Water Quality and Morbidity in Pesticide Affected Areas
M.A.H. Suryadhi, N.M.C. Kusumadewi, P.E. Pradnyani, I.W.D. Kusuma, I.M.S. Yasa, I.D.G.A. Dharmayoga, G.A. Rama, N.K. D. Rukmini, I.D.A.A.I.D. Permata Dewi, I.W.G.A.Eka Putra, I.N.
Sujaya
Kesehatan Lingkungan, Program Studi Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Udayana
Corresponding author: hitapretiwi_suryadhi@unud.ac.id
Pesticides are still widely used by farmers in Indonesia. Water quality degradation as a cause of presence of pesticide contamination can affect health in terms of which the first is when consuming food contaminated by pesticides, and the second is the direct consumption of water contaminated by pesticides. This study uses a cross-sectional design to look at the quality of well water in Songan village, Kintamani, Bangli. Data collection is completed by interviews and water quality testing. Purposive sampling was used to select the seven wells used as samples. Parameters examined include physical and chemical parameters of drinking water quality. The results showed that the majority of well water were used for cooking (100%), bathing (100%), drinking (90.9%), and washing (90.9%). A total of 54.5% of the subjects boil their water before drinking. Morbidity that is often experienced by users of the water in this study was feeling dizzy (50%), nausea (36.4%), miosis (27.3%), tremor head (9.1%), blurred vision (9.1 %), cough (9.1%), and fatigue (4.5%). Others experienced premature birth (9.1%), growth abnormalities (9.1%), and molding of the teeth (4.5%). Laboratory results indicate that there is one location with physical parameters (color: 33.3 TCU and turbidity: 12.6 NTU) that exceeded the maximum levels allowed. Other than that, there are two locations with chemical parameters (fluoride) which exceed the maximum levels permitted, respectively 1,682 mg /L and 1,608 mg /L. With the fluoride content that exceeds the maximum allowable limit indicates that treatment needs to be done before the well wateris used for consumption. The use of water containing fluoride in excess of permitted levels may increase the risk to health, especially in areas with hot temperatures, where there ia an increase in water consumption so the maximum allowable levels need to be reviewed further.
Keywords: water quality, morbidity, pesticides.
Introduction
ingredient in the formulation of pesticides, contaminants present as an impurity in the active ingredients, additives are mixed with the active ingredients contained in pesticides (eg, wetting agents, diluents or solvents, adhesives, buffers , preservatives and emulsifiers), and degrade the compounds formed during the degradation of the active compound by a chemical reaction, or photochemical microbiologis. History of the development of pesticide pesticide is highly toxic, persistent and bioaccumulative such as DDT pesticide to quickly decompose in the environment and less toxic to non-target organisms. Developed countries have banned the use of pesticides are "old" because of its toxic effects on humans or the environment. Whereas in some developing countries pesticides are "old" is the cheapest, and for some specific reason still more "effective". In developing countries, data on the monitoring of pesticide and still very low.
Agricultural workers exposed to pesticides via inhalation and skin contact when mixing and spraying pesticides. As for the other communities, exposure to pesticides occurs when consuming food contaminated by pesticides. Water quality degradation akhibat presence of pesticide contamination can berpengruh to health in terms of which the first is when consuming food contaminated by pesticides, and the second is the direct consumption of water contaminated by pesticides. In Bali, there are 515.864 farmers in the agricultural sector and 236.570 farmers in the plantation sector, based on data from the Central Bureau of Statistiks 2013. The use of pesticides is still very widely used in Bali. Songan village, Kintamani, Bangli is one of the major producer of onion (red and white), chilies, tomatoes, cabbage, and other crops and plantations in Bali. Because of its location, the main source of water for day-to-day is lake water, rain water and / or water wells. Many local people who use well water for consumption. The well water is usually located close to agricultural and plantation activity and depth of these wells averaged 10 meters. This increases the risk of seepage of chemicals such as from agricultural activities and household waste water into the wells so as to degrade the quality of well water is still consumed by the public. Monitoring and measurement of water quality has never been done before in Songan village, Kintamani, Bangli. This study aims to measure the quality of well water and evaluate the use of pesticides, pesticide and morbidity in farmers underground well water users in Songan village, Kintamani, Bangli.
Methods
Results
Twenty-two subjects were included in this study, while the well water samples taken at seven (7) wells in Songan village, Kintamani, Bangli. Implementation of session questionnaires and sampling sessions conducted at different times because of the water sample should be checked immediately to the laboratory so that the measured parameters do not change, so can be biased. The table below presents the data obtained from the implementation of the interview:
Tabel 1 Sociodemography and Water Use in 22 subjects in this study.
Variabel n %
Socio-Demography:
Age 38,6±12,1
Weight 56,8±12,7
Height 154,4±5,7
BMI 23,7±4,4
Water use:
Drinking 20 90,9
Cooking 22 100
Bathing 22 100
Washing 20 90,9
Boiled before use 12 54,5
Subjects in this study is twenty-two (22) Mr. or Mrs. users Songan well water in the village, Kintamani, Bangli. The average age of subjects in this study was 38.6 years, weight 56.8 kg, and body mass index (BMI) of 23.7 kg / m2. Thirty-six point four percent (36.4%) subjects included in the category of obese. The main use of water is for cooking and cleaning yourself (each equal to 100%), and is used for drinking and washing (respectively by 90.9%). Amounted to 54.5% of the subjects cook well water prior to use for consumption.
Morbidity experienced by the subject, including often feel dizziness (50%), nausea (36.4%), miosis (27.3%), tremor head (9.1%), blurred vision (9.1%), cough (9.1%), premature dankelahiran (9.1%). From interviews showed that there is one family member subjects who had experienced premature birth and having a family member with the growth of abnormal foot (each by 9.1%). Apart from that obtained also the crusty gear case by 4.5%.
inspection involves checking the chemical parameters. This examination involves checking kandungn arsenic, fluoride, nitrite, nitrate, cyanide, iron, hardness, chloride, manganese, pH, sulfate, ammonia, zinc (Zn), copper, lead (Pb), total chromium, and cadmium. Based on the results of water quality testing for chemical parameters, all of these locations has a value below the maximum permissible values.
Graph 1. Fluoride Concentration in Underground Water affected by Pexticides (n=7).
Disscussion
Water quality analysis involves testing physical and chemical parameters performed at seven sites located in plantations that use pesticides. The result is that there are some parameters that exceed the maximum levels permitted under Per.Men.Kes.RI. 492 / Menkes / PER / IV / 2010. The parameter is the color at the location F, total dissolved solids in the location E, F turbidity in the location, and the fluoride content in locations D and E.
Water colors are usually grouped into two, namely the true colors (true color) and the colors appear (apparent color). Real color is the color that is only caused by chemicals dissolved. In the determination of the actual color, suspended material that may cause turbidity separated beforehand. Colors look is a color that is not only caused by the dissolved material, but also by the suspended material. Source of water for drinking water should have a color value between 5-50 TCU. However, for the sake of beauty, color should not exceed 15 TCU. So with the acquisition of the color values at the location F is 33.3 TCU, it can still be used as drinking water. The color may be caused by the presence of negatively charged colloidal particles, so that the disappearance of color in the water can be done by adding a coagulant which is positively charged, for example, aluminum and iron (Sawyer and McCarty, 1978).
1.420
0.979
0.791
1.608 1.682
1.159
1.401
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 1.400 1.600 1.800
Lokasi A Lokasi B Lokasi C Lokasi D Lokasi E Lokasi F Lokasi G
Dissolved solids (TDS) dalah dissolved materials (diameter <10-6 mm) and colloidal (diameter 10-6mm-10-3mm) in the form of chemical compounds and other ingredients, which are ot filtered o filter paper dia eter , μ Rao, 99 . TDS is usually caused by inorganic materials in the form of ions commonly found in the waters. Ions consisting of: sodium, calcium, magnseium, bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, iron, strontium, potassium, carbonate, nitrate, fluoride, boron, and silica. The amount of dissolved solids were found at the location E is 887 mg / L. High TDS indicates that the water contains chemical compounds that high. This causes the high value of the salinity and electrical conductivity. While the high turbidity at location F caused by the presence of organic materials and inorganic suspended and dissolved for example silt and fine sand, it is strengthened because during water sampling at the location E, visible water mixed with fine sand originating from seepage sand contained around the wells.
Fluoride (F) is one element that is abundant in the earth's crust. This element is found in the form of fluoride ions (F-). Fluorine which binds with monovalent cations, for example NaF, AGF, and KF is easily soluble; while fluorine which binds with divalent cations, for example, CaF2 and PbF2 are not soluble in water. A source of fluoride in nature is fluorspar (CaF2), cryolite (Na3AlF6), and fluorapatite. Natural waters usually have fluoride less than 0.2 mg / L. In groundwater in, fluoride levels reach 10 mg / L, the marine waters around 1.3 mg / L, while the brine to 600 mg / L (McNeely et al., 1979). Waters intended for drinking water should have a fluoride content of 0.7 to 1.2 mg / L (Davis and Cornwell, 1991). For agricultural purposes, the recommended fluoride level is 10-15 mg / L. A small amount of fluoride proved to be beneficial for the prevention of tooth decay, but the concentration that exceeds the range of 1.7 mg / L can mengakhibatkan staining on the enamel gig, which is known as mottling (Davis and Cornwell, 1991; Sawyer and McCarty, 1978). Excessive levels can also have implications for damage to the bone. From the observations that have been made in Songan village, Kintamani Bangli, the incidence of enamel staining on the teeth at people in the village of Songan very likely caused by the presence of fluoride content exceeds 1.7 mg / L. It is also caused because people generally just boil the water before consuming it without the water purification process first. Another thing observed is that some children experience abnormal bone growth in the foot (photo shown in the attachment).
Conclusion and Recommendation
