A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN CONSONANT CLUSTERS

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN

CONSONANT CLUSTERS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

MONICA RISKY WIDYA SARI Student Number: 074214040

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN

CONSONANT CLUSTERS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

MONICA RISKY WIDYA SARI Student Number: 074214040

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

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Because of You, I was born again

Because of You, I can be where I am today

Thank you for dying on the cross for me

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I dedicate this undergraduate thesis to

Jesus Christ and Mother Mary

My beloved Mother and Father

My lovely Sister and Brother

My love

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I have to thank so many people who have encouraged me with their love,

prayer, and support in the completion of writing this thesis. I could not manage

my time well and I almost failed to fight against myself. I am very thankful to

Jesus Christ and Mother Mary, who always bless my lovable people and me in whatever condition we are. They are also never bored to listen to my prayer; give

me strength and patience in every second of my wonderful life. Thanks to them

my thesis finally is done.

I am deeply indebted to Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A., my advisor who had patiently and wisely helped, guided, and had given me invaluable suggestions

for the completion of this thesis. I am sorry that I did not finish my undergraduate

thesis like what he expected. I also would like to thank Linda Valentina Budiman, S.S, M.Hum., my co-advisor, and Dra. Bernadine Ria Lestari, M.S.

for giving me suggestion and correction.

My deepest love and gratitude goes to my dearest father Paulus Sukardiyono, and my dearest mother Wahyuni Laurentia, S.Pd, who always give me their endless love, patience and care. They are my best sponsors in my

life, without them I am nobody. Thank you for giving me this opportunity to study

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I want to say my biggest thank to Wahyu Anggara, my wonderful man. Thank you so much for loving me, giving me strength when I am down, and

giving me suggestion and care. The world means everything to me and you are my

world.

My gratitude is also aimed to Hendrikus Rusman, Sri Wartini, and

Ferdinand Beni for being my Dad, Mom and my brother in Yogyakarta. Thank you for taking care of me, giving me many facilities; support and suggestion

during my living in Yogyakarta. For Beni, thank you for your jokes and willingness that makes me cheer up and getting crazy.

And also I give thank to all my lovely friends in English Letters

Department Class of 2007, especially Ganis, Sari, and Puput, members of KKN Alternatif XXXV (Abah, Umi, Mbak Nana, Mbak Tisa) thank you for being my “Keluarga Cemara”, thank you for Mas Guntur Prasetya English Department Class of 2006 and Bang Bend English Department Class of 2004, thanks for the support and help me in doing my thesis, I will always miss you all.

Thank you for all staff TB dan TK Ceria Demangan, for the job experiences and the support. Thank you for my best friend Maya, thank you for your joke and always make me cheer up.

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thanks also to the all library staff in Sanata Dharma University Library. It is impossible to do this without their help.

Finally, many thanks are addressed to those who have given me a hand,

whose names I cannot mention here one by one but I believe that God always

blesses them all.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE………..i

APPROVAL PAGE………...ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE……….iii

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIK………...iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY………...v

MOTTO PAGE………...vi

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION………....1

A. Background of the Study……….1

B. Problem Formulation………....4

C.Objectives of the Study………....4

D. Definition of Terms………..4

CHAPTER II: THEORITICAL REVIEW………..…………..6

A.Review of Related Studies………...6

B.Review of Related Theories……….7

1. Consonant……….7

2. Arrangement………...…..9

3. Definition of Consonant Clusters………...10

4. English Consonant Clusters………11

a. Initial Cluster with Two consonants………..……..13

b. Initial Cluster with Three consonants………..……13

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C.Theoretical Framework………...18

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY………...20

A.Object of the Study……….20

B.Method of the Study………...20

C.Research Procedure……….20

1. Data Collection………....20

2. Data Analysis………...21

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS………23

A. The Permissible English Consonant Clusters ………23

1. Two-Member Consonant Clusters in Initial Position ………25

2. Three-Member Consonant Clusters in Initial Position….………..32

3. Two-Member Consonant Clusters in Final Position…….……….34

4. Three-Member Consonant Clusters in Final Position…………....45

5. Four-Member Consonant Clusters in Final Position………..49

B. The Permissible Indonesian Consonant Clusters………...51

1. Two-Member Consonant Clusters in Initial Position……….52

2. Three-Member Consonant Clusters in Initial Position…………...58

3. Two-Member Consonant Clusters in Final Position………..58

C. The Similarities and Differences between English and Indonesia Consonant Clusters……….59

1. The Similarities of English and Indonesian Consonant Clusters...60

2. The Differences of English and Indonesian Consonant Clusters……....61

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION………..64

BIBLIOGRAPHY………68

APPENDICES………..69

1. The English Consonant Clusters Data………....69

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Phonetic Features for English Consonants………...8

Table 2.2 Phonetic Features for Indonesian Consonants………...…………..9

Table 2.3 Indonesian Consonant Clusters Beginning with Stop or Fricative Followed by /l/………..……….16

Table 2.4 Indonesian Consonant Clusters Beginning with Stop or Fricative Followed by /r/……….………..17

Table 2.5 Indonesian Consonant Clusters Beginning with Stop or Trill Followed by /s………17

Table 2.6 Indonesian Consonant Clusters Beginning with Stop Followed by Palatal /j/, /y/………17

Table 2.7 Indonesian Consonant Clusters Beginning with a Stop or a Fricative Followed by /w/……….………...18

Table 2.8 Indonesian Consonant Clusters Beginning with the Fricative /s/…..…18

Table 4.1 Percentages of English Consonant Clusters………..24

Table 4.2 The Examples of Stop Two-Consonant Clusters in Initial Position…..25

Table 4.3 The Example of Fricative Two-Consonant Clusters in Initial Position.25 Table 4.4 Sound Types Percentage of the First Member………...27

Table 4.5 Sound Types Percentage of the Last Member………...27

Table 4.6 The Distribution of Stops in English Clusters………...29

Table 4.7 The Distribution of Fricatives in English Clusters………29

Table 4.8 The Distribution of Nasals and Sonorants in English Clusters……...29

Table 4.9 The Distribution of Sonorant in English Clusters………...30

Table 4.10 The Distribution of Stops, Fricatives, and Nasals in English Cluster..30

Table 4.11 The Distribution of Three-Consonant Clusters in English…………...33

Table 4.12 The English Clusters Occurring in Free Morpheme………35

Table 4.13 The English Clusters Occurring at the Juncture of Free and Bound Morpheme………...36

Table 4.14 The English Clusters Occurring Both Within Free Morphemes and at Juncture of Free and Bound Morphemes………36

Table 4.15 The Distribution of Two-English Consonant Clusters in Final Position………...37

Table 4.16 The Stops as the Second Members of English Cluster………..39

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Table 4.18 The Affricate, Nasal, and Sonorant as The Second Member of English Cluster………....39

Table 4.19 Table of The Homorganic Alveolar………....42

Table 4.20 Three-Consonant Clusters in Final Position with The Bound Morpheme

/s/………....45

Table 4.21 Three-Consonant Clusters in Final Position with The Bound Morpheme /z/………46

Table 4.22 Three-Consonant Clusters in Final Position with The Bound Morpheme /t/……….46

Table 4.23 Three-Consonant Clusters in Final Position with The Bound Morpheme /d/...46 Table 4.24 Three-Consonant Clusters in Final Position with The Bound Morpheme

/ө/……….47

Table 4.25 The Structural Pattern of Three-Consonant Clusters in Final Position With the bound morpheme /-s/……….………...48

Table 4.26 The Structural Pattern of Three-Consonant Clusters in Final Position With the bound morpheme /-z/……….………...48

Table 4.27 The Structural Pattern of Three-Consonant Clusters in Final Position With the bound morpheme /-t/……….………...49

Table 4.28 The Structural Pattern of Three-Consonant Clusters in Final Position With the bound morpheme /-d/……….…………..49

Table 4.29 The Structural Pattern of Three-Consonant Clusters in Final Position With the bound morpheme /-ө/……….………..49

Table 4.30 Percentage of Indonesian Consonant Clusters………..……...52

Table 4.31 Two-Consonant Clusters Beginning with Stop or Fricative Followed by

/l/………..53

Table 4.32 Two-Consonant Clusters Beginning with Stop or Fricative Followed by

/r/………53

Table 4.33 Two-Consonant Clusters Beginning with Stop Followed by Palatal /y/...53

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Table 4.36 The Distribution of Stops in Indonesian Clusters…………..……...56

Table 4.37 The Distribution of Fricatives in Indonesian Clusters……….57

Table 4.38 The Distribution of Sonorants in Indonesian Clusters……….57

Table 4.39 The Distribution of Three-Consonant Clusters in Indonesia………...58

Table 4.40 The Example of Two-Consonant Clusters in Final Position in

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ABSTRACT

MONICA RISKY WIDYA SARI (2012). A Comparative Study on English and Indonesian Consonant Clusters. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.

Nowadays, people in this world not only can speak one language but also can speak more than one language, for example they can speak both English and Indonesian. Therefore English as the international language has taken a part as an important role. Each language has its characteristic consonants and vowel arrangements such as CV, VC, CVC, CCV, VCC, etc. Language differs from each other in their ways of forming a cluster. Consonant cluster is a combination of two or more consonantal phonemes which belong to one syllable. Two languages may have the same consonants, but each has its own rule to form a cluster. Two languages may have the same consonants, but each has its own rule to form a cluster. Indonesian and English, for instance, have the phonemes /p/, /s/, /l/. English allows the cluster /spl/ as in the words split and splash. On the contrary, Indonesian does not have the word which begins with /spl/. English also allows the phonemes /ktst/ occurring at end of a word as in the word texts, but in Indonesia it does not occur.

This undergraduate thesis has three problems. The first is what the permissible English consonant clusters are. The second is what the permissible Indonesian consonant clusters are, after that the third problem is what the similarities and differences between English and Indonesian consonant clusters are.

In order to analyze those three problems, the researcher applied the method of contrastive analysis. First both English and Indonesian data were collected, and grouped into the several groups based on the kinds of consonant clusters. Then the researcher analyzed the feature of the data collected.

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ABSTRAK

MONICA RISKY WIDYA SARI (2012). A Comparative Study on English and Bahasa Indonesia Consonant Clusters. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Saat ini, orang- orang di dunia tidak hanya dapat berbicara dalam satu bahasa saja, tetapi lebih dari satu bahasa, sebagai contoh mereka dapat berbicara dalam bahasa Inggris atau bahasa Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, bahasa Inggris mempunyai peran yang penting sebagai bahasa internasional. Setiap bahasa mempunyai karakteristik masing-masing dalam susunan konsonan dan vowel seperti CV, VC, CVC, CCV, VCC, dan sebagainya. Satu bahasa berbeda dengan bahasa yang lain dalam hal pembentukan kluster. Konsonan kluster adalah gabungan dari dua atau lebih bunyi konsonan yang berada dalam satu silabel. Dua bahasa mungkin mempunyai persamaan huruf konsonan, tetapi masing-masing bahasa mempunyai caranya sendiri dalam membentuk sebuah kluster. Sebagai contoh, baik bahasa Inggris atau bahasa Indonesia mempunyai fonem /p/, /s/, /l/. Bahasa Inggris mempunyai kluster /spl/ seperti kata split dan splash. Sebaliknya, dalam bahasa Indonesia tidak ada kluster yang dimulai dengan /spl/. Bahasa Inggris juga mempunyai fonem /ksts/ di akhir kata seperti dalam kata texts, tetapi bahasa Indonesia tidak ada kluster berakhiran /ksts/.

Skripsi ini mempunyai tiga permasalahan. Pertama, konsonan apa saja mungkin terjadi di konsonan kluster dalam bahasa Inggris. Kedua, konsonan apa saja mungkin terjadi di konsonan kluster dalam bahasa Indonesia, kemudian permasalahan yang ketiga adalah apakah persamaan dan perbedaan antara konsonan kluster dalam bahasa Inggris dan konsonan kluster dalam bahasa Indonesia.

Dalam menganalisa permasalahan diatas, peneliti menerapkan metode analisis kontrastif. Pertama, data konsonan kluster dalam bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Indonesia dikumpulkan dan dikelompokan sesuai dengan jenis konsonan klusternya. Kemudian peneliti menganalisa ciri-ciri data yang telah dikumpulkan.

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Human beings need to associate with one another so they can talk to

each other. As human beings, they need to talk and talk with a language.

When people know a language, they can speak and be understood by others

who know the language. This means they have the capacity to produce sounds

that signify certain meanings and to understand or interpret the sound

produced by others (Fromkin, Victoria and Robert Rodman, 1974:4).

Nowadays, people in this world not only can speak one language but also can

speak more than one language, for example they can speak both Indonesia and

English. Therefore English as the international language has taken part as an

important role.

Effective foreign language teaching requires knowledge of the

significant sounds in the foreign language as well as those in the native

language of the student. These sounds are often further classified into

consonant and vowels, represented as “C” and “V”. Each language has its

characteristic consonants and vowel arrangements such as CV, VC, CVC,

CCV, VCC, etc. For the foreign language teacher, it is essential to know all

the significant in the students‟ native language.

A combination of two or more consonantal phonemes which belong to

one syllable is called a consonant cluster. The English [sp] in spirit is a

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syllable, that is [spi-]. The same combination of sounds is [sp] as in the word

aspire, because the sound [s] and [p] belong to one syllable /ә/ + /spaɪә/.

Language differs from each other in their ways of forming a cluster. Two

languages may have the same consonants, but each has its own rule to form a

cluster. Indonesian and English, for instance, have the phonemes /p/, /s/, /l/.

English allows the cluster /spl/ as in the words split and splash. On the

contrary, in Indonesian there is no word which begins with /spl/. English also

allows the phonemes /ktst/ occurring at end of a word as in the word texts, but

in Indonesia it does not occur.

Originally Indonesian has simpler system of consonant clusters than

English. Indonesian had the phoneme /r/ which can be preceded by /p/, /t/, /k/,

/b/, /d/, /s/, or /g/. Thus Indonesian has words such as praja, trasi, krupuk,

drama, sri, and graha. Some words are borrowed from foreign languages

(Aminoedin, 1984: 54).

With modernization and contact with the Western languages

Indonesian now have other clusters as well. Using “C” for consonants and “V”

for vowels, the structure of a syllable in Indonesian is now as follows:

V a-bu, a-bang

CV pa-di, su-ci

VC am-pun, um-pan

CVC kan-cah, mam-pu

CCV praja, pri-a

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CCCV stri-ka, stra-tegi

CCCVC struk-tur

From the description and examples above we can see that the

Indonesian syllables with two or more initial consonants are foreign in origin;

they come from Sanskrit, Dutch, or English. There is no consonant cluster

occurring at the end of a syllable or a word. This syllable structure will

influence the mastery of the English consonant clusters, because the English

consonant cluster is more complex than Indonesian consonant cluster.

Here English and Indonesian Consonant Clusters are chosen as the

topic because the writer would like to explore the similarities and differences

between English and Indonesian consonant cluster especially for English

learners. Among the languages, there can be similar and different

sound-sequences in similar sound-arrangements. In the other words, two different

languages can have similar sound arrangements, with similar and different

sound-sequences in each of the similar sound arrangement. For example, both

English and Indonesian have C-, CC-, and CCC-. This description tells us

nothing about which specific sound sequences occur as C-, CC-, and CCC-.

By analyzing the data and finally finding the answer, this research is

aimed to give guidance and explanation for Indonesian students who learn

English. In other words, it is expected that Indonesian student can understand

the similarities and differences between English and Indonesian especially in

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B. Problem Formulation

Based on the above explanation, the problems of this study can be

formulated as follows:

1. What are the permissible English consonant clusters?

2. What are the permissible Indonesian consonant clusters?

3. What are the similarities and differences between English and Indonesian

consonant clusters?

C. Objectives of the Study

This chapter explains some objectives that are related to the problem

formulation. According to the first problem above, the first objective is to

explain English consonant clusters. The second is to explain Indonesian

consonant clusters, and the last objective is to contrast English and Indonesian

consonant clusters.

D. Definition of Terms

In order to avoid misleading interpretation in the process of analyzing

the data, it is important to know some definition of linguistics terminologies.

The terms that will be used in this analysis are consonant, cluster and

consonant cluster.

The first term is consonant, consonant according to Dr H. Schreuder in

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way that the air-stream on its way through the air channel meets with

narrowing or complete closure.

The second term is consonant cluster. According to Muslich (2008:

71), a combination of two or more consonantal phonemes which belong to one

syllable is called a consonant cluster. Language differs from each other in their

ways of forming a cluster. Two languages may have the same consonants, but

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies

Many scholars have conducted a study on consonant cluster. For

example Eddy Goenarto analyzed part of English consonant and consonant

cluster production, entitled “Differences in English Consonant and Consonant Cluster Production between Middle and Lower Socio Economic Class of The

Elementary School in Surakarta”. The problem shows how the middle and the lower economic class students pronounce English consonant and clusters

differ from the English of native speaker, the differences between middle and

lower socio economic class students in their English pronunciation, and the

factors that cause those differences. In doing his analysis he used data

collection and data analysis. The data analysis used T-test for independent

sample and he also needed an instrument to collect the data.

In his study, for the first and second problems, he wanted to find out

how the middle and lower socio economic class students pronounce the

English consonant and clusters, and how their pronunciation differ from native

English speaker. For the third problem, he tried to find out the differences

between the middle socio economic and lower socio economic class students

in their English pronunciation. And then in the last problem he tried to find

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This current study is almost similar to the above since this study also

discusses consonant cluster, but this study does not discuss how to pronounce

the consonant and consonant clusters, it will discuss deeply and completely

about consonant clusters especially in English and Indonesian including the

comparison between English and Indonesian consonant clusters.

B. Review of Related Theories

In this part the writer includes several theories from some linguists to

analyze the object of the study in order to give limitation and help the writer

to process the data and to draw a conclusion.

1. Consonant

Consonant is a sound in speech, other than vowel, produced by a

complete momentary stop page or constriction of the air stream in some part

of the mouth cavity or by the lips as it passes from the lungs. (The mechanism

for the production of the Indonesian sound is the same as that for English.

The descriptions of the manner of forming consonants should take into

account the following particulars: (i) the place of articulation, (ii) the manner

of articulation, (iii) the state of vocal folds. The place of articulation refers to

the articulatory mechanism which moves in our mouth thus playing a role in

the production of the sound. (Daniel Jones, 1972:23)

And then manner of articulation refers to the way the airstream is

released. If it is released through the nose, the sounds are called nasals. If it is

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air friction, they are called fricatives. If they are a combination of a stop and a

fricative, they are referred to as affricates.

The vocal folds have an important role as they determine whether a

sound is voiced or voiceless. A sound is voiced when in its production, the

vocal folds vibrate. Otherwise, the sound is voiceless. For example the sound

such as [b] and [g] are voiced, while [p] and [k] are voiceless. Let see the

table of English and Indonesia consonants.

Table 2.1: Phonetic Features for English Consonants

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Table 2.2: Phonetic Feature for Indonesian Consonants

Source : English Phonetics & Phonology for Indonesians (Soenjono Dardjowidjodjo 2009: 50)

From the table above, compared to English, there are English sounds

which are not found in Indonesian. The English phonemes / θ/ and / ð/, for instance, are not found in Indonesian. The English phonemes /f/ and /v/ are

also problematic as they are not found in contrast in Indonesian. Although the

letter <v> is found in Indonesian, the pronunciation is like /f/ or even /p/.

The English phonemes / ʧ/ and /ʤ/, although found in Indonesian,

are somewhat difficult for Indonesians learning English because these two

sounds are not made in exactly the same way as their counterparts in English.

2. Arrangement

According to Fries in English Phonetics has pointed out that

“Each language has not only its own set of distinctive sound features; it

also has a limited number of characteristic sequences of consonants and vowels which make up the structural pattern of syllables words” (1969: 127).

Fries was referring to the sound-sequence relations between

languages. By “the structural pattern of the syllables and words”, Fries means Labial

Alveolar

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Labio-10

the consonant and vowel arrangements-sound-arrangements, such as are the

abstractly symbolized in formulas like CV, CVC, etc.

Arrangement is a formula notating all similar sequences in terms of

“C” and “V” like the English CV- (in pit, knife, shut); CCVC- (in split, string,

squirrel); -VC (in less, pit, splash); -VCCC ( in text, grasped, wisps).

3. Definition of Consonant Cluster

According to Aminoedin, A.et.al. in his book Fonologi Bahasa

Indonesia: Sebuah Studi Deskriptif. A consonant cluster can be defined as follows:

A group or sequences of consonants that appear together in a syllable without a vowel between them consist of the combination of two or three consonants (1984: 69).

According to Soenjono Dardjowidjodjo in his book English

Phonetics & Phonology for Indonesians, a consonant cluster is a combination

of two or more consonantal phonemes which belong to one syllable.

(2009:54). He said that English consonant cluster [sp] in spirit is a consonant

cluster because the sound [s] and [p] belong to one syllable, that is [spi-]. The

same combinations of sounds [sp] as in the word aspire.

Language differs from each other in their ways of forming a cluster.

Two languages may have the same consonants, but each has its own rule to

form a cluster. Indonesian and English, for instance, have the phonemes /p/,

/s/, /l/. English allows the cluster /spl/ as in the words split and splash. On the

contrary, Indonesian does not permit such clustering; there is no Indonesian

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end of a word as in the word texts, but in Indonesia does not allow such an

arrangement.

Based on the definition from two linguists above we can define that

consonant cluster is combination of consonants which belongs to one

syllable, it may consist of more than three consonant combinations such in

split /splɪt/ and strudel /ʃtrudәl, angsts /æŋksts, glimpsed /ɡlɪmpst.

There are two types of consonant clusters, first is in initial position

and final position. Cluster in initial position means that the position of a

consonant cluster in a word followed by the vowel. While, cluster in final

position means that the position of a consonant cluster in a word is preceded

by the vowel.

4. English Consonant Clusters

A consonant is a sound formed by stopping the air flowing through

the mouth. In English, for example, the group /spl/ and /ts/ are consonant

clusters in the word splits. English has a rich system for consonant clusters.

The longest possible initial cluster is three consonants, as in split /splɪt/ and

strudel /strudәl/, all beginning with /s/ or /ʃ/ and ending with /l/ or /r/ while

the longest possible final cluster is five consonants, as in angsts /æŋksts/,

though that is rare and four, as in twelfths /twɛlfθs/, sixths /sɪksθs/, bursts

/bɜrsts/ and glimpsed /ɡlɪmpst/, is more common. If a cluster consists of two

sounds, the first consonant can be the sound [s] followed by the sound [p], [t],

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spot, [st] stop, [sk] skill, [sm] small, [sn] snow, [sl ] slash, [sw] swing, [sf ]

sphinx.

The first consonant of a cluster can also be [p], [k],[b], [g],[f], [θ], [h],

[v], [m], [n], [l], or [ʃ]. If the first consonant is any of these sounds, the

second consonants can only be [l], [r], [w], or [y]. Not all second consonants,

however, can occur with any first consonant. Thus [p] can occur with [l] as

play, [r] as in pray and [y] as pure, but not with [w]. Some examples of initial

consonant clusters are given below: [pl] play, [pr] pray, [py] pure,[kl] claim,

[kr] cry, [kw] quick, [bl] blow, [br] bring, [by] beautiful, [dr] drink, [dw]

dwell, [gl] glow, [gr] grow, [fl] flow,[θr] throw, [my] muse, [ny] news, [hy]

huge, [vy] view,[ʃr] shrimp.

An initial consonant cluster in English can also consist of three

sounds. When this arrangement is found, the first consonant only be the

sound [s]. The second consonant can be [p], [t], [k], and the third [l], [r], [w],

or [y]. However, what can occur with what sound is not random. The

following are the possibilities, [spl] splash, [skl] sclerosis, [spr] spray, [str]

strong, [skr] screw, [skw] squeak, [spy] spew, [sty] steward, [sky] skewer

(Soejono Dardjowodjojo 2009:34). All the possible combinations of

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a. Initial consonant clusters with two consonants

If an initial consonant cluster consist of two sounds, the first sound

can be [s], [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [f], [v], [θ], [h], [m], [n], or [l]. The

second sound is [l], [r], [w], or [y]. The first consonants cannot take any

second one randomly. The following are the possible combinations, with their

respective examples. With initial /s/: [sp] spy, [st] stop,[sk] skip,[sl] slim, [sf]

sphere, [sm] smile, [sn] snarl, [sw] swear. With initial /p/: [pl] plan, [pr] pray,

[py] pure, [bl] blind, [br] bright, [by] beauty. With initial /t/: [tr] try,[tw]

twin,[ty] tune. With initial /d/: [dr] dream,[dw] dwarf, [dy] due. With initial

/k/: [kl] clay,[kr] cream, [ky] cute. With initial /g/: [gr] grow, [gl] glow.With

initial /f/:[fl] fly, [fr] freak,[fy] few. With initial /v/: [vy] view. With initial

/θ/: [θr] through, [θw] thwart. With initial /h/, /m/, /n/, /l/: [hy] huge,[my]

mute, [ny] news, [ly] lute.

b. Initial clusters with three consonants

For an initial cluster with three consonants, the possibility is more

restricted. It always begins with [s], followed by [p], [t], or [k], and ends with

[l], [r], [y], or [w]. For examples: [spl] split, [spr] spray,[spy] spew, [str]

strong, [sty] steward, [skl] sclerosis, [skr] scream,[sky] skewer,[skw] square.

The final consonants clusters are clusters which occur at the end of a

word. The clusters can be divided into major groups (1) those which are parts

of the morpheme, and (2) those that constitute separate morphemes. Thus, the

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14

camp respectively. On the other hand, the cluster [gz] as in dogs and [ks] as in

walks belong to the second group since the [z] and [s] are not parts of the

morpheme dog and walk respectively. A final consonant cluster of a mono

morphemic word which consists of two phonemes may start with nasal, a

lateral, or an approximant /r/. It is then followed by a certain consonant as in

these examples: Final clusters starting with nasal; [mp] bump, [ns] lens, [ndʒ]

range, [ŋk] think, [mf] triumph, [nθ] tenth, [nd] land, [ntʃ] bench. Final clusters

starting with a lateral or /r/: [lp] help, [rf] scarf, [tʃ] belch, [ʤ ] large, [bl] bulb,

[lv] shelve, [rv] serve, [lt] belt, [rt] smart,[lθ] twelfth, [lm] film, [rm]arm, [ln]

kiln, [rn] turn, [ld] bold, [rd] board, [ls] else, [rs] horse, [lk] silk, [rk] fork,[lʃ ]

Welsh, [rʃ] marsh.

Final clusters starting with a fricative or stop: [sp] wasp, [fθ] eighth, [ts]

Ritz, [dz] adze, [ks] fax, [st] list, [pt] apt, [tθ] eighth, [ft] left, [kt] fact, [sk] ask,

[pθ] depth, [ps] collapse.

Clusters which are found at the end of a word can consist of three

consonants. The following are some examples: [kst] text, context, [mps]

glimpse, [rld]world, [ksθ] sixth,[nst] against, [rst] thirst, [mpt] contempt, [rps]

corpse.

If we take into account multi morphemic words which include, among

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word text has three consonants /kst/ but it can become four /ksts/ in plural

form. The same is true words such as contexts and twelfth.

After considering all consonant clusters, English has a rich syllable

forms the following are:

V ago CV too CVC sit CCV through CCVC cream CCCV screw CCCVC string CVCC kept CVCCC banks

5. Indonesian Consonant Clusters

Originally Indonesian has simple system of consonant clusters. We

had the phoneme /r/ which can be preceded by /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, /s/, or /g/.

Thus we have words such as praja, trasi, krupuk, drama, sri, and graha.

Some words are borrowed from foreign languages. With modernization and

contact with the Western languages we now have other clusters as well.

(Soejono Dardjowodjojo 2009:54). Using C for consonants and V for vowels,

the structure of a syllable in Indonesian is now as follows:

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16

From the description and examples above we can see that the

Indonesian syllables with two or more initial consonants are foreign in origin;

they come from Sanskrit, Dutch, or English. Below, the table shows us that

these words are worthy loan words. We also notice that there is no consonant

cluster occurring at the end of a syllable or a word. This syllable structure

influences the mastery of the English consonant clusters.

a. Table 2.3: Indonesian Consonant Clusters Beginning with Stop or Fricative

6. /fl/ flamboyan inflasi /flamboyan/ /inflasi/

7. /sl/ slogan

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18

e. Table 2.7: Indonesian Consonant Clusters Beginning with A Stop or a Fricative Followed by /w/

f. Table 2.8: Indonesian Consonant Clusters Beginning with the Fricative /s/

No. Consonant

This study aims to answer problem formulations about the similarity

and the differences between English and Indonesia consonant clusters. In this

part the application of the theories will be explained.

The definition of consonant, arrangement and consonant cluster helps

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the study. Then the theory of English Consonant clusters helps the writer to

give understanding on English consonant clusters.

Next theories discuss Indonesia consonant clusters are used to the

writer to give understanding in Indonesia consonant clusters. Those help the

writer answers first and second problem formulations. After that the writer

finds out the similarity and the differences between English and Indonesia

consonant cluster. Thus will help the writer answers the last problem

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20

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

This is a research conducted to study about comparison between

English and Indonesia consonant clusters. Therefore, the object of this study

must be all English and Indonesia consonant clusters. The writer chooses

Longman Dictionary and Kamus Besar Indonesia because the writer wants to

find out the examples of English and Bahasa Indonesia consonant clusters.

B. Method of the Study

The method of this research was contrastive analysis. Contrastive

analysis is the identification of points of structural similarity and difference

between two languages" (Crystal, 1992, p. 83). Structural here means that the

writer also points to the phonology system.

C. Research Procedure

In this section, the writer presents the procedures of the research

including data collection and data analysis.

1. Data Collection

The data required for the research were English and Indonesia consonant

clusters. The data were collected randomly from Longman English Dictionary

and Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. The reason why they were selected to be

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English and Indonesia authentic data. The writer used them to find the

examples of English and Indonesian consonant clusters. There were total 400

examples, consist of 200 English consonant clusters and 200 Indonesian

consonant clusters get the data by randomly from Longman Dictionary and

Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia.

2. Data Analysis

The writer used the written language as the data for analyzing because a

written language is valid and important object of linguistics investigation

(Gleason 1955:10). The device on using written material as the data

expectedly will lead into a valid analysis of linguistics too.

Several steps were taken in the process of analyzing the data. The first

step was describing about English consonant clusters. After collecting data

about English consonant clusters, the writer categorizes them based on the

kinds of consonant clusters, such as cluster with two consonants, cluster with

three consonants, and cluster with four or more consonants. And then

categorize English consonant clusters based on the positions such as in initial

or final position. After categorizing, the writer analyzed the data based on the

theories of consonant, and arrangement.

The second step was describing Indonesian consonant clusters. Here,

almost the same as first step, the writer collects the data about Indonesian

consonant clusters and then categorize them based on the kinds and the

positions of consonant clusters. And then analyze the data based on the

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22

And the third step was comparing English and Indonesian consonant

clusters, finding the similarities and the differences of English and Indonesian

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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS

This chapter covers three main parts in accordance with the three

problems formulated in chapter I. The first part shows the description about

English consonant clusters. The second part shows the description about

Indonesian consonant clusters. And then the last part shows about the

differences and similarities between English and Indonesian consonant

clusters. The table provided to help the explanation further. At the end of the

data collection, the writer has about 200 English consonant clusters and 200

Indonesia consonant clusters. All those words are collected from the Longman

Dictionary and Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia as the main data source of the

object of the study.

A. The Permissible English Consonant Clusters

In this part the writer wants to show the permissible English consonant

clusters. This part examines the features and the characteristics of English

consonant clusters. A consonant is a sound formed by stopping the air flowing

through the mouth. In English, for example, the group /spl/ and /ts/ are

consonant clusters in the word splits. English has a rich system for consonant

clusters. The longest possible initial cluster is three consonants, as in

split/splɪt/ and strudel/strudәl/, all beginning with /s/ or /ʃ/ and ending with /l/

or /r/ while the longest possible final cluster is five consonants, as in

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24

sixths/sɪksθs/, bursts/bɜrsts/ and glimpsed/ɡlɪmpst/, is more common. Here is

the table of percentage the distribution of the English consonant clusters data.

Based on the data, it contains 105 two consonant clusters in the initial

position, 84 two consonant clusters in final position, and 10 three consonant

clusters in initial position also 1 three consonant cluster in final position, so

there are 200 English consonant clusters.

Table 4.1: Percentage of English Consonant Clusters.

Consonants Frequency Percentage

Two consonants

As we know a consonant cluster must be monosyllable, by definition,

contains only one syllable, with its peak vowel. In the same syllable, the

vowel may or may not be preceded by one, two, or three consonants and/or

followed by one, two, three or four consonants. A selection of possible vowel

and consonant structure for English syllables may be formulated as follows:

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6. CC V draw /drɔ:/

cluster, the above formulations may be condensed into four: V, CV, VC, and

CVC. For the convenience of reference, we shall name the initial consonant

cluster and the final consonant cluster.

1. Two-Member Consonant Clusters In Initial Position

After collecting data, the writer has identified 105 two member

consonant clusters, which fillers of consonant clusters. A consonant or a

cluster in the initial position means the position of a consonant or cluster in a

word which is followed by vowel. Here, the examples based on the data:

Table 4.2: The Examples of Stop Two-Consonant Clusters in Initial Position /gl/ epiglottis /epΙ‟glɒtΙs/

Table 4.3: The Example of Fricative Two-Consonant Clusters in Initial Position /ʃr/ enshrine /in‟ʃrain/

/sl/ enslave /in‟sleiv/ /sn/ ensnare /in‟snә/ /st/ abstain /әb‟stein/ /sw/ ensuite /ɒn‟swi:t/

One way to group these clusters is by the types of sounds that enter into

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26

a. Stop + sonorant (semivowel and approximant)

1. p/b + /r/, /l/, /y/

b. Fricative + sonorant (semivowel and approximant)

1. /f/+ /l/, /r/, /y/

d. Fricative + Fricative: sf

e. Fricative + nasal: sm, sn

f. Nasal + semivowel: my, ny

g. Lateral + semivowel: ly

From above tabulations, the writer can find that (1) the first member

ship of the clusters is, almost in its entirety, equally divided between stops and

spirants, and (2) a towering great majority of the last members consists of

sonorant only. The first consonant of a cluster can be the sound /p/, /t/, /k/,

/b/, /g/, /f/, /ө/, /h/, /v/, /m/, /n/, /l/, /ʃ/. If the first consonant is any of these

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consonants however can occur with any first consonant. Thus, /p/ can occur

with /l/ as in play, and /r/ as in pray, and /y/ as pure, but not with /w/.The

precise percentages are presented in the following tables.

Table 4.4: Sound Types Percentage of the First Member

Frequency Percentage Stops 15 68% Spirants 7 32% Nasals 0 0% Lateral 0 0% Total 22 100%

Table 4.5: Sound Types Percentage of the Last Member

On further examination, the writer found the following restriction

on the patterns of combination:

a. Stops do not combine with stops

b. Nasals do not combine with nasals

c. Fricatives do not combine with spirants except in one instance /sf/ i.e

/sphere/

d. Sonorants do not combine with sonorants except in one instance /ly/

i.e /lute/

The following statements are concerning with the types of combination

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a. Stops may from either the first or the last member of the cluster; as

first member, it combines with sonorants only; as last member; it

combines with the fricative /s/ only.

b. Fricatives do not occur as last member except in homogeneous group

/sf/.

c. Nasals may form either the first or the last member of clusters; as

first member, it combines with the fricative /s/ only.

d. Sonorants do not occur as first member except in the homogenous

group /ly/.

The homorganic types of combination are:

a. Homorganic Alveolar

/sl/ /sn/ /st/ /tr/ /dr/

b. Homorganic velar

/kw/

If we ignore the small percentage of variety, the great majority of the

initial two-member consonant clusters in English monosyllables may be

summarized thus:

Stop

+ Sonorant Spirant

So far it has been discussed the formation of the clusters in terms of

phonetic categories, taking up each time a whole series of consonants

grouped either by their sound types or by their articulatory characteristics.

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clusters. Tables 4.6, 4.7, 4.8 are arranged by first member, and tables 4.9, and

4.10, by the last member.

(1) Stops

Table 4.6: The Distribution of Stops in English Clusters

(2) Fricative

Table 4.7: The Distribution of Fricatives in English Clusters

(3) Nasals and sonorant

Table 4.8: The Distribution of Nasals and Sonorant in English Clusters p- b- t- d- k- g-

-l pl bl kl gl

-r pr br tr dr kr gr

-y py by ty dy ky

-w tw dw kw

f- s- ʃ- h- ө- v- -l fl sl

-r fr ʃr өr

-y fy sy hy vy

-w sw hw өw

-p sp

-t st

-k sk

-f sf

-m sm

-n sn

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30

(4) Sonorants

Table 4.9: The Distribution of Sonorants in English Clusters

(5) Stop, fricative, and nasals

Table 4.10: The Distribution of Stop, Fricative, and Nasals in English Clusters -p -t -k -f -m -n

sp st sk sf sm Sn

An examination of the above tables reveals a number of facts that are

significant:

1. In the stop series, not every stop combines with every sonorant.

2. With the sonorant /l/, the labial and velar stops /p, b, k, g/ occur, but the

alveolar stops /t, d/ do not. With the sonorant /y/, only the voiced velar

stop /g/ does not occur. With the sonorant /w/, the alveolar stop /t, d/

occur, but the labial stops /p, b/ do not; of the velar stops, the voiceless /k/

occurs while the voiced /g/ does not. Though the combination /gw/ may

be found in some foreign place names, e.g. Guam /gwam/, it is normally

confined to such foreign words.

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3. The non-occurrent combination form neat parallels:

/*tl-/ --/t/ is voiceless alveolar stop

/*dl-/ --/d/ is voiced alveolar stop

/*pw-/ -- /p/ is voiceless labial stop

/*bw-/ -- /b/ is voiced labial stop

/*gy-/ -- /g/ is voiced velar stop

/*gw-/ -- /g/ is voiced velar stop

4. In the fricative series, the voiced spirants /z, ʒ, ð/ do not occur in initial

clusters. The unpaired fricative /h/ (without a voiced counterpart)

combines only with the semivowels /y,w/. Only the alveolar fricative /s/

combines with the stops /p, t, k/, the fricative /f/, and the nasals /m, n/.

5. The voiced labio dental /v/ combines with the sonorant /y/ only. This may

testify to the fact that the holding of the first membership in the initial

clusters is the prerogative of the voiceless spirants.

6. The interdental /ө/ combines with the central sonorant /r/, but not with the

lateral sonorant /l/; it combines with the back semivowel /w/, but with the

front semivowel /y/.

7. /ŋ/ never occurs in initial position either singly in cluster.

8. The lateral /l/ is the only sonorant, it combines with only the front

semivowel /y/ as the initial cluster. Like the sonorant /l/, the nasals /m, n/

also occur only with the front semivowel /y/; elsewhere, /l, m, n/ always

occur as second member of initial clusters.

9. The lateral /l/ combines with stops /p, b, k, g/ and fricatives /f, s/. It does

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10. The central sonorant /r/ combines with stops /p, b, t, d, k, g/ and fricatives

/f, ʃ, ө/.

11. The front semivowel /y/ combines with stops /p, b, t, d, k/, spirants /f, s,

h, v/, nasals /m, n/, and the lateral sonorant /l/. It does not combine with

the voiced velar stop /g/ and the spirants /ʃ, ө/.

12. /h/, /j/, /w/ never occur as final clusters.

13. When the second member of a cluster is a consonant other than sonorant,

the first member is always /s/.

14. The nasals never combine with stops in initial position.

15. Throughout the English initial consonant clusters, the writer does not find

the affricates /tʃ, dʒ/, either as the first member or as second member,

though / tʃ, dʒ/ both occur singly in initial position. The non-occurrence

of /tʃ, dʒ/ in cluster may be because of the fact that phonetically they

each already consist of two consonants: /tʃ/ - /t + ʃ/, /dʒ/ - /d + ʒ/. Thus

each forms a cluster in itself.

2. Three-Member Consonant Clusters In Initial Position

The formation of the three-member clusters is relatively simple: all

of them begin with the alveolar fricative /s/ and end with sonorants. The

middle member is invariably one of three voiceless stops. The distribution

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Table 4.11: The Distribution of Three- Consonant Clusters in English

-p- -t- -k- s- spl - - -l s- spr str skr -r s- - sty - -y s- - - skw -w

By comparing the three member clusters with the two member

clusters, the following statements can be made:

(1) The occurrence of each of the six three member clusters is paralleled

by the occurrence of a corresponding two member clusters which is

formed with the name phonemes minus /s/ or we can say that the

syllable structure of three consonant clusters and two consonant

clusters have similar structure, but in three consonant clusters, they

need to add phoneme /s/

/spl/ : /pl/ (= /spl/ - /s/) /spr/ : /pr/ (= /spr/ - /s/) /str/ : /tr/ (= /str/ - /s/) /sty/ : /ty/ (= /sty/ - /s/) /skr/ : /kr/ (= /skr/ - /s/) /skw/ : /kw/ (= /skw/ - /s/)

(2) The occurrence of /*stl-/ and /*spr-/ is paralleled by the

non-occurance of a corresponding shorter cluster, e,g /*tl-/ and /pw-/.

(3) The non-occurrence of /*skl-/, /*sky-/, and /*stw-/ is, however, not

paralleled by that of a corresponding shorter cluster without /s/. On

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(4) Each of the three member clusters may also have a corresponding

shorter cluster which is formed with the same phonemes minus the

ending sonorants:

/spl/ : /sp/ (=/spl/ - /l/) /spr/ : /sp/ (= /spr/ - /r/) /str/ : /st/ (= /str/ - /r/) /sty/ : /st/ (= /sty/ - /y/) /skr/ : /sk/ (= /skr/ - /r/) /skw/ : /sk/ (= /skw/ - /w/)

3. Two-Member Consonant Clusters In Final Position

Based from the data, the writer got 42% two consonant clusters in

final position from 200 data, the 42% of 200 data is 84 two consonant

clusters in final position. Some examples are based on the data and some

are from the other examples in the tables below. When a final cluster

consists of two or more consonant phonemes, this involves a new

problem, the juncture of free and bound morphemes. Based on this

phenomenon, the two member final clusters may be put into three groups.

In the first group, the clusters occur in free morpheme only, that is,

within monomorphemic words. In the second group, the clusters occur at

the juncture of free and bound morphemes, that is. The components of

the clusters belong to different morphemes. In the third group, the

clusters occur both within free morphemes and at juncture of free and

bound morphemes. This means that in some cases the clusters occur

within free morphemes, but in other cases they are divided between two

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Group I: The Clusters Occurring in Free Morpheme

Group I consists of the clusters that occur in free morpheme. Free

morphemes are those which can stand alone as words of a language such as

content word or function word. Here is some examples of the clusters that

occur in free morpheme in the next page.

Table 4.12: The English Clusters Occurring in Free Morpheme /sp/ grasp /lm/ film

and bound morpheme. As we know, bound morpheme is different with free

morpheme. Bound morpheme is a morpheme that can‟t stand alone as

words of a language, whereas bound morphemes must be attached to other

morphemes such as in plural noun, or past verb. The table 4.13 shows us

some examples of the clusters that occur at the juncture of free and bound

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Table 4.13: The English Clusters Occurring at the Juncture of Free and Bound Morphemes

/pө/ depth /ðd/

juncture of free and bound morphemes

Group III consists of the cluster that can occur both within free

morphemes and at juncture of free morpheme and bound morphemes. Here

is the example.

Table 4.14: The English Clusters Occurring both Within Free Morphemes and at Juncture of Free and Bound Morphemes

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To make it clearer, we shall combine the above group II and group III into

group A, and group I and III into group B. The following is a classification

of the clusters Group A based on the first and second phonemes they

contain.

Table 4.15: The Distribution of Two-English Consonant Clusters in Final Position -s -z -t -d -ө

As revealed by the tabulation, the following statements can be made:

(1) The five consonants (s, z, t, d, ө) that occur as second member of the

clusters correspond to the phonemic shapes of three bound

morphemes:

(a) The „plural‟ of nouns or the „third singular present‟ of verbs /s/, /z/

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38

(c) „abstract‟ nouns or „ordinal‟ numbers /ө/.

(2) Except for the cases of /nt, lt/ and those containing the voiceless

interdental spirant /ө/, the rule of combination of the clusters can be

put in such simple word: voiceless sounds combine with voiceless

sounds, and voiced sounds combine with voiced sound.

(3) Homorganic sounds do not combine with each other; therefore, there

are no combinations like /*ss, * tt, *td/ etc.

(4) Since there are in English more voiced than voiceless consonants,

there are more clusters with /-s,-d/ then those with /-s, –d/. And

because sibilants do not combine with sibilants, there are more

clusters with /-t, -d/ than those with /-s, -z/.

(5) The /t/ and /s/ in /ts/ and the /d/ and /z/ in /dz/ are homorganic, but of

different sound types.

In classification of the clusters of Group B, for the convenience of

arrangement, the writer presents the data in three tables. Classified by the

second member, Table 4.16 contains stop; Table 4.17 fricative; Table

4.18, others (including the affricates, the nasals, and the one of the

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Table 4.16 : The Stops as the Second Members of English Cluster -p -b -t -d -k -g

p- - - pt - - -

k- - - kt - - -

f- - - ft - - -

s- sp - st - sk -

m- mp - - - - -

n- - - nt nd - -

ŋ- - - ŋk -

l- lp lb lt ld lk - r- rp rb rt rd rk rg

Table 4.17: The Fricative as The Second Member of English Cluster -s -z -f -v -ʃ -ө

p- ps - - - - -

t- ts - - - - -

d- - dz - - - -

k- ks - - - - -

m- - mz mf - - -

n- ns nz - - - -

l- ls lz lf lv lʃ - r- rs rz rf rv rʃ rө

Table 4.18: The Affricate, Nasal, and Sonorant as The Second Member of English Cluster

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40

Patterns of combination in terms of sound types:

(1) Stop + stop : pt kt

(2) Fricative + stop : ft st sp sk

(3) Nasal + stop : mp nt nd ŋk

(4) Sonorant + stop :

lp lb lt ld lk

rp rb rt rd rk

(5) Stop + fricative : ps ts dz ks

(6) Nasal + fricative : mz mf ns nz

(7) Sonorant + fricative :

ls lz lf lv lʃ

rs rz rf rv rʃ rө

(8) Nasal + affricate : ntʃ ndʒ

(9) Sonorant + affricate : ltʃ ldʒ rtʃ rdʒ

(10) Sonorant + nasal : lm ln rm rn

(11) Sonorant + sonorant : rl

Comparing the sound types of these final clusters with those of two

member initial clusters, with reference to their distribution as first or

second member, the writer find the following contrastive facts:

(1) Concerning the first member of the initial clusters, the writer has

stated that the first membership is, almost in it‟s entirely, equally

divided between stops and spirants.

(2) In regard to the second member of the two-member initial clusters,

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member consists of sonorants only. Contrastively, in the final clusters,

the sonorants make up a great majority of the first members.

Thus, as far as the sound types are concerned, the structure of a

great majority of the final clusters exhibit a mirror image of that of a

great majority of the initial clusters.

Structure of Structure of initial clusters final clusters

Stops Stops

+ Sonorants Sonorants+

Fricatives Fricatives

Source :Chin Fu Yi (1963:51)

General restrictions on the pattern of combination:

(1) Stops combine with stops only in /pt, kt/, stops never combine with

stops in initial clusters.

(2) Fricatives do not combine with fricatives in free morphemes.

(3) In initial clusters, nasals do not combine nasals.

(4) Sonorants do not combine with sonorants except for /rl/.

Specific restrictions on the types of combination:

(1) Stops, fricative, nasals, and sonorants, all may occur as either first or

second member of the clusters.

(2) As first member, the stops combine with stops and fricative only; as

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(3) As first member, the fricative combine with stops only, as second

member, they combine with all other types of consonants than

spirants.

(4) As first member, the nasals combine with stops, fricatives and

affricates; second member, they combine with sonorants only.

(5) As first member of the final clusters, the sonorants are the most active

types of consonants; they combine with all the stops, most of the

fricative, two affricates, two nasals, and one sonorant. As second

member, only the combination /rl/ is found.

(6) Affricates may occur only as the second member, and always follow nasals or sonorants.

The homorganic types of combination are:

(1) Homorganic Labial: mp

(2) Homorganic Alveolar

Table 4.19: Table of the Homorganic Alveolar

-t -d -s -z -n -l t- - - ts - - -

d- - - - dz - -

s- st - - - - -

n- nt nd ns nz - -

l- lt ld ls lz lm - r- rt rd rs rz rm rl

(3) Homorganic Velar: ŋk

In regard to the occurrence of individual consonants in the final

(61)

a. In the stop + stop series, only the voiceless /p, t, k/ occur. The

voiced stops do not occur.

b. In the fricative + stop series, the combinations /sp, st, sk/ may

also occur as initial clusters. These are the only clusters that may

occur both in initial and in final position. The fricative /f/

combines with /t/ but not with /k/ and /p/

c. In the nasal + stop series, all the combinations /mp, nt, nd, ŋk/

are homorganic clusters. But the homorganic /*mb, *ŋg/ do not

occur.

d. In the sonorant + stop series, all the stops occur; and except for

/lt, ld/, all of the combination have a mirror image counterpart

among the initial clusters.

Initial Final Initial Final bl lb br rb pl lp pr rp

lt tr rt

kl lk kr rk

gl gr rg

The final combination /-lt, -ld/ have no initial mirror, image

counterparts while the expected final /*-lg/ corresponding to the

initial /gl-/ does not exist. In the /r-/ series, however, the pattern

shows a perfect symmetry.

e. In the stop + fricative series, the combination /-ps, -ts, -ks/

present mirror images of the initial clusters /sp-, st-, sk-/. But the

(62)

44

f. In the nasals +fricative series, there is the combination /-mz/

(voiced + voiced), but no /*-ms/; there is the combination /-mf/

(voiced + voiceless), but no /*-mv/. The nasal /n/ combines with

/s,z/, but not with other spirants.

g. In the sonorant + fricative series, the alveolar /s, z/ both occur;

the labial /f, v/ both occur, while of the alveo palatal /ʃ, ž/ and

the interdental /ө, ð/ only the voiceless /ʃ, ө/ occur. Of the

eleven sonorant + fricative clusters, five have mirror images in

initial positions.

Initial Final Initial Final

sl ls -- rs

-- lz -- rz

fl lf -- rf

-- lv -- rv

-- lʃ ʃr rʃ

өr rө

h. In the nasal + affricate series, only /ntʃ, ndʒ/ occur, both of

which may be considered as partially homorganic. The labial

/m/ and the velar /ŋ/, being non-homorganic with the affricate,

do not combine with them.

i. In the sonorant + affricate series, the pattern shows good

symmetry, all of the combinations /ltʃ, ldʒ, rtʃ, rdʒ/ displaying

partial homorganicness.

j. In the sonorant + nasal series, the pattern also shows perfect

(63)

4. Three-Member Consonant Clusters in Final Position

The three member final clusters, in structure, do not reflect the

same patterns as the two-member final clusters. Based on the data the writer

only got 0,5% from 200 English Consonant Clusters data, so here the writer

also added some examples to support the explanation. The three member

finals cannot be divided into the three groups as the two-member finals in that

there are actually no three member finals whose occurrence is confined to

free morpheme and that only a few three- member finals may occur either in

free morphemes or in conjunction with bound morphemes. Thus, all of the

three member finals are classifiable on the basis of the different bound

morphemes that are joined to them. The following illustrative words are

arranged in five groups.

Group I: With the Bound Morpheme /-s/

Table 4.20: Three Consonant Clusters in Final Position with the Bound Morpheme /s/

/pts/ scripts /sks/ desks /tөs/ eighths /mfs/ nymphs /nts/ prints /nөs/ tenths /mps/ limps /ŋks/ sinks /pөs/ depths /rfs/ surfs /ŋөs/ lengths /rps/ chirps /kts/ facts /rks/ works /dөs/ widths /lps/ helps /fts/ lifts /lts/ faults /fөs/ fifths /lks/ milks /sps/ lisps /lfs/ gulfs /sts/ fists /lөs/ healths

(64)

46

Group II: With the Bound Morpheme /-z/

Table 4.21: Three Consonant Clusters in Final Position with the Bound

Group III: With the Bound Morpheme /-t/

Table 4.22: Three Consonant Clusters in Final position with the Bound /ŋөt/ lengthed /lst/ pulsed /rpt/ chirped /lft/ gulfed

/rčt/ parched

Group IV: With the Bound Morpheme /-d/

(65)

Group V: With the Bound Morpheme /-ө/

Table 4.24: Three Consonant Clusters in Final Position with the Bound Morpheme

/ө/