• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Pengaruh Suhu Pirolisis Terhadap Produksi Bio-char dari Pirolisis Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS)

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2017

Membagikan "Pengaruh Suhu Pirolisis Terhadap Produksi Bio-char dari Pirolisis Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS)"

Copied!
5
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

[1] Somrat Kerdswan dan Krongkaew Laohalidanond, Renewable Energy from Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch, Renewable Energy – Trends and Applications, hal : 123-150, ISBN 978-953-307-939-4, 2011.

[2] Irvan Fatar Manik, Rancang Bangun Instalasi Turbin Francis Pada Head 9,29 Meter Dan Uji Eksperimental Dengan Variasi Bukaan Sudu Pengarah, Skripsi Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik USU, Medan, 2012.

[3]Sarani Zakaria, Liew, Tze Khong, Chia, Chin Hua, Pua, Fei Ling, Pin, Fan Suet, Roslan, Rasidi, Amran, Umar Adil, Potthast Antje, Rosenau, Thomas, dan Falk Liebner, Characterization of Fe2O3/FeOOH Catalyzed Solvolytic Liquefaction of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Products, Journal of Bioremeditation dan Biodegradation S4 : 001 ISSN: 2155-6199, 2013.

[4] M. T. Azizan, Yusup, S., Laziz, Mohd., dan M. M. Ahmad, Production of Bio-Oil from Oil Palm’s Empty Fruit Bunch via Pyrolysis, Proceedings of the 3rd WSEAS Int. Conf. on Renewable Energy Resources, hal : 228-233, ISSN 1790-5095, 2009.

[5] Mohammad Azri Sukiran, Kheang, Loh Soh, Bakar, Nasrin Abu, dan Choo Yuen May, Production and Characterization of Bio-char from the Pyrolysis of Empty Fruit Bunches, American Journal of Applied Sciences 8 (10) : 984-988 ISSN 1546-9239, 2011

[6] Siti Thaiyiba Shafie, Salleh, Mohammad Amran Mohd., Hang, Lau Lek, Rahman, Md. Mukhlesur Rahman, dan Wan Alina Wan Abdul Karim Ghani, Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on the Biochar Nutrient and Water Retention Capacity, Journal of Purity, Utility Reaction and Enviromental Vol. 1 No. 6 hal : 323-337 ISSN : 2232-1179, 2012.

[7] Mohammad Azri Sukiran, Chin, Chow Mee, dan Nor Kartini Abu Bakar, Bio-oils from Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches, American Journal of Applied Sciences 6 (5) : 869-875 ISSN : 1546-9239, 2009.

(2)

[9] Mohammad Azri Sukiran, Kheang, Loh Soh, Bakar, Nasrin Abu, dan Choo Yuen May, Pyrolysis of Empty Fruit Bunches: Influences of Temperature on the Yields and Composition of Gaseous Product, American Journal of Applied Sciences 11 (4) : 606-610 ISSN 1546-9239, 2014.

[10] Samy Sadaka, Mahmoud A. Sharara, Amanda Asworth, Patrick Keyser, Fred Allen, Andrew Wright. Characterization of Bio-char from Switchgrass Carbonization . Journal Energies (Juli,2014), hal 1-9.

[11] Cora Gheorge, Cosmin Marculescu, adrian Badea, Cristian Dinca, Tiberiu Apostol. Effect of Pyrolisis Conditions on Bio-char Production from Biomass, 2014, hal 239-241

[12] BP, BP Statistical Review of World Energy, British Petroleum, London, 2013.

[13] World Bank, World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 2012, World Bank, Washington DC, 2013.

[14] M. Syukri Nur, Karakteristi Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Bahan Baku Bioenergi, PT. Insan Fajar Mandiri Nusantara Bogor, 2014

[15] Departemen Pertanian, Statistik Pertanian, Departemen Pertanian Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, 2014

[16] N. Abdullah, F. Sulaiman, dan H. Gerhausser, Characterisation of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches for Fuel Application. Journal of Physical Science, Vol. 22 (1) 1-21, 2011.

[17] N. Abdullah, dan A. V. Bridgewater, Pyrolysis Liquid Derived From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches. Journal of Physical Science Vol. 17 (2) 117-129. 2006.

(3)

[22] A. E. Putun,, Apaydin, E., dan E. Putun, Bio-oil Production from Pyrolysis and Steam Pyrolysis of Soybean-cake: Product Yields and Composition. Journal of

Energy 27, hal. : 703-713, ISSN: 0360-5442, 2002.

[23] Andres Santiago Basso, Effect of Fast Pyrolysis Biochar on Physical and

Chemical Properties of A Sandy Soil. Graduate Dissertation Iowa State University, 2012.

[24] O. Onay, Influence of Pyrolysis Temperature and Heating Rate on The Production of Bio-oil and Char from Safflower Seed by Pyrolysis, Using a Well-Swept Fixed-Bed Reactor. Journal of Fuel Processing Technology 88, hal. : 523-531, ISSN: 0378-3820, 2007.

[28] Nataliya Kulyk. “Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Biochar Application in the U.S. Cereal Crop Cultivation.” Capstone Project, Center for Public Policy and Administration, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 2012, hal. 23 – 24.

[29] Mohd Taufik Tahir, B. Mohamd, The Production Of Bio Oil Through Batch Pyrolysis Process, Thesis Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering University of Malaysia Pahang, 2009.

[30] D. Mohan, Pittman Jr., C.U., dan P. H. Steele, Pyrolysis of Wood/Biomass for Bio-oil:  A Critical Review. Journal of Fuels, 20 (3), hal. 848–889, DOI: 10.1021/ef0502397, 2006.

[31] Lim Khor, K.O., dan Z.A. Zainal, Characterization of Bio-Oil: A By-Product from Slow Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches. American Journal of Applied Sciences 6 (9): 1647-1652, ISSN 1546-9239, 2009.

[32] Bembga Bevan Nyakuma, Arshad Ahmad., Anwar Johari., Tuan Amran Tuan Abdullah. Torrefaction of Pelletized Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches. The 21st International Symposium on alcohol Fuels-21st ISAF, (Johor Baru,2012), hal 1-5

[35] Wilen, C., Stahlberg, P., Sipila, K., Ahokas, J., London, X. (1987). Pelletization and Combustion of Straw. Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1987. [36] California Pellet Mill.co, The Pelleting Process. 2011

(4)

[38] CEFIC, Test Method of Activated Carbon, European Council of Chemical Manufacturers Federations, France, 1986.

[39] ASTM D 1762-84, “Standard Method of Chemical Analysis of Wood Charcoal,” American Society of the International Association for Testing and Materials, 1990 : hal. 292-293.

[40] Sartorius. Manual of Weighing Aplication, Part I: Density. Weighing Techonlogy,1999), hal 28-29

[41]Balatinecz, J.J. (1983). The Potential of Densification in Biomass Utilization. Plenum Press, London.

[42] Thomas Miles, Standard Test Method for Determination of Moisture Content of Particulate Wood Fuels Using a Microwave Oven (ASTM,2006), hal

1-2

[43] Peter McKendry, “Energy Production from Biomass (Part 1): Overview of Biomass,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 83 Elsevier 2002 : hal. 37 – 46.

[44] Akwasi A. Boateng, Charles A. Mullen, Neil M. Goldberg, Kevin B. Hicks, Colleen M. McMahan, Maureen C. Whalen, Katrina Cornish. “Energy-dense Liquid Fuel Intermediates by Pyrolysis of Guayule (Parthenium argentatum) Shrub and Bagasse,” Journal of Fuel, Vol. 88 Elsevier 2009 : hal. 2207 – 2215. [45] Engineering Toolbox (2016). Fuels – Higher Calorific Value. Diakses 23 November 2016, dari The Engineering Toolbox.

www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fuels-higher-caloric-values

(5)

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

Objek retribusi adalah pelayanan pemeriksaan dan atau pengujian alat pemadam kebakaran yang disediakan atau diberikan dan dilaksanakan Pemerintah Daerah untuk

Dari beberapa definisi-definisi diatas, maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa manajemen kinerja adalah proses perbaikan kinerja secara terus menerus dalam mengelola

Protein total yang diekstrak endosperm biji ketapang ( Terminalia catappa ) fraksi ekstrak kotor, fraksi amonium sulfat, dan fraksi dialysis dapat menggumpalkan

Guru adalah tenaga pendidik yang khusus diangkat dengan tugas utama mengajar, sedangkan di dalam Undang-undang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional Nomor 20 tahun 2003 disebutkan

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan bukti empiris mengenai faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi pergantian kantor akuntan publik secara

pengaturan penggunaan air menjadi sangat dibutuhkan, terutama dalam hal penghematan energi. Serta menghindari penggeluaran air yang berlebihan dan tidak perlu. Penggunaan

Karakter rasio mesokarp per buah, rasio minyak per mesokarp segar, rasio kernel per buah dan kandungan β-karoten pada kelapa sawit lebih banyak dikendalikan oleh

Penelitian ini merupakan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan partisipasi belajar dan sikap tanggung jawab siswa pada materi pemelihan