• menganalisis karakteristik inti atom dan radioaktivitas;
• mendeskripsikan pemanfaatan radiokativitas dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dan teknologi untuk kesejahteraan manusia.
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu:
menunjukkan penerapan konsep Fisika inti dan radioaktivitas dalam teknologi dan kehidupan sehari-hari.
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:
Fisika Inti dan
Radioaktivitas
A. Inti Atom
B. Radioaktivitas
C. Reaksi Inti
D. Reaktor Nuklir, Bom
Nuklir, dan
Radioisotop
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Pembangunan PLTN merupakan salah satu solusi timbulnya krisis energi yang suatu saat akan dialami penduduk Bumi.
Bab
10
A. Inti Atom
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1. Hipotesis Proton Elektron
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Tes Kompetensi Awal
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2. Hipotesis Proton-Neutron
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3. Partikel Penyusun Inti
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Contoh
10.1
Eksperimen Rutherford menyatakan bahwa inti atom memiliki diameter sekitar 10–15 sampai 10–14 m. Dari
teori kinetik dan khususnya analisis Einstein tentang gerak Browman, diameter atom memiliki ukuran sekitar 10–10 m. Itu artinya elektron
akan terlihat berjarak sekitar 10.000 sampai 100.000 kali lipat ukuran inti diukur dari inti atom tersebut (jika inti diibaratkan bola baseball, atom akan memiliki diameter seukuran kota yang berdiameter beberapa kilometer). Jadi, sebuah atom sebagian besar berupa ruang kosong.
Rutherford’s experiments suggested that the nucleus must have a radius of about 10–5 to 10–14 m. From kinetic
theory, and especially Einstein’s analysis of Browman movement, the radius of atoms was estimated to be about 10–10 m. Thus the electrons
would seem to be at a distance from the nucleus of about 10,000 to 100,000 times the radius of the nucleus itself (if the nucleus were the size of a baseball, the atom would have the diameter of a big city several kilometers across). So an atom would be mostly empty space.
Informasi
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4. Stabilitas Inti
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Gambar 10.1
Isotop hidrogen
Gambar 10.2
Diagram kestabilan inti (N-Z)
Z = N
hidrogen
biasa deuterium tritium
proton neutron elektron 140 130 120 100 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 Nomor proton (Z) Nomor neutron (N)
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5. Energi Ikat Inti
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Gambar 10.3
Tingkat energi beberapa isotop mantap mantap tidak
mantap E mantap mantap neutron proton 10 5B 11 5B 12 5B 12 6C 13 6C E
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Contoh
10.2
Sumber:Conceptual Physics,1998
Sumber:Physics for Scientist and Engineers,2000
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8 =7N7 ?DJ? J?:7A 8;H=7DJKD= F7:7 CK7J7D B?IJH?A I;>?D==7 8;I7HDN7 =7N7 7DJ7H7 FHEJEDFHEJED 7J7K D;KJHED 7:7B7> I7C7
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Gambar 10.4
Grafik energi ikat per nukleon terhadap nomor massa berbagai inti.
Kata Kunci
• isotop • hipotesis proton-elektron • hipotesis proton-neutron • nomor atom • nomor massa • nuklida • defek massa • energi ikat inti$;B7IA7D:;D=7DI?D=A7J;<;AF;D==78KD=7DDKAB;ED J;H>7:7FC7II7?DJ?7JECN7D=J;H8;DJKA .;DJKA7D87DN7AFHEJEDD;KJHED:7D;B;AJHED:7B7C 7JEC7JEC8;H?AKJ 7 ; : ,8 8 -? ; C 9 B '7II7?DJ? '=7:7B7>IC7 '7II7DKAB;ED 8;87I7:7B7>C7II7FHEJEDIC7:7DC7II7D;KJHED IC7 IC7';0
Tes Kompetensi
Subbab
A
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1. Sejarah Penemuan Radioaktif
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2. Jenis-Jenis Radioaktif
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a. Pemancaran Sinar Alfa (
)'7II7 C7KFKD CK7J7D I?D7H 7B<7 ?:;DJ?A :;D=7D ?DJ? >;B?KC "; $?A7 IK7JK O7J H7:?E7AJ?< C;C7D97HA7D I?D7H 7B<7 DECEH 7JEC O7J ?JK
Gambar 10.6
Dalam medan magnet, hanya sinar
yang tidak dibelokkan. sumber radioaktif radium sumber magnet kuat ratemeter P Q Gambar 10.5
Pengujian pembiasan sinar dalam medan magnet.
Sumber:Physics for ‘O’ Level,1990
7A7D8;HAKH7D=:7H?DECEH7JEC?D:KADN7:7DDECEHC7II7DN77A7D 8;HAKH7D= -;97H7KCKCH;7AI?F;C7D97H7D7B<7
:7F7J:?JKB?IA7DI;87=7? 8;H?AKJ
2 2 EDJE> /2b. Pemancaran Sinar Beta ( )
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2 3 , EDJE> ( , :;D=7D, 7:7B7> D;KJH?DE c. Pemancaran Sinar Gamma ( );H8;:7 >7BDN7 :;D=7D F;C7D97H7D I?D7H
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2 3 EDJE> %;I?CFKB7D:7H?A7H7AJ;H?IJ?AI?D7HH7:?E7AJ?<N7?JKI?D7HI?D7H :7D I?D7H :?JKD@KAA7D F7:7#'(+2 7N7 J;C8KI I?D7H I?D7H :7D I?D7H C7I?D=C7I?D= :?JKD@KAA7D F7:7'3('8– –
1,015 MeV
0,834 MeV
Gambar 10.7
Pemancaran dan dalam peluruhan 27
12Mg dan 27 13Al .
Carilah informasi mengenai pemanfaatan sinar , , dan .
Tugas Anda 10.1
sumber radioaktif kertas aluminium timbal Gambar 10.8Daya tembus partikel , , dan . 27 12Al* 27 12Al* #'(+2 %7H7AJ;H?IJ?A-?D7H,7:?E7AJ?< %;HJ7IJ?F?I %KB?JC7DKI?7 BKC?D?KCCC .?C87BJ?F?I +4/9"/4'8 !'*/5'1:/, !+'19/2'3/'. ;':'4 '99' +3(/'9'4*'2'3+*'4'-4+: '>'#+3(;9+3'36;'4 B<7 ;J7 !7CC7 #DJ?>;B?KC B;AJHED ,7:?7I?;B;AJHEC7=D;J?A *EI?J?< (;=7J?< .?:7A8;HCK7J7D %;9?B ;I7H .?:7A:?8?7IA7D ;I7H ,;D:7> .?:7A8;HC7II7
Sumber:Conceptual Physics,1998
3. Pelemahan Intensitas Sinar Radioaktif
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Contoh
10.3
4. Peluruhan Radioaktif (Desintegrasi)
*;BKHK>7D J;H@7:? I;97H7 IFEDJ7D :7D J?:7A :7F7J :?AEDJHEB I;HJ7 :?F;D=7HK>? EB;> F;HI;DN7M77D A?C?7 :7D <?I?A7 I;F;HJ? F;D=7HK> IK>K :7D J;A7D7D 7H? >7I?B F;D;B?J?7D :?F;HEB;> 87>M7 A;C7CFK7D IK7JK KDIKHKDJKAC;BKHK>8;H8;:78;:7 :7KDIKHN7D=:7B7CM7AJKI?D=A7J I;CK7 ?DJ?DN7 C;BKHK> :7D 7:7 FKB7 N7D= C;BKHK> :;D=7D B7C87J EDJE>DN7I;@KCB7>8;I7H?DJ?7JEC:7H?IK7JKH7:?E?IEJEFN7D=C;BKHK> C;C7D97HA7D F7HJ?A;BF7HJ?A;B
:7D I;HJ7 :??AKJ? F;C7D97H7D Gambar 10.9Pelemahan intensitas oleh bahan dengan ketebalan X.
X
Tokoh
Marie Curie(1867–1934)
Marie Curie dilahirkan di Warsawa, Polandia. Nama aslinya adalah Marie Sklodowska. Ia belajar Matematika, Fisika, dan Kimia di Paris. Marie
bersuamikan Pierre Curie seorang ahli fisika juga. Mereka bekerja sama dalam meneliti radiasi yang dihasilkan oleh bahan radioaktif dan mereka berhasil menemukan unsur thorium yang bersifat radioaktif. Pada 1898, mereka menemukan dua unsur radioaktif baru, yaitu polonium dan radium. Untuk keberhasilan ini, Marie dan Pierre Curie
serta Henri Becquerel mendapat hadiah Nobel untuk bidang Fisika pada 1903. Pada 1910, Marie berhasil memisahkan radium murni dan mempelajari sifat-sifat kimianya. Untuk hasil kerja kerasnya ini, Marie kembali mendapatkan hadiah Nobel yang kedua dalam bidang kimia pada 1911. Marie
meninggal tahun 1934 akibat kanker, yang mungkin disebabkan ia terlalu lama berinteraksi dengan bahan-bahan radioaktif.
$KCB7> H7J7H7J7 7JEC N7D= 7A7D C;BKHK> :7B7C M7AJK* 7:7B7> 8;H87D:?D=BKHKI:;D=7D@KCB7>7JECI;>?D==7:7F7J:?8;H?A7D:7B7C F;HI7C77D
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$KCB7> N7D= C;BKHK> F;H I7JK7D M7AJK 7:7B7> :?I;8KJ @K=7 :;D=7D"* , *):7H?IK7JKO7JH7:?E7AJ?< +89'3''4 ? :7F7J @K=7 :?JKB?I ; 7J7K* ; *
P :;D=7D7AJ?L?J7IH7:?E7AJ?<C;BKHK>F7:7M7AJK* a. Waktu Paruh *7:7M7AJK7AJ?L?J7I8;HK87>C;D@7:?I;J;D=7>7AJ?L?J7ICKB7CKB7C7A7 M7AJK N7D= :?F;HBKA7D KDJKA F;BKHK>7D :?I;8KJ-"*+ '(+ # # :7D :?I?D=A7J :;D=7D $7:? KDJKA * +89'3''4 ? C;D@7:? BD BD I;>?D==7 BD P %EDIJ7DJ7F;BKHK>7D:7F7J:?HKCKIA7D:;D=7D "K8KD=7D 7DJ7H7 7AJ?L?J7I 7J7K @KCB7> 7JEC :;D=7D M7AJK F7HK> :?BKA?IA7D F7:7 '3('8
;D=7D C;C;H>7J?A7D =H7<?A F7:7'3('8 8;H7HJ? KDJKA *%8;HB7AK :;D=7D % * % P Gambar 10.10
Peluruhan inti atom
Gambar 10.11
Peluruhan unsur 23Na dengan T
1 2= jam. N = N0 1 2N0 N N0 1 4N0 1 8N0 1 16N0 T 2T 3T 4T 5T 0 1 5 3 0 4 5 6 0 7 5 9 0t 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 Aktivitas (103 C/menit)
+89'3''4 ? C;DKD@KAA7D >K8KD=7D 7DJ7H7 ?DJ? 7JEC N7D= 8;BKC C;BKHK> ?DJ? I?I7 ?DJ? CKB7CKB7 :7D A;B?F7J7D M7AJK F7HK> $?A7 I;J?7F HK7I :?A7B?A7D 7A7D :?:7F7JA7D
% % P %;J;H7D=7D
7AJ?L?J7I KDIKH I;J;B7> M7AJK* 7AJ?L?J7I KDIKH CKB7CKB7 ( "':;'4 !'*/5'1:/</:'9
AJ?L?J7I =H7C,7 :?DN7J7A7D I;87=7? I7JK7D H7:?E7AJ?L?J7I I;8;I7HKH?;? )B;>A7H;D7=H7C,7C;D=7D:KD=
7JEC :;D=7D B7@K F;BKHK>7D F;H :;J?A I7C7 :;D=7D @P C7A7 KH?; ?
@:?I?DJ;=H7I?I;AED -7JK7D -# KDJKA H7:?E7AJ?L?J7I 7:7B7> ;9GK;H;B G N7D= :?:;<?D?I?A7D I;87=7? 7AJ?L?J7I :?I?DJ;=H7I?I;AED ;D=7D :;C?A?7D?@G!G "?JKD=B7>J;J7F7DF;BKHK>7D:7H?F7HJ?A;BF;D=?EDN7D=C;C?B?A?M7AJKF7HK>J7>KD '='( ?A;J7>K? J7>KD ;D=7DC;D==KD7A7DF;HI7C77D :?F;HEB;> J7>KD $7:?J;J7F7DF;BKHK>7D7:7B7>J7>KD
Contoh
10.4
*;BKHK>7DH7:?E7AJ?<C;HKF7A7DFHEI;IN7D=797AN7?JK?DJ?J;HI;8KJ C;BKHK> I;97H7 J?:7A 8;HA7?J7D I7JK :;D=7D N7D= B7?DDN7 ;H?AKJ ?D? :?F;HB?>7JA7D B?C7 @;D?I F;BKHK>7D H7:?E7AJ?</4://4*;1 1+0'*/'4 6+2;8;.'4 /4:/'4'1 F;BKHK>7D =7CC7 F;C7D97H7D I?D7H =7CC7 F;BKHK>7D 7B<7 F;C7D97H7D F7HJ?A;B 7B<7
F;BKHK>7D 8;J7
F;D7D=A7F7D ;B;AJHED EB;> D;KJHED DKAB?H F;D7D=A7F7D
;B;AJHED
F;D7D=A7F7D ;B;AJHED EB;> FHEJED DKAB?H F;D7D=A7F7D
;B;AJHED
F;D7D=A7F7D FEI?JHED EB;> FHEJED DKAB?H
FHEJEDCK7J7D ;B;AJHED CK7J7D P
D;KJHEDCK7J7D ;B;AJHEDCK7J7D Gambar 10.12Lima jenis peluruhan radioaktif = + + = + = AJ?L?J7II;8K7>IKC8;HH7:?E7AJ?<8;HAKH7D= 87=?7D:7H?7AJ?L?J7I7M7BDN7:7B7C I;B7D=M7AJK@7C .;DJKA7DM7AJKF7HK>:7DJ;J7F7DF;BKHK>7DDN7 '='( ?A;J7>K? * @7C /DJKAC;D;DJKA7DM7AJKF7HK>:7F7J:?=KD7A7DF;HI7C77D % %
% C7A7% @7C * * $7:?M7AJKF7HK>IKC8;HH7:?E7AJ?<7:7B7>@7C /DJKAC;D;DJKA7DJ;J7F7DF;BKHK>7D:?=KD7A7DF;HI7C77D @7C $7:?J;J7F7DF;BKHK>7DDN77:7B7>@7C
Contoh
10.5
Gambar 10.13 Deret uranium4. Deret Radioaktif
7B7C F;C7D97H7D I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< ?DJ? N7D= J;H@7:? J?:7A B7D=IKD= C;D@7:? ?DJ? IJ78?B :7D C7I?> :7F7J C;C7D97HA7D I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< "7B ?D? 8;HB7D=IKD= I;97H7 J;HKIC;D;HKI I;>?D==7 :?F;HEB;> ?DJ? N7D= IJ78?B '?I7BDN7 F;BKHK>7D
/ 7A7D C;BKHK> C;D@7:? ?DJ? 7JEC.> :7D
8;H7A>?H F7:7 ?DJ? 7JEC
*8 N7D= IJ78?B )B;> A7H;D7 :?CKB7? :7H?
KH7D?KC :;H;J ?D? :?I;8KJ :;H;J KH7D?KC
:7FKD :;H;J7D F;BKHK>7D
:7D N7D= 8;HB7D=IKD= :7H? ?DJ? ?D:KAC;D@7:??DJ?N7D=C7DJ7FI;87=7?>7I?B7A>?HKDJKA:;H;JKH7D?KC :?JKD@KAA7D EB;>'3('8 *HEI;IF;BKHK>7DH7:?E7AJ?<8;H7DJ7? C;D=?AKJ?IK7JK:;H;JH7:?E7AJ?< :7;CF7J:;H;JH7:?E7AJ?<I;F;HJ?J;H97DJKCF7:7#'(+2 #'(+2 ;H;J,7:?E7AJ?< D .>EH?KC .> Q *8 D (;FJKD?KC (F Q ? D /H7D?KC / Q *8 D AJ?D?KC / Q *8 5358 '99' +8+: 4*;1 $3;8 '8;.#'.;4 85*;1'4:'61./85. Pengertian Dosis Serapan
-;F;HJ? :?@;B7IA7D F7:7 7M7B 878 87>M7 KDJKA C;D97F7? A;IJ78?B7DDN7I;J?7FKDIKHH7:?E7AJ?<I;B7BKC;C7D97HA7DI?D7HH7:?E7AJ?< 7B7C F;H7C87J7DDN7 I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< J;HI;8KJ C;C87M7 ;D;H=? $?A7 I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< ?D? C;D=;D7? IK7JK C7J;H? ;D;H=?DN7 7A7D :?I;H7F EB;> C7J;H? J;HI;8KJ *;H>7J?A7D'3('8
7DN7ADN7;D;H=?H7:?7I?F;D=?EDN7D=:?I;H7FEB;>C7J;H?F;HI7JK7D C7II7 J;HJ;DJK :?I;8KJ&) ) )(' -;97H7 C7J;C7J?I :?JKB?I
$ P %;J;H7D=7D :EI?II;H7F $C7II7C7J;H?F;DN;H7F;D;H=? ;D;H=? H7:?7I? -7JK7D :EI?I I;H7F :7B7C -# 7:7B7> =H7N !N ;D=7D!N$A=H7: -K7JKC7J;H?N7D=C7II7DN7=H7CC;DN;H7F;D;H=?H7:?7I?F;D=?ED8;HKF7I?D7H =7CC7I;8;I7HQP$EKB; .;DJKA7DB7>8;I7H:EI?II;H7FC7J;H??JK
'='( ?A;J7>K? $=H7CA= QP$ "?JKD=8;I7HDN7:EI?II;H7F:7H?IK7JKC7J;H?N7D=C7II7DN7=H7C@?A7C7J;H? J;HI;8KJC;DN;H7F;D;H=?H7:?7I?F;D=?EDI;8;I7HQP@EKB; $ $ A= QP$A= $7:?8;I7H:EI?II;H7FC7J;H??JK7:7B7>QP@EKB;A=7J7KQP=H7N
Contoh
10.6
Gambar 10.14Energi radiasi yang diserap materi bermassa m. sinar radioaktif m
Kata Kunci
• radioaktivitas • fluorisensi • eksitasi • daya tembus • peluruhan • waktu paruh • aktivitas • dosis serap6. Pengukuran Radioaktivitas
-?D7H N7D= :?F7D97HA7D EB;> KDIKH H7:?E7AJ?< J?:7A :7F7J :?H7I7A7D EB;> C7DKI?7 /DJKA ?JK :?F;HBKA7D 7B7J N7D= :7F7J C;D=KAKH :7D C;D:;J;AI? A;7AJ?<7D IK7JK KDIKH 7J7K KDJKA C;D=;J7>K? 7:7 :7D J?:7ADN7 I?D7HI?D7H H7:?E7AJ?<
-?D7HN7D=:?F7D97HA7DEB;>?DJ?KDIKHH7:?E7AJ?<:7F7JC;D=?EDA7D 7JEC:7H?O7JO7JN7D=:?B7BK?DN7 B7JKDJKAC;D:;J;AI?:7DC;D=KAKH A;7AJ?<7D IK7JK KDIKH :?8K7J 8;H:7I7HA7D I?<7J J;HI;8KJ ;8;H7F7 7B7J :;J;AI?I?D7HH7:?E7AJ?<7:7B7>;CKBI?<?BCFEJH;JF;D9797>!;?=;H'KBB;H A7C7H A78KJ 1?BIED :7D I?DJ?B7JEH
a. Emulsi Film Potret
-?D7H N7D= :?F7D97HA7D EB;> KDIKH H7:?E7AJ?< C;D=?EDA7D B7F?I7D ;CKBI? I;F7D@7D= B?DJ7I7D N7D= :?B7BK?DN7 :? 7J7I F;HCKA77D <?BC FEJH;J $?A7 <?BC FEJH;J ?JK :?9K9? :7D :?9;J7A B?DJ7I7D I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< :7F7J :?B?>7J :7D :?KAKH
b. Pencacah Geiger-Muller
*;D9797> !;?=;H'KBB;H :?I;8KJ @K=7 F;D9797> !;?=;H ( &+%*( *;D9797> !;?=;H 7:7B7> 7B7J KDJKA C;D=KAKH A;7AJ?<7D KDIKH H7:?E7AJ?< *;D9797>!;?=;HC;HKF7A7D7B7J:;J;AI?I?D7HH7:?E7AJ?<N7D= F7B?D= 87DN7A :?=KD7A7D B7J F;D9797> !;?=;H :?JKD@KAA7D F7:7 '3('8
*;H7B7J7D ?D? J;H:?H? 7J7I I;8K7> J78KD= I?B?D:;H J;H8K7J :7H? BE=7C ? :7B7C J78KD= :?F7I7D= I;8K7> A7M7J AED:KAJEH N7D= >7BKI %7M7J ?JK 8;HJ?D:7A I;87=7? A7JE:; :7D J78KD= I;87=7? 7DE:; .78KD= ?JK :??I? :;D=7D =7I 7J7K 97CFKH7D =7I :;D=7D J;A7D7D H;D:7> 9C"=
.78KD= :7D A7M7J :?8;H? 8;:7 FEJ;DI?7B A?H7A?H7 LEBJ KDJKA C;CF;H9;F7J?ED:7H?=7IN7D=J;H8;DJKA:?:7B7CJ78KD= -?D7HH7:?E7AJ?< N7D= C7IKA C;B7BK? @;D:;B7 J?F?I F7:7 I7B7> I7JK K@KD= J78KD= 7A7D C;D=?EDA7D=7IN7D=8;H7:7:?:7B7CJ78KD= HKIB?IJH?AN7D=:?>7I?BA7D EB;> ?ED N7D= J;H8;DJKA ?JK I7D=7J B;C7> A7D J;J7F? 8;:7 J;=7D=7D LEBJ7A7DC;CF;H9;F7J?ED?JK #EDN7D=:?F;H9;F7J?JKC;D=?EDA7D B7=? 7JEC7JEC =7I N7D= B7?D I;>?D==7 7HKI B?IJH?A N7D= J;H@7:? 9KAKF 8;I7H 7B7CM7AJKN7D=I?D=A7J7HKIJ;HFKJKIJ;J7F?I;J?7FA7B?F7HJ?A;B H7:?E7AJ?< C7IKA A; :7B7C J78KD= J?C8KB FKBI7 7HKI B?IJH?A :7B7C H7D=A7?7D *KBI7?D?:?F;HAK7JI;>?D==7:7F7J:?F7A7?KDJKAC;DN7B7A7D H7D=A7?7D F;D9797> ;B;AJHED?A
c. Kamar Kabut Wilson
%7C7HA78KJ1?BIED7:7B7>7B7JKDJKAC;B?>7J:7DC;CEJH;JB?DJ7I7D F7HJ?A;B7B<7N7D=C;B7BK?=7I B7J?JKJ;H:?H?7J7II?B?D:;HJ;HJKJKF:;D=7D F?IJED 8;H?I? K:7H7 8;H97CFKH K7F 7?H @;DK> 7J7K D?JHE=;D
*;H>7J?A7D'3('8 *7:7 :?D:?D= 87=?7D :7B7C :?B;J7AA7D KDIKH H7:?E7AJ?< *7HJ?A;B 7B<7 N7D= :?F7D97HA7D EB;> KDIKH ?JK 7A7D C;D=?EDA7DCEB;AKBCEB;AKB=7I:?:7B7CI?B?D:;H -;C;DJ7H7?JKF?IJED :?J7H?A A;BK7H I;>?D==7 K7F @;DK> J7:? 7A7D C;D:?D=?D I;97H7 J?87 J?87I;>?D==78KJ?H8KJ?HK7F7?H:?:7B7CI?B?D:;HC;D@7:?@;DK> #ED?ED N7D= J;H8;DJKA I;F7D@7D= B?DJ7I7D F7HJ?A;B 7B<7 C;D7H?A 8KJ?H8KJ?H K7F 7?H:7D:7F7J:?B?>7J7J7K:?FEJH;J@?A7=7I:?:7B7CI?B?D:;H:?IEHEJ:;D=7D 97>7N7 B7CFK Gambar 10.15 Pencacah Geiger-Muller Gambar 10.16 Bagian-bagian alat pencacah Geiger-Muller 103 V – + jendela tipis gas kawat elektrode (anode) tabung dari logam (katode) isolator – + Gambar 10.17
Kamar kabut Wilson uap
jejak ion radioaktif (sumberR)
cahaya keping
gelas
pengisap (P)
Sumber:Conceptual Physics, 1998
Sumber:Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000
d. Sintilator (Detektor Sintilasi)
*H?DI?F A;H@7 I?DJ?B7JEH ) %* ##* &% &+%*( 8;H:7I7HA7D <BKEH;I;DI? O7J N7D= :?J?C8KBA7D EB;> I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< -?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< :?@7JK>A7D A; F;HCKA77D B7N7H <BKEH;I;DI? 7>7N7 N7D= :?F7D97HA7D EB;> B7N7H <BKEH;I;DI? :?@7JK>A7D A; 7J7I F;HCKA77D BE=7C I;>?D==7 F;HCKA77D BE=7C J;HI;8KJ C;D=;BK7HA7D ;B;AJHED %;CK:?7D ;B;AJHED J;HI;8KJ :?@7JK>A7D A;C87B? A; 7J7I F;HCKA77D BE=7C A;:K7 &E=7C A;:K7 C;D=;BK7HA7D ;B;AJHED B;8?> 87DN7A :7H?F7:7 ;B;AJHED N7D= A;BK7H :7H? F;HCKA77D BE=7C F;HJ7C7
%;F?D=A;F?D= BE=7C N7D= :7F7J C;B?F7J=7D:7A7D ;B;AJHED J;H:7F7J :? :7B7C I;8K7> 7B7J N7D= :?I;8KJ <EJECKBJ?FB?;H '&*&$+#* '# ( EJECKBJ?FB?;H7:7B7>7B7JKDJKAC;CF;HAK7JFKBI77HKIB?IJH?A HKIB?IJH?A J;HI;8KJ 8;H7I7B :7H? J;C87A7D I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< :? 7J7I B7N7H <BKEH;I;DI? *KBI7 7HKI B?IJH?A A;CK:?7D :?I7BKHA7D A; 7B7J F;D97J7J I;F;HJ? F;D=;H7I IK7H7 C;J;H IA7B7 :7D B7?DB7?D
Gambar 10.18
Diagram sintilator yang dilengkapi dengan fotomultiplier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partikel datang foton kristal sintilasi
pulsa keluaran fotomultiplier fotokatode +400 V +800 V +1200 V +1600 V +200 V +600 V +1000 V +1400 V
Tes Kompetensi
Subbab
B
+80'1'42'.6'*'(;1;2':/.'4C. Reaksi Inti
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:7D I;IK:7> JKC8KA7D 7:7B7> I7C7
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1. Energi yang Dihasilkan dari Reaksi Inti
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Contoh
10.7
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Contoh
10.8
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Kata Kunci
• energi reaksi inti • reaksi eksotermik • reaksi endotermik • reaksi berantai • reaksi fisi
Tokoh
Enrico Fermi (1901–1954)Fermi adalah seorang fisikawan kelahiran Itali. Setelah tahun 1939, ia pergi ke Amerika Serikat untuk bekerja dan hidup disana. Ia dikenal karena menggunakan neutron untuk menembak atom yang dapat menghasilkan isotop. Enrico Fermi
mendapat hadiah Nobel pada 1938. Pada 2 Desember 1942, reaksi rantai nuklir pertama dihasilkan oleh sebuah tim ilmuwan yang
dipimpinnya. Percobaan yang sukses ini bertempat di lapangan Squash Universitas Chicago, Amerika Serikat. Reaksi rantai bekerja menyerupai penyalaan korek api. Panas yang dihasilkan oleh gesekan pada waktu mematik korek api menyebabkan sebagian atom terbakar dan melepaskan lebih banyak panas sehingga menyebabkan reaksi terus-menerus berlangsung.
2. Pembuatan Isotop Radioaktif dari Reaksi Inti
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3. Reaksi Berantai
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4. Reaksi Fisi
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U n inti bulatan
Gambar 10.19
Diagram reaksi berantai
Gambar 10.20
Pada reaksi pembelahan inti, jumlah neutron bertambah pada setiap tingkatan. inti U-235
reaksi fisi U-235 memunculkan
2 neutron neutron pertama
reaksi fisi kedua menghasilkan 4 neutron
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5. Reaksi Fusi
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Gambar 10.21
Penggabungan empat inti hidrogen membentuk inti helium disertai pelepasan energi. H 1 1 H 1 1 H 1 1 H 1 1 H 1 1 H 1 1 H 1 1 H 2 1 H 2 1 Hc 3 2 Hc 3 2 Hc 4 2 H 1 1 H–2 (deuterium) H–3 (tritium) reaksi fusi helium neutron + + + + + + Gambar 10.22
Reaksi fusi di Matahari
Gambar 10.23 ruang vakum toroid arus listrik luar medan magnetik total plasma arus plasma medan magnetik poloid medan magnetik toroid
Contoh
10.9
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Subbab
C
D. Reaktor Nuklir, Bom Nuklir, dan Radioisotop
1. Reaktor nuklir
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Gambar 10.24
Perancangan dasar reaktor Nuklir air-tekan.
Gambar 10.25
Reaktor nuklir dengan moderator air sistem utama sistem kedua
bahan bakar dan moderator pelindung kondensor pompa uap air batang pengendali air panas turbin uap generator
Informasi
untuk Anda Beberapa jenis limbah reaktor nuklir bersifat radioaktif. Limbah ini meng-hasilkan radiasi nuklir mematikan yang merusak sel-sel hidup. Beberapa jenis limbah radioaktif dapat bertahan ribuan tahun. Oleh karena itu, limbah yang disimpan rapat dalam peti kemas tertutup harus dipendam di bawah tanah. Untuk menangani limbah nuklir maka orang harus menggunakan pakaian seperti terlihat pada gambar berikut.Some kind of the nuclear reactor waste is radioactive material. This waste produce deadly nuclear radiation that damage living cells. Some kind of radioactive waste can last for thousand years. So, nuclear reactor waste placed in shielded box must be buried underground. Overcoming nuclear waste, people must wear suit like you have seen this picture.
Information for You
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Gambar 10.26
Komponen-komponen dasar sebuah reaktor atom: (1) teras reaktor; (2) elemen bahan bakar; (3) moderator; (4) batang kendali; (5) shielding; (6) pendingin. aliran panas aliran dingin uap ke turbin air dingin pompa (1) (2) (4) (5) (3) (6)
Sebuah reaktor nuklir tidak dapat meledak seperti bom atom. Akan tetapi, suatu kecelakaan pada pusat tenaga nuklir dapat menimbulkan akibat yang merusak sejumlah besar wilayah sekitarnya. Pada 1986, terjadi kecelakaan nuklir terbesar di pusat tenaga nuklir Chernobyl di Ukraina. Kecelakaan ini melepaskan zat radioaktif ke dalam atmosfer dan mengakibatkan gangguan kesehatan yang hebat pada penduduk di sekitar Chernobyl. Penduduk di Eropa pun mendapatkan dampak yang tidak kecil.
A nuclear reactor can not explode like atom bomb. But, an accident in centre of the nuclear power can cause a large destruction. In 1986, the biggest nuclear accident happened in the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Ukraine. This accident released radioactive material to the
atmosphere and caused severe health disorder to civilians near by some European also got the serious effect.
Informasi
untuk AndaInformation for You
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a. PLTN dengan Sistem PWR
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b. PLTN dengan Sistem BWR
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Tokoh
Otto HannOtto Hahn lahir di Frankfurt, Jerman. Ia mendapatkan gelar Ph.D dari Universitas Marburg pada 1901. Hahn
mempelajari beberapa unsur radioaktif, termasuk aktinium dan thorium. Pada 1917, ia dan Lise Meitner berbagi penghargaan atas penemuan logam radioaktif yang diberi nama protak-tinium. Pada 1944, Hahn mendapatkan hadiah Nobel bidang kimia untuk keberhasilannya dalam penemuan pembelahan inti. Proses pembelahan inti itu disebut fisi nuklir. Para ilmuwan di Amerika Serikat menggunakan hasil penemuan Hahn ini untuk membuat bom atom pada awal 1940-an. Sejak saat itu penggunaan fisi nuklir untuk tujuan damai pun dikembangkan.
Sumber:Science Encyclopedia, 1998
Gambar 10.27
Bagan PLTN dengan sistem PWR
Sumber:Fundamental of Physics, 2001 reaktor PWR
generator pembangkit
uap pipa uap
generator
kondensator pompa
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2. Bom Nuklir
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3. Radioisotop
a. Pembuatan Radioisotop
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Gambar 10.28
Bagan PLTN dengan sistem BWR
Tantangan
untuk Anda
Mengapa molekul dari uranium (U–235) lebih cepat bergerak daripada molekul U–238 pada suhu yang sama?Tugas Anda 10.2
Apakah Anda pernah mendengar tragedi Chernobyl? Chernobyl merupakan pembangkit listrik tenaga nuklir di Ukraina yang mengalami kebocoran. Carilah informasi dari berbagai sumber, mengapa kebocoran ini bisa terjadi?Kata Kunci
• reaktor nuklir • reaktor daya
• reaktor produksi isotop • reaktor penelitian • sistem PWR • sistem BWR
Sumber:Conceptual Physics, 1998 reaktor
air mendidih uap
turbin generator pemindah panas pompa kondensator transformator jaringan distribusi tenaga listrik
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b. Penggunaan Radioisotop
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Kedua tangan ini memegang sebongkah uranium–235. Isotop dari uranium yang digunakan sebagai bahan dalam reaktor nuklir. Uranium merupakan salah satu logam berat, sebongkah kecil uranium ini massanya 4,5 kg dan harganya lebih dari 200.000 dolar. Sebelum memegang uranium, tangan harus dilindungi dengan sarung tangan khusus.
This two hand hold a slab of Uranium-235. It is uranium isotop used as material in nuclear reactor. Uranium is one of the heavy metal, that small uranium slab weights 4,5 kg and the price is more than 200.000 dollars. Before holding uranium, hands must be covered by a special handgloves.
Informasi
untuk AndaTugas Anda 10.3
Carilah foto-foto tentang kondisi kota dan warga Hiroshima dan Nagasaki setelah pengeboman oleh Amerika Serikat. Diskusikanlahbersama teman sekelas Anda tentang dampak negatif bom atom.
Diskusikan juga apakah ada dampak positif dari bom atom.
