LANGUAGE SIMPLIFICATION:
A CASE STUDY ON INDONESIAN AND ENGLISH CHILDREN
An Undergraduate Thesis
Submitted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements
for Sarjana Sastra Degree
Ayu Wulandari
1109010002
FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH PURWOKERTO
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MOTTO
Il n'y a de dieu qu'Allah. Il n’y a que toi qui peux me donner, l’espoir de
pouvoir accèdé. There is no God except Allah, there is no one but You who
can give me the hope to be able to reach (Ayu Wulandari).
Quand on veut une chose, tout l’univers conspire á nous permettre de
réaliser notre rêve. When a person really desires something, all the
universe conspire to help that person to realize her dream (Anonymous).
Dream for God will embrace your dream (Andrea Hirata, Author).
Tidak ada hasil yang mengkhianati usaha (Elvira Devinamira, Miss Universe
Indonesia 2014).
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DEDICATION
This undergraduate thesis is dedicated for:
My greatest parents that always loving me, “Thanks for being there at ups
and downs. You may not be perfect, but you are the most precious gifts
God has ever given to me. I know you always want the best for me.”
My beloved sister, brother-in-law, and my niece, “Thank you so much for
helping and supporting me.”
Dwi Ariyanti, “Dear, my best friend. Actually, best friend is hard to find,
harder to leave, and impossible to forget. Thank you so much for being
my best friend. I promise you, we will still be best friend forever. Aamiin.”
All of my beloved friends in Faculty of Letters; Dwi, Mba Ari, Dimas, Anggi,
Aldi, Wilmar, Ami, Tyas, Mas Rony, Sovi, Astri, Uti, Beni, Yayu, Riasti,
Bayu, Sandra, Wafa, Fina, Agif, Isna, Mutia, Akbar, Fuad, Wiku and others,
“Hey you guys, sorry I can’t mention all of you one by one, but thank you
so much for coloring my life. Good luck for you all.”
All of my friends in ASEAN Youth Leaders Association and Ikatan Duta
Mahasiswa Generasi Berencana Propinsi Jawa Tengah 2013, “Thanks
much for the supports, guys. Let’s dream big. See you on top!”
For my friends; Letnan Dua (Letda) Doni P. Utomo S.T.Han and Letnan
Dua Laut (Letda P.) Indra Pratama S.T.Han, “Thank you so much for
inspiring me, guys. You both are awesome and inspiring.”
For Letnan Satu Penerbang (Lettu Pnb.) Wiradinata, “Thank you.
Sometimes I have to stand alone to prove that I can still stand.”
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank Allah S.W.T. who has given guidance and
blessing so that I can finish and accomplish this undergraduate thesis as a partial
fulfillment of the requirement for Sarjana Sastra degree at English Department,
Faculty of Letters, University of Muhammadiyah Purwokerto.
In the process of finishing this undergraduate thesis, I am indebted for
uncounted helps and great supports which have been sincerely given by some
people besides me. Herewith, I would like to deeply thank to:
Sulasih Nurhayati, S.S., M.Hum., as the Dean of Faculty of Letters who
has given many supports and motivation to me.
Khristianto, S.S., M.Hum., as the advisor who has spent so much time
and care for guiding and advising me. Hopefully, this undergraduate
thesis can be a worthy gift for him.
All lecturers of Faculty of Letters, who have given me invaluable
knowledge.
Last but not least, I hope that this undergraduate thesis can give some
contribution for English Department of Faculty of Letters, University of
Muhammadiyah Purwokerto.
Purwokerto, February 2015
Ayu Wulandari
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LANGUAGE SIMPLIFICATION:
A CASE STUDY ON INDONESIAN AND ENGLISH CHILDREN
AYU WULANDARI 1109010002
ABSTRACT
This research aims to investigate the types of language simplification (LS) produced by Indonesian and English children of two and a half years old, and to find out the factors of the language simplification. This is a qualitative research on psycholinguistics. The data source of this research are children of Indonesian and English natives. Then the data of this research are only the utterances containing forms of language simplification.
This study employs a key theory of language simplification from Clark and Clark (1977) and also Rini’s research findings (2000). To support the analysis, it also applies theories of behaviorism and nativism on language acquisition, phonological processes, and speech production mechanism.
Based on the analysis, this research reveals that the language simplifications produced by Indonesian subject includes final segments omission, consonant clusters reduction, unstressed syllables omission, syllables reduplication, initial sound omission, middle vowel and voiced alveolar sound omission, and also consonants subtitution. Meanwhile, LS in the English native subject are final segments omission, consonant clusters reduction, unstressed syllables omission, syllables reduplication, initial sound omission, and consonants subtitution. Consonant clusters reduction is the mostly found in the children’s utterances because it is the hardest to produce. Then the lowest number of language simplification in both subjects is the syllables reduplication.
Another finding of this study is three factors identified to be the reasons of language simplification in the children’s talk. The first is the children have not sufficiently acquired the correct phonological contrast, or minimal pairs. Second, the children simplifies due to the practical reason, to ease their communication. Last, language simplification is merely an effect of the immature-development of the speech production system.
Keywords: language simplification, Indonesian native, English native, young children, language production.
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PENYEDERHANAAN BAHASA:
STUDI KASUS PADA ANAK PENUTUR BAHASA INDONESIA DAN PENUTUR BAHASA INGGRIS
AYU WULANDARI 1109010002
INTISARI
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki jenis-jenis penyederhanaan bahasa (LS) yang diproduksi oleh anak penutur bahasa Indonesia dan anak penutur bahasa Inggris yang berumur dua setengah tahun, serta untuk menemukan faktor-faktor penyederhanaan bahasa. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dalam lingkup psikolinguistik. Sumber data dari penelitian ini adalah anak penutur bahasa Indonesia dan anak penutur bahasa Inggris. Kemudian data penelitian ini hanyalah ujaran-ujaran yang mengandung bentuk-bentuk penyederhanaan bahasa.
Penelitian ini menggunakan teori utama tentang penyederhanaan bahasa dari Clark dan Clark (1977) dan juga hasil penelitian penyederhanaan bahasa dari Rini (2000). Untuk mendukung analisa, penelitian ini juga menggunakan teori
mengenai proses fonologi, mekanisme produksi ujaran, serta teori behaviorism
dan nativism dalam pemerolehan bahasa.
Berdasarkan analisa, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa penyederhanaan
bahasa yang diproduksi oleh anak penutur bahasa Indonesia meliputi final
segments omission, consonant clusters reduction, unstressed syllables omission, syllables reduplication, initial sound omission, middle vowel and voiced alveolar sound omission, dan consonants subtitution. Sementara itu, penyederhanaan
bahasa pada anak penutur bahasa Inggris adalah final segments omission,
consonant clusters reduction, unstressed syllables omission, syllables
reduplication, initial sound omission, dan consonants subtitution. Consonant clusters reduction adalah tipe penyederhanaan bahasa yang paling banyak ditemukan dalam ujaran kedua anak tersebut karena paling sulit untuk diproduksi. Sedangkan jenis penyederhanaan bahasa yang paling sedikit
ditemukan pada kedua anak tersebut adalah syllables reduplication.
Hasil temuan lainnya dari penelitian ini adalah ada tiga faktor yang teridentifikasi menjadi penyebab penyederhanaan bahasa. Yang pertama adalah anak belum
cukup memperoleh perbedaan fonologi atau minimal pairs yang benar. Yang
kedua, mereka menyederhanakan bahasa berdasarkan alasan kepraktisan, untuk meringankan komunikasi mereka. Yang terakhir, penyederhanaan bahasa selalu merupakan sebuah efek dari perkembangan sistem produksi ujaran yang belum matang.
Kata kunci: penyederhanaan bahasa, penutur bahasa Indonesia, penutur bahasa Inggris, anak kecil, produksi bahasa.
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A.1. Background of the Research ... 1
A.2. Problems of the Research ... 6
A.3. Objectives of the Research ... 7
A.4. Significance of the Research... 7
A.5. Limitation of the Research ... 7
A.6. Organization of the Research Report ... 8
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 9
B.1. Theoritical Framework ... 9
B.1.1. Language Simplification Theory of Clark and Clark ... 9
B.1.2. Phonological Processes ... 14
B.1.3. Speech Production Mechanism ... 18
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B.1.4. Behaviorism and Nativism Theory on Language Simplification .... 20
B.2. Review of Related Researches ... 23
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD ... 27
C.1. Type of the Research ... 27
C.2. Data and the Source of the Data ... 28
C.3. Method of Collecting Data ... 29
C.4. Technique of Collecting Data ... 30
C.5. Method of Analyzing Data ... 31
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ... 33
D.1. Data Description ... 33
D.2. Data Analysis ... 35
D.3. Discussion ... 70
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 87
E.1. Conclusion ... 87
E.2. Suggestion ... 88
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 89
APPENDICES ... 92
