PENDAHULUAN PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL MIKROORGANISME PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME GENETIKA MIKROORGANISME BIOENERGETIKA MIKROORGANISME PENGENDALIAN PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME INTERAKSI DAN PENYEBARAN MIKROORGANISME PERANAN MIKROORG

(1)

2. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

3. STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL MIKROORGANISME

4. PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME

5. GENETIKA MIKROORGANISME

6. BIOENERGETIKA MIKROORGANISME

7. PENGENDALIAN PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME

8. INTERAKSI DAN PENYEBARAN MIKROORGANISME

9. PERANAN MIKROORGANISME

MIKROBIOLOGI

DASAR

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I. PENDAHULUAN

II. EVOLUSI DAN KERAGAMAN MIKROBA

III. TINGKATAN TAKSONOMI

IV. SISTEM KLASIFIKASI

V. KARAKTERISTIK UTAMA YANG DIGUNAKAN DALAM

TAKSONOMI

VI. PERKIRAAN (

ASSESSING)

FILOGENI MIKROBA

VII. DIVISI UTAMA ORGANISME

(3)

A. ARCHAEA

B. BACTERIA

C. FUNGI

D. ALGAE

E. PROTOZOA

F. VIRUS

(4)

POKOK BAHASAN

3. NILAI PENTING

NILAI PENTING

4.

4. MORFOLOGI

MORFOLOGI

5.

5. NUTRISI DAN METABOLISME

NUTRISI DAN METABOLISME

6.

6. ENCYSTMENT AND EXCYSTMENT

ENCYSTMENT AND EXCYSTMENT

7.

7. ORGANEL PERGERAKAN

ORGANEL PERGERAKAN

8.

8. REPRODUKSI

REPRODUKSI

9.

(5)

 Protozoa are a polyphyletic group of organisms _{Protozoa are a polyphyletic group of organisms}

 _{Protozoa are unicellular, eucaryotic protists that are usually motile}_{Protozoa are unicellular, eucaryotic protists that are usually motile}  Protozoology is the study of protozoa_{Protozoology is the study of protozoa}

 _{Some protozoa are anaerobic (e.g., Trichonympha lives in the gut of termites)}_{Some protozoa are anaerobic (e.g., Trichonympha lives in the gut of termites)}

 _{Most anaerobic protozoa do not have mitochondria or CYTOCHROMES, and have an INCOMPLETE TCA CYCLE}_{Most anaerobic protozoa do not have mitochondria or CYTOCHROMES, and have an INCOMPLETE TCA CYCLE}

 _{Some anaerobic protozoa contain}Some anaerobic protozoa contain HYDROGENOSOMESHYDROGENOSOMES - small membrane-delimited organelles containing a unique ELECTRON TRANSFER SYSTEM that uses protons as terminal electron - small membrane-delimited organelles containing a unique ELECTRON TRANSFER SYSTEM that uses protons as terminal electron

acceptors to form molecular hydrogen

(6)

 _{Primarily in moist habitats (because they lack a cell wall), including freshwater}_{Primarily in moist habitats (because they lack a cell wall), including freshwater}

(ponds, streams, lakes) and marine (oceans) (ponds, streams, lakes) and marine (oceans)

 Some live in moist soil, beach sand, and decaying organic matter_{Some live in moist soil, beach sand, and decaying organic matter}

 _{Most are free living, free-living, critical members of plankton drifting}_{Most are free living, free-living, critical members of plankton drifting}

organisms that form the basis of aquatic food chains organisms that form the basis of aquatic food chains

(7)

 _{Serve as an important link in food chains and food webs (zooplankton)}_{Serve as an important link in food chains and food webs (zooplankton)}

 Food chain-series of organisms, each feeding on the preceding one _{Food chain-series of organisms, each feeding on the preceding one}  Food web-complex interlocking series of food chains_{Food web-complex interlocking series of food chains}

 Important in the study of biochemistry and molecular biology because they _{Important in the study of biochemistry and molecular biology because they}

use the same metabolic pathways as multicellular eucaryotes use the same metabolic pathways as multicellular eucaryotes

(8)

 _{Protozoa have some unique features}_{Protozoa have some unique features}

 ECTOPLASM_ECTOPLASM is the gelatinous cytoplasm just inside the plasma membrane; it _{is the gelatinous cytoplasm just inside the plasma membrane; it} provides some rigidity and shape

provides some rigidity and shape

 _PELLICLE_PELLICLE_{consists of the plasma membrane and the structures immediately}_{consists of the plasma membrane and the structures immediately} beneath it

beneath it

 _ENDOPLASM_ENDOPLASM_{is the more fluid cytoplasm in the interior of the cell}_{is the more fluid cytoplasm in the interior of the cell}

 Some have one nucleus, some have two or more identical nuclei, and some have _{Some have one nucleus, some have two or more identical nuclei, and some have} two distinct types of nuclei

two distinct types of nuclei

 _{The MACRONUCLEUS}_The_MACRONUCLEUS_{is associated with trophic activities and regenerative processes}_{is associated with trophic activities and regenerative processes}

 The _TheMICRONUCLEUS_MICRONUCLEUS controls reproductive activities by sequestering genetic material _{controls reproductive activities by sequestering genetic material}

for exchange during reproduction for exchange during reproduction

 _VACUOLES_VACUOLES_{are usually present}_{are usually present}

 _{CONTRACTILE VACUOLES}_{CONTRACTILE VACUOLES}_{are osmoregulatory}_{are osmoregulatory}

 _{PHAGOCYTIC VACUOLES}_{PHAGOCYTIC VACUOLES}_{are sites of food digestion}_{are sites of food digestion}

 SECRETORY VACUOLES_{SECRETORY VACUOLES} usually contain enzymes for specific functions, such as _{usually contain enzymes for specific functions, such as}

(9)

 In holozoic nutrition, nutrients are acquired by PHAGOCYTOSIS; some ciliates have a _{In holozoic nutrition, nutrients are acquired by PHAGOCYTOSIS; some ciliates have a} specialized structure, called a CYTOSOME, for phagocytosis

specialized structure, called a CYTOSOME, for phagocytosis

 In SAPROZOIC NUTRITION, nutrients are acquired by PINOCYTOSIS, DIFFUSION, or _{In SAPROZOIC NUTRITION, nutrients are acquired by PINOCYTOSIS, DIFFUSION, or} CARRIER-MEDIATED TRANSPORT (facilitated diffusion or active transport)

(10)

 _ENCYSTATION_ENCYSTATION_{is the development of a resting stage structure called a cyst}_{is the development of a resting stage structure called a cyst}

 The cyst is a dormant form that has a wall and greatly reduced metabolic activity _{The cyst is a dormant form that has a wall and greatly reduced metabolic activity}  Functions of cysts _{Functions of cysts}

 Protect against adverse changes in the environment _{Protect against adverse changes in the environment}

 _{Function as sites for nuclear reorganization and cell division}_{Function as sites for nuclear reorganization and cell division}

 _{Serve as a means of transfer from one host to another for parasitic species}_{Serve as a means of transfer from one host to another for parasitic species}

 EXCYSTATION_EXCYSTATION is the escape of vegetative forms, called trophozoites, from the _{is the escape of vegetative forms, called trophozoites, from the}

cyst; it is usually triggered by a return to a favorable environment (e.g., such cyst; it is usually triggered by a return to a favorable environment (e.g., such

(11)

 _{A few protozoa are nonmotile}_{A few protozoa are nonmotile}

 _{Most use one of three major types of locomotory organelles}_{Most use one of three major types of locomotory organelles}

 _{Pseudopodia-cytoplasmic extensions}_{Pseudopodia-cytoplasmic extensions}  _CILIA_CILIA_{-filamentous extensions (short)}_{-filamentous extensions (short)}  _FLAGELLA_FLAGELLA_{-filamentous extensions (long)}_{-filamentous extensions (long)}

(12)

 _{The most common method of ASEXUAL reproduction is:}_{The most common method of ASEXUAL reproduction is:}

 BINARY FISSION, which involves mitosis followed by cytokinesis _{BINARY FISSION, which involves mitosis followed by cytokinesis}

 The most common type of SEXUAL reproduction is:_{The most common type of SEXUAL reproduction is:}

 _{conjugation, an exchange of gametic nuclei between paired protozoa of}_{conjugation, an exchange of gametic nuclei between paired protozoa of} complementary mating types

(13)

 _{The most accepted scheme classifies protozoa as a subkingdom of protists,}_{The most accepted scheme classifies protozoa as a subkingdom of protists,}

containing

containing SEVEN PHYLASEVEN PHYLA; classification is based primarily on types of nuclei, ; classification is based primarily on types of nuclei, mode of reproduction, and mechanism of locomotion

mode of reproduction, and mechanism of locomotion

 Recently, other schemes have been suggested _{Recently, other schemes have been suggested}

 _{CAVALIER-SMITH has proposed elevating the protozoa to the status of a kingdom}_{CAVALIER-SMITH has proposed elevating the protozoa to the status of a kingdom} with 18 phyla

with 18 phyla

 Molecular classification schemes suggest that the protozoa do not exist as an _{Molecular classification schemes suggest that the protozoa do not exist as an} evolutionary taxon, but rather that the protozoa are polyphyletic

(14)

(15)

This phylum includes protists with:

 a single type of nucleus and flagella or pseudopodia;

(16)

(lanjutan)



Subphylum

MASTIGOPHORA



contains both phytoflagellates (chloroplast-bearing

flagellates) and zooflagellates;



ZOOFLAGELLATES have the following characteristics:

Do not have chlorophyll; are holozoic or saprozoic

Asexual reproduction occurs by LONGITUDINAL BINARY FISSION; sexual reproduction is known for a few species, and ENCYSTMENT is common

One group, the kinetoplastids, has mitochondrial DNA in a special region called the KINETOPLAST

Some are free living; some are ENDOSYMBIOTIC (e.g., Trichonympha species in the intestines of termites

(17)



Subphylum SARCODINA

 _{contains amoeboid organisms}

 Found in aquatic and terrestrial habitats, where they take up nutrients by PHAGOCYTOSIS and PINOCYTOSIS

 Reproduction is usually by simple ASEXUAL BINARY FISSION; some form CYSTS

 Some have a loose-fitting shell called a TEST (e.g., foraminiferans and radiolarians, which are primarily marine amoebae; a few occur in fresh or brackish water)

 Some are ENDOSYMBIONTS and can be either commensals or parasites; some are free-living, disease-causing amoebae

(lanjutan)

(18)



PROTISTS

with:



spindle-shaped or spherical, nonamoeboid, vegetative cells;



some move by gliding motion on mucous tracks



Most members are marine organisms and are either

SAPROZOIC

or

(19)

 Often called SPOROZOANS because they have a spore-forming stage in their life cycle; lack locomotory organelles, except the male gametes and the

zygotes (ookinetes);

 are either intra- or intercellular parasites having a characteristic structure called the APICAL COMPLEX

 APICAL COMPLEX - a unique arrangement of fibrils, tubules, vacuoles, and other organelles at one end of the cell

 One or two polar rings at the apical end

 CONOID-spirally arranged fibers adjacent to the polar rings

 SUBPELLICULAR MICROTUBULES radiate from the polar rings and probably serve as support elements

(20)

(lanjutan)

 Have complex life cycles involving two different hosts (usually mammal and often a mosquito)

 Life cycle has both asexual and sexual phases and is characterized by an alternation of haploid and diploid generations

 At some point in the life cycle, they undergo schizogony, a rapid series of mitotic events producing a large number of small infective organisms through the formation of uninuclear buds

(21)

 This group includes some very important pathogens

 Plasmodium-malaria

 Cryptosporidium-cryptosporidiosis

 Toxoplasma-toxoplasmosis

 Eimeria-coccidiosis

(lanjutan)

(22)

 Obligately intracellular parasites lacking mitochondria and transmitted by a RESISTANT SPORE

 Several economically important pathogens of insects

 There has been increased interest in their use as BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL

(23)

 PARASITIC PROTISTS:

(24)

 parasitic protists with resistant spores having one to six coiled polar filaments;

 parasitic on freshwater and marine fish;

(25)

 The largest of the seven phyla; these organisms are distinguished by the use of cilia as locomotory organelles

Cilia arranged in longitudinal rows or spirals

Oblique stroke of cilia causes ciliates to rotate as they swim

Can move forward or backward

(26)

 Feeding behavior

Food is captured by action of cilia around the buccal cavity; food enters the cytostome and passes to phagocytic vacuoles that fuse with lysosomes, where digestion occurs

After digestion the vacuoles fuse with a special region of the pellicle, called the cytoproct, which empties the cell's waste material to the outside4. Most have two types of nuclei

 Micronucleus-diploid; functions in mitosis and meiosis

 Macronucleus-polyploid for some genes; maintains routine cellular functions

 Asexual reproduction is by transverse binary fission; sexual reproduction usually is by conjugation

(27)

(28)

3

d) MACRONUCLEUS MACRONUCLEUS

e)

e) MICRONUCLEUSMICRONUCLEUS

f)

f) CONTRACTILE VACUOLESCONTRACTILE VACUOLES

g)

g) PHAGOCYTIC VACUOLESPHAGOCYTIC VACUOLES

h)

h) SECRETORY VACUOLESSECRETORY VACUOLES

ECTOPLASM is the gelatinous cytoplasm just inside the plasma membrane; it provides some rigidity and shape PELLICLE consists of the plasma membrane and the structures immediately beneath it

ENDOPLASM is the more fluid cytoplasm in the interior of the cell

The MICRONUCLEUS controls reproductive activities by sequestering genetic material for exchange during

reproduction

The MACRONUCLEUS is associated with trophic activities and regenerative processes

CONTRACTILE VACUOLES are osmoregulatory

PHAGOCYTIC VACUOLES are sites of food digestion

SECRETORY VACUOLES usually contain enzymes

for specific functions, such as excystation

(29)

(30)

(31)



Typically occurs simultaneously with

telophase of mitosis



In some algae and fungi, may be

postponed or not occur at all



Results in multinucleated cells called

coenocytes

(32)

(33)



Plasmodium

, which causes malaria,

reproduces asexually within red blood

cells and liver cells by a special type of

reproduction called

schizogony



Multiple mitoses form multinucleate

schizont



Cytokinesis occurs releasing numerous

daughter cells called

merozoites

_merozoites



Classic fever and chills associated with

release

(34)

(35)



Trouble classifying



For us:



Protozoa



Fungi



Algea – will skip

(36)



Diverse group defined by three

characteristics



Eukaryotic



Unicellular



Lack a cell wall



With exception of

apicomplexans

, they

are also motile by means of cilia,

flagella, and/or pseudopodia

(37)



Require moist environments because

they lack a cell wall



Most live worldwide in ponds, streams,

lakes, and oceans; critical members of

plankton – free-living, drifting

organisms that form the basis of

aquatic food chains



Some live in moist soil, beach sand, and

decaying organic matter

(38)



Characterized by great morphologic

diversity



Some have two nuclei (

Paramecium

)



Macronucleus (50n) contains many copies

of genome – controls metabolism, growth,

and sexual reproduction



Micronucleus – involved in genetic

recombination, sexual reproduction, and

regeneration of macronuclei

(39)

(40)



Variety in number and kinds of mitochondria



Some have contractile vacuoles



All produce trophozoites – motile feeding

stage; some produce cysts – resting stage



One trophozoite forms one cyst; to allow

intestinal protozoa to pass from one host to

another and to survive harsh environments

(41)

(42)



Most are chemoheterotrophic



Obtain nutrients by phagocytizing

bacteria, decaying organic matter, other

protozoa, or the tissues of host



Few absorb nutrients from surrounding

water



Dinoflagellates and euglenoids are

photoautrophic

(43)



Most reproduce asexually only (binary

fission or schizogony)



Few also have sexual reproduction



Some become

gametocytes

that fuse to

form diploid zygote

(44)

(45)



Plasmodium – malaria



Babesia – anemia

(46)



Pfiesteria

– neurotoxin, most potent;

poison when handled can cause

memory loss, confusion, headache,

respiratory difficulties, skin rash, muscle

cramps, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting

–

possible estuary-associated syndrome

_{possible estuary-associated syndrome}

(PEAS)

(47)

(48)