Simple Conversion Method from Gasoline to Biogas Fueled Small Engine to Powered Electric Generator.

(1)

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2013 Intemational Conference on Alternative Energy in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies

On behalf

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University,

it

is

an honor, and

a

pleasure,

to

welcome all

participants to the 2013 International

Conference

on Alternative

Energy

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Developing

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Climate

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World

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-2013 International Conference on Altemative Energy in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies

The

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While

this is

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challenge, it is also

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opportunity.

Iadee4

as mentioned

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the

UN-Energy, "Developing

counkies, many

of

them growing rapidly

and

at a large

scale,

have the opportunity to

leapfrog conventional

energy

options

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move

directly

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cleaner energy altematives

that

will

enhance economic

and social development". The rapid

development

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altenrative enerry options

based on renewable energy sources

offers

developing

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emerging

economies

the possibility

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access

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South.

The

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an encouraging sign that alternative

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Thaksin University

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leader for altemative and renewable energy

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Asia.

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Canadq

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the 2013

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Scientific

Committee.

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friendships.

Yves

Gagnon P.Eng., D.Sc.

Professor

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K.C.

kving

Chair in

Sustainable

Development

Universit6

de

Moncton, Carada

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2013 International ConfErence on Altemative Enerry in Developing Colmties and Emerging Economies

Following

a

most

success

first

edition

1n20ll,

we

are

proud

to

organize and

host

the

2013 Intemational Conference

on

Alternative Energy

in

Developing Countries

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Emerging

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AEDCEE).

We

hope

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from

developing as

well

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developed

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meet and

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Conference

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Faculty

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the

Research

Center

in

Energy

and

Environment-Thaksin University, the Universit6 de Moncton

(Canada),

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of Maryland (USA)

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private

sector-On

behalf of Thaksin University,

our

parhers

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sponsors,

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Conference, and

for

presenting

your

great and

outstanding

research

work.

Thank

you

and Sawasdee,

Asst.

Prof. Dr.

Ponrpun Khemakunasai

Director,

Research and

Development Institute

Science

Thaksin

University

Asst.

Prof. Dr. JompobWaewsak

Director,

Research

Center

in

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and

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Thaksin

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Sarapee

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Dean,

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na

kul,

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i la nd

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Intrasungkha,

Thailand

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.)

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China

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India

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ndit

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mmasan,

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land

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ian,

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nssoc. Prof.

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ft

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ngpa

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i la nd

t

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rin,

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land

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pong

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land

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Ong,

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. Ga m

pol

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kul,

Thai

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t

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NU

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roen

porn

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Asst.Prof.Dr.Nattapol Poomsa-ad

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Dr.Pisit Maneechot,

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Dr.Watsa Khongnakorn,

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Or.Withaya Puangsombut,

RIvIUTR

(8)

2013 International Confereuce on Altemative Energy in Developing Counkies and Emerging Economies

Simple Conversion

Method from

Gasoline

to

Biogas

Fueled

Small Engine to Powered

Electric

Generator

I

Wayan Suratar,

ljokorda

Gde

Ti(aNindhiaz,

I

Ketut

Adi

Atrnikar,

Dewa

NgakanKetut

Pufra Negaraa,and

I

Wayan Eka Perrnana Puha5 ''''''n

D"pr*"rt

of Mechanical Engineering, Udayana University, Denpasar (lzdonesia)

5

Undergraduate Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Udayana University Denpasar, (Indonesia)

ABSTRACT

The gasoliae fueled single cylinrler generator engines are

well

established and available

in the

market vrith reasonable price,

in the

other hand the biogas fueled engine

for

elecftic generator is not

well

established yet. The purpose

ofthis

tesearch is to find simple conversion

method

from

gasoline

to

biogas fueled

of the

single cylinder four stoke engines. For this purlrose, the biogas should be upgraded to the level of zero H2S impurity and zero level of HzO content. The carburetor of the gasoline engine was replaced and only component of the mixer

of

the fuel and air were used. The intake of the biogas fueled

should

be

completed

with

valve that

can

be

opened

automatically

by

vacuum

of

the

zuction skoke

of

the engine.

To

inctease the performance

of

the engine, the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) was added to the mixture up to 80% ofbiogas and20%oLPG.

Keywords: bioges, convension, electric generetor, four

shoke engine, gasoling single cylinder

INTRoDUCfloN

The

difficulty

in

manufacturing

the

biogas fueled engine still become a problem that

leld

in high price

of

the biogas fueled engine.

This

make

the

progress

of

utilization biogas as a fuel for electric generator engine in developing country

is

found

not

as good as

in

the developed country. Biogas

quality varies

among the region make

it

difficult to upgrade in to the standard state for fueled the engine. As reported by Osorio and Tores [1], biogas composed of various gases such as methane (6U-7tr/o), CO2

QMl%),

nitrogen

(<lY),

ard H2S

(10-2000 ppm). This various composition make

difficult

for the user

in

setting the engine

for

example

to

rur

the electric generator.

The concentrations of the impurities (methane, carbon

dioxide, water,

hydrogen

sulhde, nitrogen,

oxygen, ammonia, siloxanes and particles) are dependent on the

corposition

of

the

substate

fiom

which

the

gas was produced. However, to prevent corrosion and mechanical

weat of the

upgrading equipment

itself,

it

can

be

advantageous to clem the gas before the _{upgrading [2].}

When flOwing

out from the

digester,

biogas

is

saturated with water vapor, and this water condensate

in

pipelines and cause corrosion. Water can be removed by

c.ooling

compression, absorption

or

adsorption. By

increasing the pressure

or

decreasing the ternperature,

water

will

condensate

from the

biogas

and can

be removed. Cooling can be simply achieved by burying the gas

line

equipped

with a

condensate trap

in

the

soil.

Water

can also

be

removed

by

adsorption using

molecular sieves, SiO2,

or

activated carbon. These

materials are usually regenerated by heating or a decrease

in

pressure. Other technologies

for

water removal are

absorption

in

glycol solutions or the use ofhygroscopic

salts _[2].

During microbiological reduction of sulfur containing compounds (sulfates, peptides, amino acids) hydrogen sulfide is fomred. The concenhations of hydrogen sulfide

in the biogas s31

!g

eliminated either by precipitation in

the digester liquid or by treating the gas either in a stand

alone vessel or while removing carbon dioxide. Addition

of Fe2* ions or Fe3* ions

in

the form of FeCl2, FeCl3 or

FeSO+,

to

the digester precipitates the alnost insoluble

iron sulfide that is removed together

with

the digestate

t2t-Beside its

difficulty for

fueled the engine, biogas has

advantages as alternative enerry since easy

to

produce

even from municipal waste [3]. This make that the effort

to use biogas

to

fireled the engine should be promoted

and

supported

as

vfuat

happened

in

the

developed country. Recently the biogas is possible to use for driven

air

conditioning system

[4],

and more even at the sub

topical

region, the used

of

biogas was proven

well

for combined

heat and

powered

(CHP)

for establishing

electricity and heating during winter

[5].

The advantages

of

biogas plants are varied

[6]:

economically atEactive

investment;

easily

operated and

safe

installation; production ofrenewable elechicity and heat resulting in a

reduction

of

CO2

emissions; rqduction

of

methane

emissions

from

manwe storage and; improvement

of

fertilizing qualities of manwe.

Biogas systems also lead

to

indirect etrvironmsntal effects that are not direct results

of

the replacement

of

other energy systoms. One

exarple

that was reduced emission of methane from storage of liquid manure

if

the manwe is used for biogas production. Another example is

the

anaerobic digestion

and

biogas production from organic waste materials that are conrposted. Composting of organic waste causes bioLogical emissions of ammonia,

nitrous

odde

and methane and these emissions can be

sipificant if

gas-cleaning equipment

is

uot used. The

digesting

of

organic waste

produces

indirect environmental benefits, in the form of reduced emissions

Corre.sponding Author: waysurat@yahoo.com

(9)

-714-2013 Inteorational Conference on Altemative Energy in Developing Countries and Errerging Economies

of

greenhouse gases (methane and nitrous oxide) and

pollutants contributing to eutophication (ammonia), and

these

indirect

effects

even

exceed

the

direct

environmental benefits

of

replacing fossil vehicle fuels

with

biogas.

Another

important advantage

of

biogas technology is its application in the freatment of municipal

solid waste

with

a

concomitant reduction

in

the waste volume [7].

It

is reported that by increasing the compression ratio

in the spark

igrition

engine could make possible for the

gasoline

tlpe

fueled engine

to

replace

by

using biogas,

but

spark

ipition

engine

operation

with

biogas

containing signifrcant ftactions of inert gases such as CO2

and N2 exhibit decrease

of

perforrnance cornpared with

natural gas or gasoline.

It

ig likely that emissions of NO*

will

increase _[8].

The idea from Rakopoulos and Michos [9] to make a

mixhre

of

l5Yo hydrogen

in

to

the biogas

for

fuel the

spark

ipition

engine with result the aildition of hydrogen

in biogas that promotes the degree of reversibility of the

buming process mainly during the combustion of the later

buming gas, but the conkibution of the early burning gas

to

the

decrease

in

combustion

irreversibility

with

hydrogen addition seems to be less prominent.

Method

in

mixing biogas

with

city gas

is

introduced

by the method developed by Yamasaki et al. [10].

It

was

developed

a

gas

engine

system capable

of

stable

operation at any

mix ratio

of

ctty

gas and biogas was

dweloped. The gas engine system consists

of

a

spark-igrrition gas engine, an additional

elecric

throttle valve

for fuel and control algoritbm. The control algorithm was

also designed

to

adjust the fuel and air ratio to attain a

higher generation efEciency and lower

NO,

emission.

It

is

good

for

reference

to

study

the prwious

research

conducted

by

Chandra

et

al.

[1].

The

perfomrance

results

for

comlnessed natural gas, methane emiched

biogas and raw biogas at compression ratio

of

12.65. The

observed power losses due to conversion of diesel engine

into

spark ignition engine had been 31.8%, 35.6Y, arLd

46.3Yo

fot

compressed natural gas, methane emiched

biogas and

raw

biogas, respectively.

The

engine test

rezults obtained in terms of brake power ouQut, specific

gas

consumption

ard

thermal efficiency

on

methane

enriched biogas containing 95% methane has showed that

the

engine perforrnance

is

almost

similar

to

ftat

of

coryresscd natural gas- Thus, the gaseous fuel metlane

enriched biogas

is

as good as natural gas

mix

ratios

of

city gas U 11.

Biogas can be used as flrel

for

natural gas vehicles.

The benefit is that fossil fuels like pehol and diesel can

be replaced. For biogas, the reduction ofgreen house gas

emissions can be as much as 100 %. Natural gas used as a

vehicle

fuel

gives 20-30

%

lower

CO2 emissions.

A

reduction above 100 Yo cwr

be

achieved when biogas

produced

from

manure

is

utilized as

a

vehicle fuel.

Methane, which is a strong green house gas, is released

into the atnosphere from maurue

in

traditional manrtre

storage. Biogas as a vehicle firel can thus both decrease

the leakage

of

methane from manure and decrease the

emissions of fossil carton dioxide. Another atlvantage is

that vehicles running on upgraded biogas or natural gas

have _{lower emissions ofparticles, NO*and SO. t2].}

It

is

the purpose

of

this research

to

develop simple

method

for

conversion

Aom

gasoline

to

biogas fueled

small engine, without change the compression

ratio

of

original spark ignition englne. The small fueled gasoline

engine was from the specification that easily found in

t}e

market of developing counky that was 4-stroke gasoline

engrne, air-cooled,

inclined single cylinder.

The

displacement

is

196 cc,

with

compression ration 8.5:1.

The ignition system was non contact tansistor igpition

(TCI). This engine was used to run the eleckic generator.

EPnnngrrer

The schematic of the process by using 100% biogas is

presented

in

Fig.

l

The biogas obtained from digester

was desulfirrized by using annealed and compacted steel

waste chips from the waste

of

turning process

in.

The

detail process

of

processing can

be

accessgd

in

our

previous report [12]. The annealed and compacted billet

used for this research is presented in Fig. 2.

Fig. I . Schenratic of conversion method from gasoline to biogas fueled electric generator engine. 1. Digester, 2. Desuffurizer, 3. Dehumidifier,

4.Bag ofgas holder, 5. Compressor, 6. Gas conainer, T.Vaccum opened valve, 8. Air intake, 9. Biogas and air mixo, 10. Engine.

Fig. 2. Annealed md corryacted billet of steel wrote chips as

desulfurizer-To ensure that the biogas is free from H2S impurities,

the HzS content

in

the biogas was checked before and

after passing the desulfluizer.

If

the HzS still found in the

biogas, the addition

ofbillel

ofannealed and compacted

desulfurizer should

be

done.

The

biogas

with

free

irrpurities

of

H2S

was

flowed

to

entering

the

(10)

-2013 Intemational Conference on Alternative Etergy in Dweloping Countries and Emerging Economies

dehrmridifiEr.

Again

should

be

enswed here

that

the

biogas should be free from water

content-Aftenvard the biogas was let to

flow in

to the bag

of

gas holder, which from here was ready to be coryressed

in

to

the biogas container

until

reach about 6 bar. The

valve that

will

open by vacuum mechanism was installed

to arrange the flow of the biogas. With this valve the gas

will

flow in to the intake of the

runifold

and

will

stop

if

the engine not runs. The biogas fhen'continues to flow in

to

the mixer

parl

This mixer cornponent

is

part

of

the

carburetor

in

the

gasoline

fueled

engine but

the

carburetion cUp

wrs

replaced and

only mixer part

is

remain. Together with biogas, the air was flowed in to the

mixer,

and

directed

in

to

the

intake

valve

of

the

combustion chambs.

It

should be noted here that during

starting the engine, the

flow

rate

of

the biogas was let

maximum and reduce

the rate

until the

engine start

nmning. After that, the rate

of air flow

in

to the mixer

was adjustetl until the engine run stably.

The composition

of

COz

in

the biogas was not

in

to

account in this research since the process for purification

of

biogas

from

CO2 contamiftInt

is corylicated

for

implementation as demonstrated by Chien [13] and also

Tippayawong

and

Thanompongchart

[14]. This

work

also can be used as a proof, that the biogas can run the

engine even

with

still

contain CO, impurity. The detail

schematic for the process is provided in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. Schematic ofconversion metbod ftom gasoline to biogas fucled electric generator engine. I, Digester, 2. Desulfurizer, 3. Dehumidifier,

4. Bag ofgas bolder, 5. Compressor, 6. biogas container, T.Vaccnn

opened valve, 8. Air intake, 9. Gas and air mixer, 10. Fnging. I l. Biogas valvq 12. LPG valve, 13. LPG container.

The

selected engine

for

this

purpose was 4-stroke

gasoline engine,

air-coold

inclined single cylinder. The

displaccment

is

196 cc,

with

comprcssion ration 8.5:1.

The ignition system was non contact transistor ignition (TCI).

It

was planed in this research that

will

not change

the specification

of

the engine

for

the easy conversion

method from gasoline to biogas fueled.

ln

this research investigation on the effect of mixing

biogas

with

liquefied petroleum gas

(LPG)

was also

conducted. The variations

of

biogas composition

in

the

mixture

of

biogas-LPG

in

this

research namely 80o/o,

85yo, 90y,, 95Yo and 100%. The effect of variation of the

biogas-LPG

mixture

on

engine

speed

was

then

investigated.

The

schernatic

of

the

experimental is

depicted in the Fig. 3. The both gas container in the Fig. 3

have the same initial pressure i.e about 6 bar, The valve

I

at the beginning was let flrll open and the valve 12 was

full

closed. The engine was then

operatd

and tho engine

speed was measurgd, The experiment then was continued

by making a mixture 95yo,90yo,85yo, and 80% of biogas

composition in the mixture by arranging the valve 11 and

valve

12

and

ttre

engine

speeds

were

measured

respectively.

The

graph

of

gas mixture

conrposition

versus the engine speed was provided.

Rrsurr.nNn DISCUSSION

The convsrsion msthods that was developed

in

this

research was successfrrl to run the eleckic generator that

previously fueled

by

gasoline to be converted

by

using

biogas. The engine run stable and can produce electricity.

The maximum RPM (revolution per minutes) that can be

obtained

by

using 100% biogas was found about 1500

rpm. This makes sense since the energy of the biogas is

lower

thm

the gasoline one that is about 6.0-6.5 kwm-3

[5].

When The LPG is added to about 5% (95% biogas) in to the mixture, the engine speed was found about 1600

rpm- The engine speed is still not increased significantly

with addition 10% LPG which the speed was about 1750

rpm. The significant increase in engine speed was found

with

addition 15% LPG that yielded about 2600 rpm

of

engine speed.

Finally the

engine speed reached its

maximum value about 3600 rpm

by

adding abott 2OY"

LPG. The maximum value of the engine speed by using

gasoline

fuel

is

3600 rpm.

Therefore

to

obtained

maximum engine speed by using technique developed

in

this research, the biogas need to be added abortt20Yowith

LPG in order to reach the same maximum speed by using

gasoline as presented in Fig.4.

By

using desulfi:rizer the biogas can be upgraded to

zero

content

of

H2S

impurities

that

lead

to

avoid

iacreasing

acidity

[l2]

of

the

lubricant therefore the

corrosion

in

the combustion chamber can

be

avoided.

Previousty

the

existence

of

H2S

in

the

biogas was

overcome

by

increased frequency

of

engine

oil

chang6,

which

will

increa$e the operating cost

[6].

Other urgent

thing that make H2S should be eliminated due to H2S is a

Toxic

gas

[7].

By

reducing the water content

in

the

biogas

up

to

zero

level

affect

in

easy

sAning

of

the

engrne.

The use ofthe bag gas holder ofthe biogas was useful

during compressing of the biogas in to the gas container

because this is make easy to be observed whether biogas

available or not during gompression.

It

should be noted

here that biogas, containing mainly methane, could not be

stored easily, as

it

does

not

liqueff

under pressure at

ambient temperature (critical temperature and pressure

required are -82.5 oC and 47.5 bar). Coryressing the

biogas reduces

the

storage requirements, concenfrates

energy content

and

increases pressure

to

the

level

required overcoming tesistance to gas

flow

_[18].

(11)

-716-2013 Intemational Conference on Altemative Energy in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies

3m

25m

20m

tffi

I 000 5m

0

80

85

S0

S5

100

Eogns compocitbn h mhtre oI

biogas+LPG (ltJ

Fig. 4. Thp effect of compositioo of biogre-LPG mixture on tbe speed of the engile.

It is good to suggest here a useflrl method to reduce the

CO2 irryurities in the biogas.

A

method that is inEoduce by Mohseni et al. _[19].To increase the biogas yield, the

separated carton dioxide could be used as a component to

produce additional methane through

the

well-lnown Sabatier reaction. [n such process the carbon could act as

hydrogen carrier

of

hydrogen originating

from

water electrolysis driven by renewable sources.

CoNcLUSIoN

The conversion from gasoline to biogas fueled engine can be achieved by desulfiuizing of the biogas at the fust

step continued

with

dehumidification and put the gas in to the bag ofgas holder. The biogas afterward should be

compressed

in

to the

gas container

for

easy mixing

process

with

oxygen

from the air- The

carburetion

coryotrent was replaced and only mixer part of the fuel is used. During starting process, the biogas is let to

flow

in

maximun

flow

rate and reduce the rate

until

engine start running. The process is followed by adjusting the air

flow in to

the mixer

until

the

engine

run

stably. The

engrne is running even witlr still contain CO2 impurities.

To

increase

the

speed

of the

engine,

the

liquefied pefrolzum gas (LPG) is added to the mixture up to 80% ofbiogas antdZ0/oLPG.

AcxNowr.socrrENT

The authors wish to thank the Ministry of National and Culhre ofThe republic oflndonesia for finanslall support

under

scheme

of

competitive research

grant (shz

penelitian hibah

b*saing)

for the year

of

2013 granted through Udayana University, Jimbaran, Bali, tndonesia.

E E

\,

_o

{r

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