality services, quality process of delivery and management, and stronger collaboration and networking with various parties and stakeholders. Furthermore, promotion and advocacy of SEAMOLEC’s services is also a part of the development plan, in order for SEAMOLEC to gain recognition and to play more significant role in promoting open and distance learning in Southeast Asian countries.
Constraints and obstacles have always been in parallel to the strength and opportunities of the Center in its journey. Refinement and revision of the present practice to perform better is always demanded, and new vision for redefinition and repositioning SEAMOLEC’s in the continues cycle of its journey is also needed. Furthermore, new challenges will emerge, and new strategies will need to be found and implemented, as SEAMOLEC continues its future journey in pursuance of its vision as the regional center on open and distance learning under the auspices of SEAMEO.
SEAMOLEC
GB Member
1 BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
Hon. Awang Othman bin Haji Simbran
Assistant Director
Brunei Darussalam National Accreditation Council 2nd Floor, Block B, Ministry of Education
Bandar Seri Begawan BB 3510, Brunei Darussalam Tel: +673 (2) 382-129 ; Fax: +673 (2) 381-238 E-mail: othman@moe.edu.bn
2 CAMBODIA Mr. Om Sehty
Director
Information and ASEAN Affairs Department Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports
80 Preah Norodom Boulevard, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Tel: +855 (16) 863-405 ; Fax: +855 (23) 212-512 E-mail: crsmeys@camnet.com.kh
3 INDONESIA
Prof. Dr. Atwi Suparman
Rector
Indonesia Open Learning University
Jalan Cabe Raya, Ciputat, Tangerang 15418, Indonesia Tel: +62 (21) 749-0941 ; Fax: +62 (21) 743-4290
National University of Laos, Vientiane, Lao PDR
Tel: +856 (21) 416-067 to 71 ; Fax: +856 (21) 412-3381
6 MYANMAR Mr. Mya Oo
Director General
Department of Higher Education (Upper Myanmar) Mandalay, Myanmar
Tel: (095) 02 39315 ; Fax: (095) 02 39511/(095) 02 31169 E-mail: dgdheu@mail.mandalay.net.mm
drtmyint@dheum-edu.gov.mm ; dhemdy@mptmail.net.mm
7 PHILIPPINES
Prof. Dr. Felix Librero
Chancellor
UP Open University
Los Banos, Laguna 4031, Philippines Tel: +63 (49) 536-6001 to 6 ext 700, 701
Educational Technology Division Ministry of Education 1 North Buona Vista Drive, Singapore 138675, Republic of Singapore
Tel: +65 6879-6418 ; Fax: +65 6775-7481 E-mail: KOH_Thiam_Seng@moe.gov.sg
9 THAILAND
Prof. Dr. Prataya Vesarach
President
Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University Chaengwattana Road Bangpood
Pak Kred Nonthaburi 11120, Thailand Tel: +66 (0) 2503-3553, 2504-7011 Fax: +66 (0) 2503-3554
E-mail: president@stou.ac.th ; stouinter@gmail.com
10 VIETNAM
Prof. Dr. Phan Van Que
Vice President
Hanoi Open University
B101 Bach Khoa, Hanoi, Vietnam Tel: +84 (4) 868-1617, 869-2274 Fax: +84 (4) 869-1587
Ex-Officio Member
1 Dr. Edilberto C de Jesus
Director
SEAMEO Secretariat
Mom Luang Pin Malakul Centenary Building 920 Sukhumvit Road, Bangkok 10110, Thailand Tel : +66 (0) 2391-0144 ; Fax : +66 (0) 2381-2587 E-mail : secretariat@seameo.org
2
Prof. Dr. Paulina Pannen
Director
SEAMEO SEAMOLEC
Jl. Cenderawasih, KM.15,5, Jakarta-Bgr
PO Box 59/CPA, Ciputat 15401, Jakarta, Indonesia Tel : (62 21) 741 4952 ; Fax : (62 21) 741 4953
SEAMOLEC
Staff
Paulina Pannen (Director)
Mardhatilah Mardjohan (Deputy Director)
Training Division
Muhammad Lukman Manager
Mohammad Rinaldi Officer
Dani P. Hermawan Officer
Arie Susanty Officer
Information Technology Division
Abubakar Alatas Manager
Anti Rismayanti Officer
Atiya Fajria Officer
Research Division
Dina Mustafa Manager
Herawati Officer
PR/Marketing Division
Timbul Pardede Manager
Bagus Dwipayana Officer
Ade Tantrie Puspita Officer
Finance/Administration Division
Erdih Manager
Freddy Kalalo Officer
Aline Almandha Officer
Aprilia Indah S. Officer
Sarbini Officer
Nurhaeti Officer
Relanica M. Officer
Umy Kurniaty Officer
Abdullah Officer
Jani Kelly Officer
