Job-Costing Systems
Distinct, identifiable units of a product or service or service Examples: • Custom-made • machines, • Houses
Process-Costing Systems
Masses of identical or similar units of a product or service
product or service Examples:
• Food,
• Process costing is a system where the unit cost of a product or service is obtained by assigning total costs to many identical or similar units
• Each unit receives the same or similar amounts of • Each unit receives the same or similar amounts of
direct materials costs, direct labor costs, and manufacturing overhead
• Unit costs are computed by dividing total costs incurred by the number of units of output from the production process
Assumptions:
• Direct Materials are added at the beginning of the production process, or at the start of work in a subsequent department down the
assembly line assembly line
• Conversion Costs are added equally along the production process
Five-Step Process-Costing Allocation
1. Summarize the flow of physical units of output
2. Compute output in terms of equivalent units 3. Compute cost per equivalent unit
3. Compute cost per equivalent unit
4. Summarize total costs to account for
5. Assign total costs to units completed and to units in ending Work in Process
Equivalent Units
A derived amount of output units that:
1. Takes the quantity of each input in units
completed and in unfinished units of work in process and
2. converts the quantity of input into the amount of 2. converts the quantity of input into the amount of
completed output units that could be produced with that quantity of input
Are calculated separately for each input (direct materials and conversion cost)
Chapter 17
Pacific electronics membuat berbagai cell phone models. Produk dibuat di Assembly Dept dan Testing Dept.
Januari Pebruari Maret
Persediaan awal PDP
0 unit 0 unit 225 unit
Jumlah yang masuk proses
400 unit 400 unit 275 unit masuk proses
Produk selesai 400 unit 175 unit 400 unit Persediaan
akhir PDP
*) tingkat penyelesaian: direct materials 100% dan conversion costs 60%.
**) tingkat penyelesaian: direct materials 100% **) tingkat penyelesaian: direct materials 100%
Case 1
Selama Januari 2009 diproses dan diselesaikan di Dept Perakitan sebanyak 400 unit produk SG-40.
Physical units for January 2009:
WIP, beginning inventory 0 units
Started during January 400 units
Completed and transferred out during January
400 units during January
Total costs for January 2009:
Direct materials added during
January
$ 32,000
Conversion costs added during
January
24,000
January
Total Assembly Dept costs
added during January
• Direct material cost per unit $ 80 • Conversion cost per unit 60 + • Assembly Dept cost per unit 140
Case 2
Selama Pebruari 2009 diproses di Dept
Perakitan sebanyak 400 unit , terselesaikan dan ditransfer ke Dept Percobaan sebanyak 175 unit produk SG-40.
175 unit produk SG-40.
Persediaan akhir produk dalam proses sebanyak 225 unit, dengan tingkat penyelesaian: direct materials 100% dan conversion costs 60%.
Physical units for Pebuary 2009:
WIP, beginning inventory 0 units
Started during Pebruary 400 units
Completed and transferred out during Pebruary
175 units during Pebruary
Total costs for Pebruary 2009:
Direct materials added during
Pebruary
$ 32,000
Conversion costs added during
Pebruary
18,600
Pebruary
Total Assembly Dept costs
added during Pebruary
Physical units Equivalent units Direct Materials Equivalent units Conversion costs WIP , beginning 0
Started during current period 400
To account for 400
Completed and transferred out during period
175 175 175
WIP, ending 225 225 135
Accounted for 400
Work done in current period only
Total production costs
Direct materials Conversion costs
Costs added during February
$ 50,600 $ 32,000 $ 18,600
Total costs to account for 50,600 32,000 18,600 Costs added in current 50,600 32,000 18,600 Costs added in current
period
50,600 32,000 18,600
Equivalent units 400 310
Cost per equivalent unit $ 80 $ 60
Assignment of costs: Completed and
transferred out
24,500 14,000 10,500
WIP, ending 26,100 18,000 8,100
Adanya persediaan awal produk dalam proses: • Metode rata-rata
Case 3
Pada awal Maret 2009 terdapat persediaan produk dalam proses sebanyak 225 unit, dengan tingkat penyelesaian: direct materials 100% dan
conversion costs 60%.
Selama Maret 2009 mulai diproses di Dept Selama Maret 2009 mulai diproses di Dept Perakitan sebanyak 275 unit. Jumlah yang
terselesaikan dan ditransfer ke Dept Percobaan sebanyak 400 unit.
Persediaan akhir produk dalam proses sebanyak 100 unit, dengan tingkat penyelesaian: direct materials 100% dan conversion costs 50%.
Total costs for March 2009:
Direct materials added during
March
$ 19,800
Conversion costs added during
Pebruary
16,380
Pebruary
Total Assembly Dept costs
added during March
Weighted-Average Method
The weighted-average process costing method calculates cost per equivalent unit of all work done to date (regardless of the accounting period in which it was done) accounting period in which it was done) and assigns this equivalent units completed and transferred out of the process and to equivalent units in ending WIP inventory.
Physical units Equivalent units Direct Materials Equivalent units Conversion costs WIP , beginning 225
Started during current period 275
To account for 500
Completed and transferred out during period
400 400 400
WIP, ending 100 100 50
Accounted for 500
Total production costs
Direct materials Conversion costs
Costs added during March
$ 26,100 $ 18,000 $ 18,600
Total costs to account for 36,180 19,800 18,600 Costs added in current 62,280 37,800 18,600 Costs added in current
period
62,280 37,800 18,600
Equivalent units 500 450
Cost per equivalent unit $ 75.60 $ 54.40 Assignment of costs:
Completed and
transferred out (400 unit)
52,000 30,240 21,760
WIP, ending (100 unit) 10,280 7,560 2,720 Total costs accounted for 62,280 37,800 24,480
First-In, First-Out Method
The FIFO process costing method:
(1) Assigns the cost of the previous accounting period’s equivalent units in beginning WIP inventory to the first units completed and transferred out of the process; and
transferred out of the process; and
(2) Assigns the cost of equivalent units worked on during the current period first to complete
beginning inventory, next to start and complete new units, and finally to units in ending WIP
Physical units Equivalent units Direct Materials Equivalent units Conversion costs WIP , beginning 225 Started during current period 275 Started during current period 275 To account for 500 Completed and transferred out
during period: From beginning
Started and completed
225 175 0 175 90 175 WIP, ending 100 100 50 Accounted for 500 Work done in current period
only
Total production costs Direct materials Conversion costs WIP, beginning
Costs added in current period $ 26,100 36,180 $ 18,000 19,800 $ 18,600 16,380 period
Total costs to account for
36,180 62,280 19,800 37,800 16,380 24,480 Costs added in current
period
Equivalent units of work done in current period
Cost per Equivalent unit of work done in current
period $ 19,800 275 $ 72 $ 16,380 315 $ 52
Total production costs Direct materials Conversion costs Assignment of costs:
Completed and transferred out:
WIP, beginning $ 26,100 $ 18,000 $ 8,100 WIP, beginning
Costs added to beginning WIP in current period
Total from beginning inventory Started and completed
Total costs of units completed and transferred out $ 26,100 4,680 30,780 21,700 52,480 $ 18,000 12,600 30,600 $ 8,100 4,680 12,780 9,100 21,880 WIP, ending 9,800 7,200 2,600
Metode Rata-rata:
Unit Unit ekuivalen ekuivalen Jumlah biayaJumlah biaya Biaya per Biaya per unit
unit Biaya
Biaya bahanbahan baku
baku
500 unit $ 37,800 $ 75.60
Biaya
Biaya konversikonversi 450 unit 24,480 54.40
• Jumlah biaya yang ditransfer ke Dept Percobaan = $ 52,000
• Nilai persediaan akhir produk dalam proses: - Biaya bahan baku $ 7,560
- Biaya bahan baku $ 7,560
- Biaya konversi 2,720 +
Metode masuk pertama keluar pertama:
Biaya
Biaya bahanbahan bakubaku BiayaBiaya konversikonversi PDP awal PDP awal 0% x 2250% x 225 40% x 22540% x 225 Produk jadi Produk jadi 400 400 –– 225 = 175225 = 175 400 400 –– 225 = 175225 = 175 Produk jadi Produk jadi dari periode dari periode sekarang sekarang 400 400 –– 225 = 175225 = 175 400 400 –– 225 = 175225 = 175 PDP akhir PDP akhir 100% x 100100% x 100 50% x 10050% x 100 Unit Unit ekuivalen ekuivalen 275 unit
Unit Unit
ekuivalen ekuivalen
Jumlah biaya
Jumlah biaya Biaya per Biaya per unit
unit Biaya
Biaya bahanbahan baku
baku
275 unit $ 19,800 $ 72
Biaya
Biaya konversikonversi 315 unit 16,380 52
Nilai persediaan produk selesai:
• Nilai PDP awal $ 26,100
• Biaya penyelesaian PDP awal:
- Biaya konversi, 40% x 225 x Rp 52 = 4,680 + - Biaya konversi, 40% x 225 x Rp 52 = 4,680 +
30,780 Produk jadi dari periode sekarang 21,700 +
Nilai PDP akhir:
• Biaya bahan baku, 100 unit x 100% x $ 72 = $ 7,200 • Biaya konversi, 100 unit x 50% x $ 52 = 2,600
9,800 9,800
