EMULSI
2
Tim Dosen
Teknologi Sediaan Farmasi 1
(Semi Solid)
4.
Flocculation
dua atau lebih droplet
saling menempel tanpa
kehilangan identitas
Fase dalam tetap sebagai
fase dalam, Fase luar
tetap sebagai fase luar
Bersifat reversible
Piacentini, 2016
5.
Sedimentasi
Terpisahnya emulsi menjadi 2
bagian
akibat perbedaan konsentrasi
bobot jenis fase dalam dan
gravitasi
Bersifat reversible
KETIDAKSTABILAN EMULSI
Creaming
6. Ostwald Ripening
droplet bertabrakan dengan yang lain dan
membentuk droplet yang lebih besar dan yang
lebih kecil
Droplet berukuran kecil cenderung menjadi
makin kecil
Irreversible
EMULSI
Jenis Emulsi Secara umum
:
1) Emulsi Losion
2) Linimen
3) Krem
4) Ointments
5) Vitamin drops
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FORMULASI EMULSI
1. Preformulasi
2. Tipe emulsi
3. Emulgator
4. Eksipien
5. Proses pengerjaan
6. IPC (In Process Control)
7. Evaluasi
PREFORMULASI
Fase minyak :
minyak, lemak, minyak menguap, zat
larut lemak (vitamin, zat nutrisi),
antioksidan
Fase air :
bahan obat larut air, pengawet
(kadar,kelarutan) eksipien lain (warna,
rasa)
PREPARASI EMULSI
METODE PREPARASI
KOMPONEN PENYUSUN
PERALATAN
JUMLAH/VOLUME PRODUKSI
SKALA LAB METODE KERING (MORTIR
PORSELIN/HAND HOMOGENIZER
SKALA BESAR LARGE HOMOGENIZER, HIGH SPEED
METODE
PREPARASI
(1) Continental or Dry
Gum Method
(4:2:1 Method)
(2) English or Wet
Gum Method
[Ansel. page 409]
4 parts (volumes) of oil
2 parts of water
1 part of gum
Continental or Dry Gum
Method
English or Wet Gum
Method
Emulgator (akasia) +
minyak
Emulgator + Air
MUCILAGO
EMULSI AWAL
Mortir kasar cenderung lebih dipilih
Memudahkan penggilingan
Pengurangan ukuran globul
EMULSI AWAL
Eksipien lain yang tidak larut/tidak bercampur
ditambahkan ke dalam fase luar (setelah emulsi
awal terbentuk)
Bahan padat (Pengawet, penstabil, dll) dilarutkan
dalam sejumlah air secukupnya ditambahkan
dalam bentuk larutan
+ Minyak
(sds)
+ Air
(sds)
Lebih stabil
Pembuatan Lebih lama kurang stabil
METODE
PREPARASI
(3) Bottle or Forbes
Bottle Method
2/4 parts (volumes)
of oil
2 parts of water
1 part of gum
Minyak menguap/ bahan berminyak dengan viskositas
rendah
Tidak bisa untuk minyak DENGAN viskositas tinggi
Emulsifikasi spontan
Dilakukann langsung dalam botol
Prinsip = dry gum method
Dapat diterapkan pada pembuatan emulsi tanpa
emulsifier (in situ)
Prinsip salah satu bahan dapat berfungsi sebagai
emulgator
Contoh : olive oil + lime water emulsion
Emulgator (akasia) +
minyak
EMULSI AWAL
+ Air
(Semua sekaligus)
diencerkan sampai volume yang sesuai
dengan air atau cairan lainnya
METODE PREPARASI LAIN
Auxiliary Methods
Electric mixer or blender
Hand homogenizer
The dispersed droplet size
to about 5 microns or less
Beaker Method
synthetic or non-gum
emulsifiers
All oil soluble components are
dissolved in the oily phase in
one beaker
all water soluble components
are dissolved in the water in a
separate beaker
Oleaginous components are
melted and both phases are
heated to approximately 70°C
over a water bath
The internal phase is then
added to the external phase
with stirring until the product
reaches room
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a. Distribusi ukuran tetesan
-
Makin besar ukuran globul, dorongan tjdnya
koalesen makin besar
-
Ukuran tetesan lebih halus, meningkatkan
stabilitas, dan absorbsi
-
Distribusi dipengaruhi karakteristik
emulgator, manufacturing
SIFAT-SIFAT EMULSI
dipengaruhi oleh
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b. Emulsi a/m lebih kental dari emulsi m/a
-
konsistensi emulsi m/a meningkat dengan
penambahan gom dan pengental lain
-
sifat alir plastik/pseudoplastik
c. Teknik emulsifikasi
-
aplikasi energi mekanik yang dihasilkan
dengan bermacam teknik agitasi
-
Peralatan : mixer (manual/mekanik)
-
emulgator
SIFAT-SIFAT EMULSI
dipengaruhi oleh
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Oksidasi; tengik
Hidrolisis; depolimerisasi
Mikroba; penguraian
Efek kimia yg timbul akibat interaksi bahan
aktif-eksipien-eksipien; merubah formulasi
KETIDAKSTABILAN KIMIA
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STABILITAS EMULSI
• Stabilisasi secara elektrostatik
– Muatan pd permukaan tetesan emulsi, meningkat
akibat ionisasi bag hidrofilik surfaktan yg diadsorbsi
dan menghasilkan lapisan ganda elektrik
– Tabrakan antar tetesan akibat gerak Brown, gravitasi,
dan
• Stabilisasi sterik
– Stabilisasi polimer
• Stabilisasi oleh partikel padat
– Partikel padat halus dpt menstabilkan emulsi jk dibasahi pd
kedua
fase, membtk lap. antar muka; barier mencegah koalesen
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• Stabilisasi dgn campuran pengemulsi
– Penggunaan emulgator campuran; emulsi lbh stabil secara fisik
– Emulgator ; surfaktan non inonik dgn HLB tinggi dan rendah
• Kompleksasi antar muka
– Emulsa encer m/a dgn campuran lemak-surfaktan ionik,
stabilitas lbh besar; menghasilkan pembentukan komplek
molekuler antarmuka tetesan minyak-air
– Lapisan menghasilkan halangan mekanik dan elektrik
menyebabkan koalesen
– Peningkatan stabilitas thd koalesen terkait peningkatan
viskositas antarmuka, elastisitas, tipe rheologi
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• Pertimbangan rheologi
– Mengurangi mobilitas partikel/globul minyak
dlm fase
kontiniu
air;
memperlambat
creaming,
flokulasi, koalesen
– Sifat rheologi penting dlm proses stabilisasi
emulsi krn
dpt menghalangi mobilitas partikel&dpt
diadsorpsi serta menghalangi tumbukan
sterik/mekanik
• Oswalt ripening
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Evaluasi stabilitas emulsi
Emulsi Encer
pemisahan fase
analisa ukuan globul,
muatan partikel/potensial zeta
Penentuan sifat alir
Emulsi multi fase
peningkatan konsistensi
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1. Pengenceran fase
2. Tes zat warna
3. Kertas saring / CoCl
2
4. Fluorescensi
5. Konduktivitas
EVALUASI TIPE
EMULSI
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• Meramalkan tipe emulsi :
1) jenis emulgator;- larut dalam air (M/A)
- larut dlm minyak (A/M)
- HLB (8-16 → M/A), 3-8 → A/M
2) proporsi masing-masing fase
- fase lebih banyak cenderung mjd fase luar (M/A)
- A/M lebih mudah mengalami inversi fase
cont.
- air-mineral oil- sorbiton monooleat (air<40% mjd A/M)
- kadar air 20-30% terbtk emulsa A/M jika fs air di(+)kan dlm
fs minyak
- campuran 2 fase jk dicampur cenderung M/A (air>10%)
3) Viskositas
Viskositas fase yang lebih tinggi, cenderung mjd fase luar
EVALUASI TIPE
EMULSI
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Tes
Observasi
Keterangan
1.
Pengenceran
2.
Zat warna
3.
Fluoresecensi
4.
CoCl
2/kertas sar
ing
5.
Konduktivitas
Encerkan dgn fase luar
Larut air, memberi warna pd
emulsa M/A dan sebaliknya
(mikroskop)
M = terfluors. dgn UV
M/A = totol
A/M = menyeluruh
Kert.saring jenuh CoCl
2,keringkan → biru (A/M)
pink (M/A)
M/A → aliran listrik (+)
dan sebaliknya
Hanya utk emulsi cair
Terganggu bila emulg.
Ionik
Tdk selalu berhasil (unt.
M yg tdk berfluoresensi)
Bila emulsa tdk stabil; el
ektrolit →breaking→
gagal
Terganggu bila emulg
ator non ionik dan seb
aliknya
EVALUASI TIPE
EMULSI
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EMULSI
Emulsion Type and Means of Detection:
1) Dilution Test:
- o/w emulsion can be diluted with water.
- w/o emulsion can be diluted with oil.
2) Conductivity Test:
Continuous phase water > Continous phase
oil
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EMULSIONS
3) Dye-Solubility Test:
- water soluble dye will dissolve in the
aqueous phase.
- oil soluble dye will dissolve in the oil
phase.
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EVALUASI LAIN
• ESTETIKA
• PENETAPAN KADAR
• SIFAT ALIR
• BOBOT JENIS
• UKURAN PARTIKEL
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Relation between absorption and
drug distribution in an O/W emulsion
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Schematic of the relationship between absorption and drug distribution in
an o/w emulsion.
O, M, F : drug in oil droplets, micelles and aqueous phase
two-headed arrows : competition between states
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Two-stage method of formulation
of a W/O/W multiple emulsion
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Stability of
multiple emulsion
Breakdown processes that may
occur in multiple emulsions.
(w/o/w)
a : coalescence of multiple
drops with other oil drops
b, c, d, e : explusion of
single internal droplets
f, g : explusion of more
than one internal droplet
h, j : coalescence of
internal droplets before
being expelled (i, k)
l, m, n : shrinkage of
internal droplets due to
diffusion of water
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Possible interactions A, B,
and C between phases
in multiple emulsions.
(S: surfactant film )
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Schematic phase diagram showing microemulsion region in
equilibrium with excess oil and water phases.
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Schematic phase diagram showing equilibrium between water-in-oil
micelles and excess aqueous and cosurfactant phases
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Association
structures of
amphiphiles such
as surfactants and
lipids in water.
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(a) Double-chain and single-chain amphiles.
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FORMULA
R/ Menthol
0.04 gram
Stearic acid
2.4 gram
Cetyl alcohol 1.2 gram
Woolfat
0.8 gram
Liq. Petrolatum
4.0 ml
Triaethanolamin 1.2 ml
Aqua dest
32 ml
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R/
Hydrous wool fat
20.0 gram
Stearic acid
2.0 gram
Light liquid petrolatum10.0 ml
Triaethanolamin
0.8 ml
Rose Water qs ad
100.0 ml
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